P. Michel, M. Lathelize, J. Quenon, R. Bru-sonnet, S. Domecq et al., Comparaison des deux Enquêtes Nationales sur les Événements Indésirables graves associés aux Soins menées en, 2004.

P. Michel, M. Lathelize, J. Quenon, R. Bru-sonnet, S. Domecq et al., Enquête Nationale sur les Evénements Indésirables graves liés aux Soins, ENEIS2) : description des résultats 2009. Rapport final à la DREES (Ministère du travail, 2009.

S. Legrain, Consommation médicamenteuse chez le sujet âgé. Consommation, prescription, iatrogénie et observance, 2005.

P. Lamy, Adverse drug effects, Clin. Geriatr. Med, vol.6, issue.2, pp.293-307, 1990.

J. Doucet, P. Chassagne, C. Trivalle, I. Landrin, M. Pauty et al., Drug-Drug Interactions Related to Hospital Admissions in Older Adults: A Prospective Study of 1000 Patients, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.18, issue.8, pp.944-952, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01865.x

P. Routledge, O. Mahony, M. Woodhouse, and K. , Adverse drug reactions in elderly patients, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.54, issue.Suppl 6, pp.121-127, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01875.x

M. Cécile, V. Seux, V. Pauly, S. Tassy, O. Reynaud-levy et al., Accidents iatrog??nes m??dicamenteux chez le sujet ??g?? hospitalis?? en court s??jour g??riatrique??: ??tude de pr??valence et des facteurs de risques, La Revue de M??decine Interne, vol.30, issue.5, pp.393-400, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.revmed.2009.01.010

F. Paille, La surconsommation m??dicamenteuse des personnes ??g??es, Th??rapie, vol.59, issue.2, pp.215-237, 2004.
DOI : 10.2515/therapie:2004042

M. Bowie and P. Slattum, Pharmacodynamics in Older Adults: A Review, The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, vol.5, issue.3, pp.263-303, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2007.10.001

A. Mclean and D. Couteur, Aging Biology and Geriatric Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacological Reviews, vol.56, issue.2, pp.163-84, 2004.
DOI : 10.1124/pr.56.2.4

R. Lindeman, J. Tobin, and N. Shock, Longitudinal Studies on the Rate of Decline in Renal Function with Age, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.24, issue.4, pp.278-85, 1985.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb07117.x

J. Lalau, Lactic Acidosis Induced by Metformin, Drug Safety, vol.53, issue.2, pp.727-767, 2010.
DOI : 10.2165/11536790-000000000-00000

J. Mccormack, K. Johns, and H. Tildesley, Metformin's contraindications should be contraindicated, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol.173, issue.5, pp.502-506, 2005.
DOI : 10.1503/cmaj.045292

W. Sweileh, Contraindications to metformin therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Pharmacy World & Science, vol.38, issue.2, pp.587-92, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11096-007-9095-1

D. Budnitz, M. Lovegrove, N. Shehab, and C. Richards, Emergency Hospitalizations for Adverse Drug Events in Older Americans, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.365, issue.21, pp.2002-2014, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMsa1103053

N. Wong and H. Jones, An analysis of discharge drug prescribing amongst elderly patients with renal impairment., Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol.74, issue.873, pp.420-422, 1998.
DOI : 10.1136/pgmj.74.873.420

A. Leendertse, V. Dijk, A. E. Smet, D. Agm, P. Egberts et al., Contribution of Renal Impairment to Potentially Preventable Medication-Related Hospital Admissions, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol.32, issue.5, pp.625-658, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1995.03530010043033

R. Castelino, B. Bajorek, and T. Chen, Targeting Suboptimal Prescribing in the Elderly: A Review of the Impact of Pharmacy Services, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol.143, issue.2, pp.1096-106, 2009.
DOI : 10.1345/aph.1L700

A. Spinewine, K. Schmader, N. Barber, C. Hughes, K. Lapane et al., Appropriate prescribing in elderly people: how well can it be measured and optimised?, The Lancet, vol.370, issue.9582, pp.173-84, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61091-5

A. Spinewine, D. Fialová, and S. Byrne, The Role of the Pharmacist in Optimizing Pharmacotherapy in Older People, Drugs & Aging, vol.8, issue.1, pp.495-510, 2012.
DOI : 10.2165/11631720-000000000-00000

M. Beers, Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. An update, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.157, issue.14, pp.1531-1537, 1997.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.157.14.1531

P. Gallagher, O. Mahony, and D. Stopp, STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria, Age and Ageing, vol.37, issue.6, pp.673-682, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/afn197

M. Laroche, J. Charmes, and M. L. , Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: a French consensus panel list, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.23, issue.8, pp.725-756, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00228-007-0324-2

P. Lang, Y. Hasso, J. Belmin, I. Payot, J. Baeyens et al., Adaptation en langue française d'un outil de détection de la prescription médicamenteuse inappropriée chez la personne âgée, Can J Public Health, vol.100, issue.6, pp.426-457, 2010.

S. Ferchichi and V. Antoine, Le bon usage des m??dicaments chez la personne ??g??e, La Revue de M??decine Interne, vol.25, issue.8, pp.582-90, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/j.revmed.2004.02.027

G. Onder, F. Landi, M. Cesari, G. Gambassi, P. Carbonin et al., Inappropriate medication use among hospitalized older adults in Italy: results from the Italian Group of Pharmacoepidemiology in the Elderly Unnecessary drug use in frail older people at hospital discharge, Epub 2003 May 7. (4), pp.157-621518, 2003.

N. Col, J. Fanale, P. Kronholm, G. Onder, C. Pedone et al., The role of medication noncompliance and adverse drug reactions in hospitalizations of the elderly Adverse drug reactions as cause of hospital admissions: results from the Italian Group of Pharmacoepidemiology in the Elderly (GIFA), Arch Intern Med. J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.15050, issue.54612, pp.841-51962, 1990.

D. Gross, J. Ratner, J. Perez, and S. Glavin, International pharmaceutical spending controls: France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, Health Care Financ Rev, vol.15, issue.73, pp.127-167, 1994.

D. Lau, J. Kasper, D. Potter, A. Lyles, and R. Bennett, Hospitalization and Death Associated With Potentially Inappropriate Medication Prescriptions Among Elderly Nursing Home Residents, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.165, issue.1, pp.68-74, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.165.1.68

P. Pouyanne, F. Haramburu, J. Imbs, and B. Bégaud, Admissions to hospital caused by adverse drug reactions: cross sectional incidence study. French Pharmacovigilance Centres, BMJ, vol.320, issue.97241, p.151036, 2000.

J. Gurwitz, T. Field, J. Avorn, D. Mccormick, S. Jain et al., Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events in nursing homes, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.109, issue.2, pp.87-94, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00451-4

M. Pirmohamed, S. James, S. Meakin, C. Green, A. Scott et al., Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients, BMJ, vol.329, issue.7456, pp.32915-32924, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.329.7456.15

A. Trinh-duc, J. Doucet, B. Bannwarth, B. Trombert-paviot, F. Carpentier et al., Association Pédagogique Nationale pour l'Enseignement de la Thérapeutique (APNET) Admissions of elderly to French emergency departments related to adverse drug events, Therapie, vol.1262, issue.5, pp.437-478, 2007.

M. Beers, Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. An update, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.157, issue.14, pp.1531-1537, 1997.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.157.14.1531

P. Gallagher, C. Ryan, S. Byrne, J. Kennedy, O. Mahony et al., Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment) Consensus validation Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: a French consensus panel listPrescribing in Elderly People 1 :Appropriate prescribing in elderly people: how well can it be measured and optimised? www Medication Appropriateness Index: reliability and recommendations for future use The challenge of managing drug interactions in older patient, 18) AFSSaPS Bon Usage Mise au point prévenir la iatrogénèse chez la personne âgée Juin 2005 (Guide de 20 pages) (19) HAS Modalités d'arrêt des benzodiazépines et médicaments apparentés chez le patient âgé. Recommandations professionnelles Octobre, pp.72-83725, 2006.