P. Priou, U. Racineux, and F. Gagnadoux, Long-Term Outcome of Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, Chest, vol.138, issue.1, pp.84-90, 2010.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.09-2472

G. Whitlock, S. Lewington, and P. Sherliker, Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies, Lancet, vol.373, p.1, 2009.

T. Young, E. Shahar, and F. Nieto, Predictors of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Community-Dwelling Adults<subtitle>The Sleep Heart Health Study</subtitle>, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.162, issue.8, pp.893-900, 2002.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.162.8.893

P. Peppard, T. Young, and M. Palta, Prospective Study of the Association between Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Hypertension, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.342, issue.19, pp.1378-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200005113421901

B. Mokhlesi, Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome, Respir Care. Resp. Med, vol.55, issue.41, pp.57-70, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-323-24288-2.00120-3

O. Resta, M. Foschino-barbaro, and P. Bonfitto, Prevalence and mechanisms of diurnal hypercapnia in a sample of morbidly obese subjects with obstructive sleep apnea

J. Laaban and E. Chailleux, Daytime Hypercapnia in Adult Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in France, Before Initiating Nocturnal Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy, Chest, vol.127, issue.3, pp.710-715, 2005.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.127.3.710

B. Mokhlesi, L. Saager, and R. Kaw, Q: Should we routinely screen for hypercapnia in sleep apnea patients before elective noncardiac surgery?, Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, vol.77, issue.1, pp.60-61, 2010.
DOI : 10.3949/ccjm.77a.09105

G. Trakada, P. Steiropoulos, and E. Nena, Prevalence and clinical characteristics of inflammation in obesity hypoventilation syndrome, PLoS One, vol.4, p.6733, 2009.

G. Berg, K. Delaive, and J. Manfreda, The Use of Health-Care Resources in Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome, Chest, vol.120, issue.2, pp.377-83, 2001.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.120.2.377

P. Jennum and J. Kjellberg, Health, social and economical consequences of sleep-disordered breathing: a controlled national study, Thorax, vol.66, issue.7, pp.560-63, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/thx.2010.143958

W. Hida, S. Okabe, and K. Tatsumi, Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Improves Quality of Life in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, Sleep and Breathing, vol.19, issue.1, pp.3-12, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s11325-003-0003-1

N. Chouri-pontarollo, J. Borel, and R. Tamisier, Impaired Objective Daytime Vigilance in Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome, Chest, vol.131, issue.1, pp.148-55, 2007.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.06-1159

S. Budweiser, S. Riedl, and R. Jorres, Mortality and prognostic factors in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome undergoing noninvasive ventilation, Journal of Internal Medicine, vol.2, issue.4, pp.375-83, 2007.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.124.2.699

F. Heinemann, S. Budweiser, and J. Dobroschke, Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation improves lung volumes in the obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Respiratory Medicine, vol.101, issue.6, pp.1229-1264, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.10.027

A. Chaouat, E. Weitzenblum, and R. Kessler, Outcome of COPD patients with mild daytime hypoxaemia with or without sleep-related oxygen desaturation, European Respiratory Journal, vol.17, issue.5, pp.848-55, 2001.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.01.17508480

M. Machado, W. Vollmer, and S. Togeiro, CPAP and survival in moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and hypoxaemic COPD, European Respiratory Journal, vol.35, issue.1, p.1327, 2010.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00192008

M. Sanders, A. Newman, and C. Haggerty, Sleep and Sleep-disordered Breathing in Adults with Predominantly Mild Obstructive Airway Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.167, issue.1, pp.7-14, 2003.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.2203046

R. Lee and W. Mcnicholas, Obstructive sleep apnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, vol.17, issue.2, pp.79-83, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/MCP.0b013e32834317bb

J. Marin, J. Soriano, S. Carrizo, A. Boldova, and B. Celli, Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.182, issue.3
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200912-1869OC

T. Akashiba, T. Akahoshi, and S. Kawahara, Clinical Characteristics of Obesity-hypoventilation Syndrome in Japan: a Multi-center Study, Internal Medicine, vol.45, issue.20, pp.1121-1126, 2006.
DOI : 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1747

R. Kaw, A. Hernandez, and E. Walker, DETERMINANTS OF HYPERCAPNIA IN OBESE PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND METAANALYSIS OF COHORT STUDIES, Chest, vol.136, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-3692(16)48195-X

A. Bahammam, Is apnea hypopnea index a good predictor for obesity hypoventilation syndrome in patients with obstructive sleep apnea? Sleep Breath, 0201.

D. Gozal, Determinants of Daytime Hypercapnia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Chest, vol.121, issue.2, pp.320-321, 2002.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.121.2.320

W. Pankow, N. Hijjeh, and F. Schuttler, Influence of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on inspiratory muscle activity in obese subjects Piper AJ, Grunstein RR. Big Breathing -the complex interaction of obesity, hypoventilation, weight loss and respiratory function, Eur Respir J. J Appl Physiol, vol.10, issue.42, pp.2847-52, 1997.

N. Behazin, S. Jones, and R. Cohen, Respiratory restriction and elevated pleural and esophageal pressures in morbid obesity, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.108, issue.1, pp.212-220, 2010.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.91356.2008

W. Pankow, T. Podszus, and T. Gutheil, Expiratory flow limitation and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure in obesity, J Appl Physiol, vol.85, pp.1236-1279, 1998.

C. Salome, G. King, and N. Berend, Physiology of obesity and effects on lung function, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.108, issue.1
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00694.2009

M. Lee, C. Lin, and S. Shen, Work of Breathing in Eucapnic and Hypercapnic Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Respiration, vol.77, issue.2, pp.146-53, 2009.
DOI : 10.1159/000140491

C. Lin, K. Wu, and C. Chou, Oral airway resistance during wakefulness in eucapnic and hypercapnic sleep apnea syndrome, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.139, issue.2, p.21524, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resp.2003.10.004

R. Lazarus, D. Sparrow, and S. Weiss, Effects of Obesity and Fat Distribution on Ventilatory Function, Chest, vol.111, issue.4, 1997.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.111.4.891

T. Babb, B. Wyrick, and D. Delorey, Fat Distribution and End-Expiratory Lung Volume in Lean and Obese Men and Women, Chest, vol.134, issue.4, pp.704-715, 2008.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.07-1728

W. Lin, C. Yao, and H. Wang, Impaired Lung Function Is Associated with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults*, Obesity, vol.57, issue.9, pp.1654-61, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/oby.2006.190

L. Collins, P. Hoberty, and J. Walker, The Effect of Body Fat Distribution on Pulmonary Function Tests, Chest, vol.107, issue.5, pp.1298-302, 1995.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.107.5.1298

R. Lazarus, C. Gore, and M. Booth, Effects of body composition and fat distribution on ventilatory function in adults Ventilatory muscle activation and inflammation: cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, Am J Clin Nutr. J Appl Physiol, vol.68, issue.102, pp.35-41, 1998.

T. Kelly, R. Jensen, and C. Elliott, Maximum Respiratory Pressures in Morbidly Obese Subjects, Respiration, vol.54, issue.2, pp.73-80, 1988.
DOI : 10.1159/000195504

P. Weiner, J. Waizman, and M. Weiner, Influence of excessive weight loss after gastroplasty for morbid obesity on respiratory muscle performance, Thorax, vol.53, issue.1, pp.39-42, 1998.
DOI : 10.1136/thx.53.1.39

C. Marti-valeri, A. Sabate, and C. Masdevall, Improvement of Associated Respiratory Problems in Morbidly Obese Patients after Open Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, Obesity Surgery, vol.160, issue.8, pp.1102-1112, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11695-007-9186-z

M. Sampson and K. Grassino, Neuromechanical properties in obese patients during carbon dioxide rebreathing, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.75, issue.1, pp.81-90, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(83)91171-3

D. Monneret, J. Borel, and J. Pepin, Pleiotropic role of IGF-I in obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Growth Hormone & IGF Research, vol.20, issue.2, pp.127-160, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.11.004

D. Rapport, Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: more than just severe sleep apnea

R. Kessler, A. Chaouat, P. Schinkewitch, M. Faller, S. Casel et al., Sleep 44. 60

E. Weitzenblum, The obesity-hypoventilation syndrome revisited. A prospective study of 34 consecutive cases, ChestMed Rev, vol.120, issue.15, pp.369-7677, 2001.

S. Isono, Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: mechanisms for increased collapsibility of the passive pharyngeal airway, Respirology, 2011.

J. Dempsey, S. Veasey, and B. Morgan, Pathophysiology of Sleep Apnea, Physiological Reviews, vol.90, issue.1, pp.47-112, 2010.
DOI : 10.1152/physrev.00043.2008

R. Schwab, K. Gupta, and W. Gefter, Upper airway and soft tissue anatomy in normal subjects and patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Significance of the lateral pharyngeal walls., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.152, issue.5, pp.1673-89, 1995.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.152.5.7582313

D. Thut, A. Schwartz, and D. Roach, Tracheal and neck position influence upper airway airflow dynamics by altering airway length, J Appl Physiol, vol.75, pp.2084-90, 1993.

S. Redolfi, D. Yumino, and P. Ruttanaumpawan, Relationship between Overnight Rostral Fluid Shift and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Nonobese Men, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.179, issue.3, pp.241-247, 2009.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200807-1076OC

D. Yumino, S. Redolfi, and P. Ruttanaumpawan, Nocturnal Rostral Fluid Shift: A Unifying Concept for the Pathogenesis of Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea in Men With Heart Failure, Circulation, vol.121, issue.14, pp.1598-605, 2010.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.902452

B. Jafari and V. Mohsenin, Overnight Rostral Fluid Shift in Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Chest, vol.140, issue.4, pp.991-998, 2011.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.11-0044

S. Redolfi, I. Arnulf, and M. Pottier, Effects of venous compression of the legs on overnight rostral fluid shift and obstructive sleep apnea, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.175, issue.3, pp.390-393, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resp.2011.01.001

S. Redolfi, I. Arnulf, and M. Pottier, Attenuation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Compression Stockings in Subjects with Venous Insufficiency, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.184, issue.9, 2011.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201102-0350OC

I. Ayappa, K. Berger, and R. Norman, Hypercapnia and Ventilatory Periodicity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.166, issue.8, pp.1112-1117, 2002.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200203-212OC

K. Berger, I. Ayappa, and I. Sorkin, load during respiratory events in obstructive sleep apnea, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.93, issue.3, pp.917-941, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.01082.2001

H. Becker, A. Piper, and W. Flynn, Breathing during Sleep in Patients with Nocturnal Desaturation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.159, issue.1, pp.112-120, 1999.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9803037

R. Norman, R. Goldring, and J. Clain, Transition from acute to chronic hypercapnia in patients with periodic breathing: predictions from a computer model, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.100, issue.5, pp.1733-1774, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00502.2005

J. Borel, R. Tamisier, and J. Gonzalez-bermejo, Noninvasive Ventilation in Mild Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, Chest, vol.141, issue.3, 2001.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.10-2531

R. Jokic, T. Zintel, and G. Sridhar, Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in relatives of patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome Leptin prevents respiratory depression in obesity, Thorax. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.55, issue.159, pp.940-945, 1999.

O. Donnell, C. Tankersley, C. Polotsky, and V. , Leptin, obesity, and respiratory function, Respiration Physiology, vol.119, issue.2-3, pp.163-70, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-5687(99)00111-5

C. Montague, I. Farooqi, and J. Whitehead, Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans, Nature, vol.387, pp.903-911, 1997.

S. Dagogo-jack, C. Fanelli, and D. Paramore, Plasma Leptin and Insulin Relationships in Obese and Nonobese Humans, Diabetes, vol.45, issue.5, pp.695-703, 1996.
DOI : 10.2337/diab.45.5.695

M. Maffei, J. Halaas, and E. Ravussin, Leptin levels in human and rodent: Measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects, Nature Medicine, vol.132, issue.11, pp.1155-61, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/abio.1987.9999

A. Campo, G. Fruhbeck, and J. Zulueta, Hyperleptinaemia, respiratory drive and hypercapnic response in obese patients, European Respiratory Journal, vol.30, issue.2, pp.223-254, 2007.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00115006

P. Phipps, E. Starritt, and I. Caterson, Association of serum leptin with hypoventilation in human obesity, Thorax, vol.57, issue.1, pp.75-81, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/thorax.57.1.75

R. Shimura, K. Tatsumi, and A. Nakamura, Fat Accumulation, Leptin, and Hypercapnia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome, Chest, vol.127, issue.2, pp.543-552, 2005.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.127.2.543

J. Caro, J. Kolaczynski, and M. Nyce, Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans, Lancet. Nat Med, vol.348, issue.2, pp.159-61, 1996.

G. Hotamisligil, Inflammation and metabolic disorders, Nature, vol.314, issue.7121, pp.860-867, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05485

J. Deanfield, J. Halcox, and T. Rabelink, Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance, Circulation, vol.115, pp.1285-95, 2007.

E. Conti, C. Carrozza, and E. Capoluongo, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 as a Vascular Protective Factor, Circulation, vol.110, issue.15, pp.2260-2265, 2004.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.0000144309.87183.FB

K. Berger, I. Ayappa, and B. Chatr-amontri, Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome as a Spectrum of Respiratory Disturbances During Sleep, Chest, vol.120, issue.4, pp.1231-1239, 2001.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.120.4.1231

B. Mokhlesi, A. Tulaimat, and A. Evans, Impact of adherence with positive airway pressure therapy on hypercapnia in obstructive sleep apnea, J Clin Sleep Med, vol.2, pp.57-62, 2006.

L. Perez-de-llano, R. Golpe, and M. Piquer, Clinical Heterogeneity among Patients with Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome: Therapeutic Implications, Respiration, vol.75, issue.1, pp.34-43, 2008.
DOI : 10.1159/000105460

A. Piper, D. Wang, and B. Yee, Randomised trial of CPAP vs bilevel support in the treatment of obesity hypoventilation syndrome without severe nocturnal desaturation, Thorax, vol.63, issue.5, pp.395-401, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/thx.2007.081315

D. Banerjee, B. Yee, and A. Piper, Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, Chest, vol.131, issue.6, pp.1678-84, 2007.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.06-2447

C. Rabec, D. Rodenstein, and P. Leger, Ventilator modes and settings during weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea among obese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Sleep AHEAD study, Arch Intern Med, vol.169, issue.105, pp.1619-1645, 2009.

K. Johansson, M. Neovius, and Y. Lagerros, Effect of a very low energy diet on moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnoea in obese men: a randomised controlled trial Sustained improvement in mild obstructive sleep apnea after a diet-and physical activity-based lifestyle intervention: postinterventional follow-up Lifestyle intervention with weight reduction: first-line treatment in mild obstructive sleep apnea, Bmj. Am J Clin Nutr. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.339, issue.108, pp.4609-106, 2009.

K. Boone, J. Cullen, and E. Mason, Impact of Vertical Banded Gastroplasty on Respiratory Insufficiency of Severe Obesity, Obesity Surgery, vol.6, issue.6, pp.454-462, 1996.
DOI : 10.1381/096089296765556322

F. Lumachi, B. Marzano, and G. Fanti, Hypoxemia and hypoventilation syndrome improvement after laparoscopic bariatric surgery in patients with morbid obesity, In Vivo, vol.24, pp.329-360, 2010.

H. Sugerman, R. Fairman, and R. Sood, Long-term effects of gastric surgery for treating respiratory insufficiency of obesity, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.55, pp.597-601, 1992.

D. Flum, S. Belle, and W. King, Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery Recurrence of sleep apnea without concomitant weight increase 7.5 years after weight reduction surgery, N Engl J Med. Chest, vol.361, issue.106, pp.445-54, 1994.

R. Ross, D. Dagnone, and P. Jones, Reduction in Obesity and Related Comorbid Conditions after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Exercise-Induced Weight Loss in Men, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.133, issue.2, pp.92-103, 2000.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00008

B. Schonhofer, J. Rosenbluh, and T. Voshaar, Ergometry separates sleep apnea syndrome from obesity-hypoventilation after therapy positive pressure ventilation therapy

S. Budweiser, F. Heidtkamp, and R. Jorres, Predictive Significance of the Six-Minute Walk Distance for Long-Term Survival in Chronic Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure, Respiration, vol.75, issue.4, pp.418-444, 2008.
DOI : 10.1159/000109662

B. Schonhofer, C. Zimmermann, and P. Abramek, Non-invasive mechanical ventilation improves walking distance but not quadriceps strength in chronic respiratory failure Respiratory muscle endurance training in obese patients Proportional assist ventilation improves exercise capacity in patients with obesity, Respir Med. Int J Obes Respiration, vol.97, issue.80, pp.818-842, 2003.

K. Jordan, M. Ali, and J. Shneerson, Attitudes of patients towards a hospitalbased rehabilitation service for obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Thorax, vol.64, p.1, 2009.

M. Weil, POLYCYTHEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY, Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.159, issue.17, pp.1592-1597, 1955.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1955.02960340012003

J. Masa, B. Celli, J. Riesco, M. Hernandez, J. Sanchez-de-cos et al., The Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Can Be Treated With Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, vol.119, issue.4, pp.1102-1109, 2001.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.119.4.1102

C. Ciangura and N. Corigliano, Obesity surgery and its adverse effects Rev Med Interne Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity, Consensus Development Conference Panel Ann Intern Med, pp.956-61, 1991.

L. Sjöström, M. Peltonen, and P. Jacobson, Bariatric Surgery and Long-term Cardiovascular Events, JAMA, vol.307, issue.1, pp.56-65, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2011.1914

L. Sjöström, K. Narbro, and C. Sjöström, Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Mortality in Swedish Obese Subjects, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.357, issue.8, pp.741-752, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa066254

T. Adams, R. Gress, and S. Smith, Long-Term Mortality after Gastric Bypass Surgery, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.357, issue.8, pp.753-61, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa066603

S. Anker and S. Suskovic, Body mass index and prognosis in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, pp.81-86, 2011.

J. Guenette, D. Jensen, O. Donnell, and D. , Respiratory function and the obesity paradox Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, Review, vol.13, issue.6, pp.618-642, 2010.

O. Ozeke, C. Ozer, M. Gungor, M. Celenk, H. Dincer et al., Chronic intermittent hypoxia caused by obstructive sleep apnea may play an important role in explaining the morbidity-mortality paradox of obesity, Medical Hypotheses, vol.76, issue.1, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.08.030

A. Bayés-genís, The obesity paradox in heart failure: Is etiology a key factor, Int J Cardiol, 2011.

R. Sturm, Increases in morbid obesity in the USA: 2000???2005, Public Health, vol.121, issue.7, pp.492-498, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.01.006

. Group, Identification and prospective validation of clinically relevant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subtypes, Thorax, vol.66, pp.430-437, 2011.

S. Sharma, S. Agrawal, and D. Damodaran, CPAP for the Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.365, issue.24, pp.2277-86, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1103944