A. Sayer, J. Poole, V. Cox, D. Kuh, R. Hardy et al., Weight from birth to 53 years: A longitudinal study of the influence on clinical hand osteoarthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.48, issue.4, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/art.10862

B. Heyworth, J. Lee, P. Kim, C. Lipton, R. Strauch et al., Hylan Versus Corticosteroid Versus Placebo for Treatment of Basal Joint Arthritis: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.33, issue.1, pp.40-48, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.10.009

R. Schultz, S. Krishnamurthy, and A. Johnston, A gross anatomic and histologic study of the innervation of the proximal interphalangeal joint, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.9, issue.5, pp.669-74, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(84)80010-6

Y. Chen, M. Mcclinton, M. Dasilva, S. Wilgis, and E. , Innervation of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints: a microanatomic and histologic study of the nerve endings, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.25, issue.1, pp.128-161, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/jhsu.2000.jhsu025a0128

D. Gray and E. Gardner, The Innervation of the joints of the wrist and hand, The Anatomical Record, vol.36, issue.3, pp.261-267, 1965.
DOI : 10.1002/ar.1091510307

J. Culver and E. Fleegler, Osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint. Hand Clin, pp.385-403, 1987.

M. Hume, H. Gellman, H. Mckellop, R. Brumfield, and J. , Functional range of motion of the joints of the hand, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.15, issue.2, pp.240-243, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0363-5023(90)90102-W

W. Cooney and E. Chao, Biomechanical analysis of static forces in the thumb during hand function, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.59, issue.1, pp.27-36, 1977.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-197759010-00004

F. Bonnel, J. , S. Barthès, and P. Teissier, Arthropathies des MCP et IP de la Main -Actualités thérapeutiques: 2 ème rencontres de l'Institut Montpelliérain de la Main, 2008.

W. Blair, D. Shurr, and J. Buckwalter, Metacarpophalangeal joint implant arthroplasty with a Silastic spacer., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.66, issue.3, pp.365-70, 1984.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-198466030-00008

R. Dryer, W. Blair, D. Shurr, and J. Buckwalter, Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.&NA;, issue.185, pp.187-94, 1984.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-198405000-00030

E. Brannon and G. Klein, Experiences with a Finger-Joint Prosthesis, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.41, issue.1, pp.87-102, 1959.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-195941010-00010

G. Klein, Arthroplasty of a Metacarpophalangeal Joint by a Metal Hinge, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.22, issue.5, pp.562-568, 1958.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-195811000-00023

A. Flatt, Studies in finger joint replacement. A review of the present position. Arch Surg, 1973.

R. Beckenbaugh, New Concepts in Arthroplasty of the Hand and Wrist, Archives of Surgery, vol.112, issue.9, 1977.
DOI : 10.1001/archsurg.1977.01370090076016

A. Swanson, Silicone Rubber Implants for Replacement of Arthritic or Destroyed Joints in the Hand, Surgical Clinics of North America, vol.48, issue.5, pp.4-10, 1968.
DOI : 10.1016/S0039-6109(16)38639-X

J. Niebauer, J. Shaw, and W. Doren, Silicone-dacron hinge prosthesis. Design, evaluation, and application, Ann Rheum Dis, vol.28, issue.5, pp.56-64, 1969.

R. Linscheid and E. Chao, Biomechanical assessment of finger function in prosthetic joint design, Orthop Clin North Am, vol.4, issue.2, pp.317-337, 1973.

A. Haubold and J. Lankford, Pyrolytic carbons in mechanical heart valves. J Heart Valve Dis, 1996.

A. Haubold, On the durability of pyrolytic carbon in vivo, Med Prog Technol, vol.20, pp.3-4201, 1994.

L. Leuer, J. Gross, and K. Johnson, Material properties, biocompatibility, and wear resistance of the Medtronic pyrolytic carbon. J Heart Valve Dis, pp.105-114, 1996.

P. Branemark, B. Hansson, R. Adell, U. Breine, J. Lindstrom et al., Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period, Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg, vol.16, pp.1-132, 1977.

F. Moutet, D. Guinard, P. Gerard, D. Soras, X. Ranc et al., Un nouvel implant articulaire digital titane-carbone A propos des 15 premiers cas, Annales de Chirurgie de la Main et du Membre Sup??rieur, vol.13, issue.5, pp.345-53, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0753-9053(05)80070-5

K. Moller, M. Geijer, C. Sollerman, and G. Lundborg, Radiographic evaluation of osseointegration and loosening of titanium implants in the MCP and PIP joints, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.29, issue.1, pp.32-40, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2003.10.001

P. Stern and D. Fulton, Distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: An analysis of complications, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.17, issue.6, pp.1139-1184, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(09)91081-4

S. Takigawa, S. Meletiou, M. Sauerbier, and W. Cooney, Long-term assessmentof swanson implant arthroplasty in the proximal interphalangeal joint of the hand, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.29, issue.5, pp.785-95, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2004.03.008

H. Lin, J. Wyrick, and P. Stern, Proximal interphalangeal joint silicone replacement arthroplasty: Clinical results using an anterior approach, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.20, issue.1, pp.123-155, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(05)80070-X

C. Jennings and D. Livingstone, Surface Replacement Arthroplasty of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Using the PIP-SRA Implant: Results, Complications, and Revisions, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.33, issue.9, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.06.008

R. Nunley, M. Boyer, and C. Goldfarb, Pyrolytic Carbon Arthroplasty for Posttraumatic Arthritis of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.31, issue.9, pp.1468-74, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.07.017

B. Branam, H. Tuttle, P. Stern, and L. Levin, Resurfacing Arthroplasty Versus Silicone Arthroplasty for Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Osteoarthritis, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.32, issue.6, pp.775-88, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.04.006

C. Bravo, M. Rizzo, K. Hormel, and R. Beckenbaugh, Pyrolytic Carbon Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty: Results With Minimum Two-Year Follow-Up Evaluation, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.32, issue.1, pp.1-11, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.10.017

H. Tuttle and P. Stern, Pyrolytic Carbon Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Resurfacing Arthroplasty, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.31, issue.6, pp.930-939, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.02.018

G. Foucher, P. Hoang, N. Citron, M. M. Dury, and M. , Joint reconstruction following trauma: Comparison of microsurgical transfer and conventional methods: A report of 61 cases, The Journal of Hand Surgery: Journal of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand, vol.11, issue.3, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0266-7681(86)90164-6

P. Ellis, D. Hanna, and T. Tsai, Vascularized single toe joint transfer to the hand, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.16, issue.1, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(10)80036-X

G. Dautel, S. Gouzou, J. Vialaneix, and S. Faivre, PIP reconstruction with vascularized PIP joint from the second toe: minimizing the morbidity with the "dorsal approach and short-pedicle technique". Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg, pp.173-80, 2004.

L. Squitieri and K. Chung, A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Complications of Vascularized Toe Joint Transfer, Silicone Arthroplasty, and PyroCarbon Arthroplasty for Posttraumatic Joint Reconstruction of the Finger, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.121, issue.5, pp.1697-707, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31816aa0b3

R. Linscheid, P. Murray, M. Vidal, and R. Beckenbaugh, Development of a surface replacement arthroplasty for proximal interphalangeal joints, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.22, issue.2, pp.286-98, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(97)80165-7

E. Dionysian and R. Eaton, The long-term outcome of volar plate arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.25, issue.3, pp.429-466, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(00)70026-8

S. Leibovic and J. Strickland, Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger: Comparison of the use of the Herbert screw with other fixation methods, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.19, issue.2, pp.181-189, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0363-5023(94)90002-7

S. Leibovic, Arthrodesis of the Interphalangeal Joints With Headless Compression Screws, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.32, issue.7, pp.1113-1122, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.06.010

N. Zimmerman, P. Suhey, G. Clark, and E. Wilgis, Silicone interpositional arthroplasty of the distal interphalangeal joint, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.14, issue.5, pp.882-889, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(89)80095-4

E. Wilgis, Distal Interphalangeal Joint Silicone Interpositional Arthroplasty of the Hand, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.342, pp.38-41, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-199709000-00007

D. Schwartz and C. Peimer, Distal interphalangeal joint implant arthroplasty in a musician, Journal of Hand Therapy, vol.11, issue.1, pp.49-52, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0894-1130(98)80061-6

M. Skie, N. Gove, and D. Ciocanel, Intraoperative fracture of a pyrocarbon PIP total joint-a case report. Hand (N Y), pp.90-93, 2007.

C. Ashworth, K. Hansraj, A. Todd, K. Dukhram, E. Ebramzadeh et al., Swanson Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.342, pp.34-41, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-199709000-00006

F. Iselin, E. Conti, R. Perrotte, and S. E. , R??sultats ?? long terme des r??sections-arthroplasties interphalangiennes proximales avec implant ?? silasticde Swanson, Annales de Chirurgie de la Main et du Membre Sup??rieur, vol.14, issue.3, pp.126-159, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0753-9053(05)80310-2

K. Moller, C. Sollerman, M. Geijer, and P. Branemark, Osseointegrated silicone implants: 18 patients with 57 MCP joints followed for 2 years, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, vol.18, issue.1, pp.109-124, 1999.
DOI : 10.3109/17453679909011245

G. Lundborg and P. Branemark, Osseointegrated proximal interphalangeal joint prostheses with a replaceable flexible joint spacer--long-term results, Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 2000.

G. Adamson, H. Gellman, R. Brumfield, J. Kuschner, S. Lawler et al., Flexible implant resection arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint in patients with systemic inflammatory arthritis, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.19, issue.3, pp.378-84, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0363-5023(94)90049-3

R. Linscheid, Implant arthroplasty of the hand: Retrospective and prospective considerations, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.25, issue.5, pp.796-816, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/jhsu.2000.4166

D. Herren, S. Schindele, J. Goldhahn, and B. Simmen, Problematic bone fixation with pyrocarbon implants in proximal interphalangeal joint replacement: short-term results, The Journal of Hand Surgery: Journal of the British Society for Surgery of the Hand, vol.31, issue.6, pp.643-51, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsb.2006.08.004

S. Cook, R. Beckenbaugh, J. Redondo, L. Popich, J. Klawitter et al., Long-Term Follow-up of Pyrolytic Carbon Metacarpophalangeal Implants*, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.81, issue.5, pp.635-683, 1999.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199905000-00005

R. Beckenbaugh, Implant arthroplasty in the rheumatoid hand and wrist: Current state of the art in the United States, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.8, issue.5, pp.675-683, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(83)80243-3

P. Aspenberg, S. Goodman, S. Toksvig-larsen, L. Ryd, and T. Albrektsson, Intermittent micromotion inhibits bone ingrowth, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, vol.226, issue.4, pp.141-146, 1992.
DOI : 10.3109/17453679209154809

K. Chung, A. Ram, and M. Shauver, Outcomes of Pyrolytic Carbon Arthroplasty for the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.123, issue.5, pp.1521-1553, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181a2059b

J. Hobby, S. Edwards, J. Field, and G. Giddins, A Report on the Early Failure of the LPM Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Replacement, Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), vol.14, issue.4, pp.526-533, 2008.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199612000-00002

N. Zimmerman, S. Zimmerman, and E. Wilgis, Silicone interpositional arthroplasty of the distal interphalangeal joint, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.14, issue.5, pp.153-160, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(89)80095-4

M. Drake and K. Segalman, Complications of small joint arthroplasty. Hand Clin, pp.205-217, 2010.

M. Tomaino, Distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis with screw fixation: why and how. Hand Clin, pp.207-217, 2006.

K. An, Y. Ueba, E. Chao, W. Cooney, and R. Linscheid, Tendon excursion and moment arm of index finger muscles, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.16, issue.6, pp.419-444, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(83)90074-X

F. Iselin, Le concept de spacer dans les arthroplasties digitales. Table rond sur les prothèses interphalangiennes proximales, La Main, vol.2, pp.97-119, 1997.

J. Snow, J. Boyes, J. Greider, J. , and J. , IMPLANT ARTHROPLASTY OF THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT OF THE FINGER FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.60, issue.4, pp.558-63, 1977.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-197710000-00009

P. Lipscomb, Synovectomy of the Distal Two Joints of the Thumb and Fingers in Rheumatoid Arthritis, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.49, issue.6, pp.1135-1175, 1967.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-196749060-00010

K. Segalman, Lateral Approach to Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Implant Arthroplasty, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.32, issue.6, pp.905-913, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.04.011

T. Ivie, R. Bray, and P. Salo, Denervation impairs healing of the rabbit medial collateral ligament, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.83, issue.5, pp.990-995, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00026-8

A. Hsieh, C. Tsai, Q. Ma, T. Lin, A. Banes et al., Time-dependent increases in type-III collagen gene expression in medial collateral ligament fibroblasts under cyclic strains, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.98, issue.2, pp.220-227, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/jor.1100180209

K. Hildebrand and C. Frank, Scar formation and ligament healing, Can J Surg, vol.41, issue.6, pp.425-434, 1998.

J. Rodineau and G. Saillant, La lésion ligamentaire périphérique récente, 2003.

J. Condamine, Conception des arthroplasties. principes et Tolérances. Cahier d'enseigenment de la SOFCOT, pp.15-42

A. Chamay, Le lambeau tendineux triangulaire dorsal invers??, porte ouverte sur l'articulation interphalangienne proximale (IPP), Annales de Chirurgie de la Main, vol.7, issue.2, pp.179-83, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/S0753-9053(88)80061-9

F. Moutet, A. F. , D. Corcella, and . Ph, Arthropathies des MCP et IP de la Main -Actualités thérapeutiques. L'IPP: un épicentre?, 2008.

B. R. Johnstone, Cemented Versus Uncemented Surface Replacement Arthroplasty of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint With a Mean 5-Year Follow-Up, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.33, issue.5, pp.726-758, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.01.030

P. Mansat, R. J. Fournié, and B. , Arthrose digitale. L'observatoire du mouvement, 2007.

P. M. Murray, Prosthetic Replacement of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint, Hand Clinics, vol.22, issue.2, pp.201-207, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.hcl.2006.02.005