A. Bibliographie-alhmedi, E. Haubruge, and F. Et-francis, Intraguild interactions implicating invasive species: Harmonia axyridis as a model species, Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ, vol.14, issue.1, pp.187-201, 2010.

P. Amarasekare, Competitive coexistence in spatially structured environments: a synthesis, Ecology Letters, vol.158, issue.12, pp.1109-1122, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00530.x

J. -arno, R. Sorribas, M. Prat, M. Matas, C. Pozo et al., Tuta absoluta, IPM tomatoes in the northeast of Spain, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00939728

Z. R. Barrientos, H. J. Apablaza, S. A. Norero, and P. P. Et-estay, Temperatura base y constante termica de desarrollo de la polilla del tomate, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria, pp.133-137, 1998.

U. Bernardo, P. A. Pedata, and G. Viggiani, Life history of Pnigalio soemius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and its impact on a leafminer host through parasitization, destructive host-feeding and host-stinging behavior, Biological Control, vol.37, issue.1, pp.98-107, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.11.011

E. Bilu and M. Et-coll, The importance of intraguild interactions to the combined effect of a parasitoid and a predator on aphid population suppression, BioControl, vol.11, issue.6, pp.753-763, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10526-007-9071-7

C. E. Bogran, K. M. Heinz, M. A. Et-ciomperlik, and A. Bompard, Interspecific competition among insect parasitoids : field experiments with whiteflies as hosts in cotton Etude des interactions indirectes entre deux ravageurs des serres de tomates, Bemisia tabaci et Tuta absoluta, liées à la présence d'un prédateur commun, Macrolophus caliginosus Feeding Preference of Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae) on Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), Mémoire Sciences agronomiques, pp.653-668, 2002.

M. B. -bonsall, M. P. Hassell, M. B. Bonsall, M. P. Hassell, G. Et-asefa et al., Enhancing parasitism of wheat aphids through apparent competition: a tool for biological control Ecological trade-offs, resource partitioning and coexistence in a host-multiparasitoid assemblage Coexistence of natural enemies in a multitrophic host-parasitoid system Competition Among Parasitoid Species on a Stage-Structured Host and Its Effect on Host Suppression, Researches on Population Ecology Ecology Ecol. Entomol.Briggs C.J. Am. Nat, vol.41, issue.1413, pp.59-68, 1993.

J. Brodeur and J. A. Et-rosenheim, Intraguild interactions in aphid parasitoids, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.97, issue.1, pp.93-108, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00720.x

T. Cabello, J. R. Gallego, E. Vila, A. Soler, M. Del-pino et al., Biological control of the South American tomato pinworm. Tuta absoluta (Lep.:Gelechiidae), with releases of Trichogramma achaeae (Hym.:Trichogrammatidae) in tomato greenhouses of Spain, IOBC/WPRS Bull, vol.49, p.225, 2009.

I. T. Carroll, J. C. Bradley, and M. N. Et-roger, Niche and fitness differences relate the maintenance of diversity to ecosystem function, Ecology, vol.92, issue.5, pp.92-1157, 2011.
DOI : 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1001:MTAOPC]2.0.CO;2

J. Casas, Foraging behaviour of a leafminer parasitoid in the field, Ecological Entomology, vol.16, issue.3, pp.257-265, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/4460

E. F. Connor and M. J. Et-cargain, Density-related foraging behaviour in Closterocerus tricinctus, a parasitoid of the leaf-mining moth, Cameraria hamadryadella, Ecological Entomology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.327-334, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/4460

M. Decoin, Sept d'un coup contre Tuta. Phytoma, 647, pp. 21-23 -Demirel N Infochemical pattern for true bugs, J. Entomol, vol.4, issue.4, pp.267-274, 2007.

N. Desneux, A. Decourtye, and J. M. Et-delpuech, The Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.81-106, 2007.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00434587

N. Desneux, E. Wajnberg, K. A. Wyckhuys, G. Burgio, S. Arpaia et al., Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control, Journal of Pest Science, vol.36, issue.3, pp.197-215, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10340-010-0321-6

N. Desneux, P. Pizzol, C. Thomas, E. Pautrat, P. Bearez et al., POTENTIAL FOR DIRECT INTERFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL ENEMIES OF TUTA ABSOLUTA ON TOMATO, Acta Horticulturae, issue.917, pp.917-948, 2011.
DOI : 10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.917.3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01231299

A. M. De-roos, T. Schellekens, T. Van-kooten, and L. Et-persson, Stage-specific predator species help each other to persist while competing for a single prey, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.37, pp.13930-13935, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0803834105

E. Ebrahimi, M. Malekzadeh, Z. Et-yefremova, A. Enkegaard, H. F. Brødsgaard et al., Parasitoid wasps of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lep., Gracillariidae) in Iran Macrolophus caliginosus: Functional response to whiteflies and preference and switching capacity between whiteflies and spider mites Laboratory studies on the main biological characteristics of Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae) Protection intégrée des cultures : évolution du concept et de son application Ecology of host?parasitoid communities, Appl. Entomol. Phytopathol. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata Entomophaga Cahiers Agricultures Science, vol.76, issue.184, pp.81-92, 1974.

H. C. Godfray, M. H. Greenstone, and R. S. Et-pfannenstiel, Parasitoids : Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology Overview of the role of generalist predators in biological control Étude des interactions entre un prédateur et un parasitoïde de Tuta absoluta, ravageur des cultures de tomates : Macrolophus pygmaeus et Stenomesius japonicus et implication pour la lutte biologique The competitive exclusion principle, Mémoire Sciences Agronomiques, pp.1292-1297, 1960.

M. P. Hassell, R. M. May, S. W. Pacala, and P. L. Et-chesson, The persistence of hostparasitoid associations in patchy environments. I. A general criterion, Am. Nat, vol.138, p.pp, 1991.

B. A. Hawkins, Species coexistence in parasitoid communities : does competition matter, Parasitoid population biology, pp.198-214, 2000.

K. M. Heinz and J. M. Et-nelson, Interspecific Interactions among Natural Enemies ofBemisiain an Inundative Biological Control Program, Biological Control, vol.6, issue.3, pp.384-393, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/bcon.1996.0049

K. S. Hemachandra, U. Kuhlmann, P. G. Mason, and N. J. Holliday, Spatial patterns of Trybliographa rapae parasitism of Delia radicum larvae in oilseed rape and cauliflower, Journal of Applied Entomology, vol.84, issue.5, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00269.x

O. Hillert, B. Jäckel, and H. Et-plate, Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur 1839) (Heteroptera, Miridae) ein interessanter Nützling im biologischen Pflanzenschutz Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism, Gesunde Pflanzen, vol.54, 1959.

B. Jäckel, S. Alt, and H. Et-balder, Influence of Temperature and Light on the Feeding-Rate of Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur, 1839) (Heteroptera: Miridae) to Different Whitefly Species, Gesunde Pflanzen, vol.33, issue.3-4, pp.133-138, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10343-010-0235-5

D. G. James and M. M. Stevens, STENOMESIUS JAPONICUS (ASHMEAD) (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE INTRODUCED BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT DIALECTICA SCALARIELLA (ZELLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE), Australian Journal of Entomology, vol.67, issue.2, pp.233-234, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1992.tb00496.x

C. Jaworski, Interactions indirectes entre deux ravageurs de la tomate via un prédateur commun, Host-feeding strategies in hymenopteran parasitoids, 1986.

M. A. Kidd and N. A. , The dynamic significance of host-feeding, Oikos, vol.62, issue.1, pp.97-99, 1991.

M. Kenis and D. Et-cugala, Prospects for the biological control of the groundnut leaf miner, Aproaerema modicella, in Africa CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science Limiting Similarity, Species Packing, and System Stability for Hierarchical Competition?Colonization Models, Nutrition and Natural Resources Am. Natur, vol.1, issue.1534, pp.371-383, 1999.

M. J. Klapwijk and O. T. Lewis, Spatial ecology of multiple parasitoids of a patchily-distributed host: implications for species coexistence, Ecological Entomology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.212-220, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2011.01261.x

P. T. Leisnham and S. A. Et-juliano, Spatial and temporal patterns of coexistence between competing Aedes mosquitoes in urban Florida, Oecologia, vol.42, issue.2, pp.343-352, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-009-1305-1

M. M. Lietti, E. Botto, and R. A. Et-alzogaray, Insecticide resistance in Argentine populations of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Neotropical Entomology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.113-119, 2005.
DOI : 10.1590/S1519-566X2005000100016

M. G. Luna, V. I. Wada, and N. E. Et-sánche, Biology of Dineulophus phtorimaeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Field Interaction With Pseudapanteles dignus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Larval Parasitoids of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Tomato, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol.103, issue.6, pp.936-942, 2010.
DOI : 10.1603/AN10021

S. Mafi and N. Et-ohbayashi, Biology of Chrysocharis pentheus, an Endoparasitoid Wasp of the Citrus Leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, J. Agr. Sci. Tech, vol.12, pp.145-154, 2010.

M. Meisner, J. P. Harmon, C. T. Harvey, and A. R. Et-ives, Intraguild predation on the parasitoid Aphidius ervi by the generalist predator Harmonia axyridis: the threat and its avoidance, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.88, issue.3, pp.193-201, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.01090.x

G. J. Messelink, C. M. Bloemhard, M. W. Sabelis, and A. Et-janssen, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF APHIDS BY THE PREDATORY MIDGE APHIDOLETES APHIDIMYZA IN THE PRESENCE OF INTRAGUILD PREDATORY BUGS AND THRIPS, Acta Horticulturae, issue.915, pp.915-171, 2012.
DOI : 10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.915.21

R. Meyhöfer and T. Et-klug, Intraguild predation on the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae): mortality risks and behavioral decisions made under the threats of predation, Biological Control, vol.25, issue.3, pp.239-248, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00104-4

M. M. Miranda, M. Picanco, J. C. Zanuncio, and R. N. Et-guedes, Ecological Life Table of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Biocontrol Science and Technology, vol.81, issue.4, pp.597-606, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1993.tb01170.x

Z. Rasdi, I. Fauziah, and W. A. Et-wan-mohamad, Biology of Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera: Miridae) Predator of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), Int. J. Biol, vol.1, issue.2, pp.63-70, 2009.

O. Molla, H. Monton, P. Vanaclocha, F. Beitia, and A. Et-urbaneja, Predation by the mirids Nesidiocoris tenuis and Macrolophus pygmaeus on the tomato borer Tuta absoluta, 2009.

M. Montserrat, R. Albajes, and C. Et-castané, Behavioral responses of three plant-inhabiting predators to different prey densities, Biological Control, vol.30, issue.2, pp.256-264, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.01.006

W. W. Murdoch, C. C. Briggs, and R. M. Nisbet, Competitive Displacement and Biological Control in Parasitoids: A Model, The American Naturalist, vol.148, issue.5, pp.807-826, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/285957

Y. -nakashima, M. A. Birkett, B. J. Pye, J. A. Pickett, and W. Powell, The Role of Semiochemicals in the Avoidance of the Seven-Spot Ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata, by the Aphid Parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1103-1116, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000030266.81665.19

K. J. Patel, D. J. Chuster, G. H. Et-merage, P. Pelosse, and C. Bernstein, Density dependent parasitism and hostkilling of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera : Agromyzidae) by Diglyphus intermedius (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) Differential energy allocation as an adaptation to different habitats in the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens, Flor. Entomol. et Desouhant E. Evol. Ecol, vol.86, issue.215, pp.8-14, 2003.

D. W. Ragsdale, D. A. Landis, J. Brodeur, G. E. Heimpel, and N. Et-desneux, Ecology and Management of the Soybean Aphid in North America, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.56, issue.1, pp.375-99, 2011.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144755

J. A. Rosenheim, H. K. Kaya, L. E. Ehler, J. J. Marois, and B. A. Et-jaffee, Intraguild Predation Among Biological-Control Agents: Theory and Evidence, Biological Control, vol.5, issue.3, pp.303-335, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/bcon.1995.1038

J. A. Rosenheim, J. P. Et-harmon, . Ed, J. Brodeur, G. Et-boivin et al., The influence of intraguild predation on the suppression of a shared prey population: An empirical reassessment ? Dans : Trophic and guild interactions in biological control Arthropod predators The Population Biology of Predators, Parasites and Diseases, In: Natural Enemies Blackwell, Oxford -Séguret J., Frandon J. et Lespinasse P, vol.3, issue.642, pp.1-20, 1992.

W. H. Settle and L. T. Et-wilson, Invasion by the Variegated Leafhopper and Biotic Interactions: Parasitism, Competition, and Apparent Competition, Ecology, vol.71, issue.4, pp.1467-1470, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/1938283

B. -shorrocks and J. G. Et-sevenster, Explaining Local Species Diversity, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, pp.305-309, 1995.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1995.0096

W. E. Snyder and A. R. Ives, GENERALIST PREDATORS DISRUPT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL BY A SPECIALIST PARASITOID, Ecology, vol.82, issue.3, pp.705-716, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1939615

W. E. Snyder and A. R. Ives, INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIALIST AND GENERALIST NATURAL ENEMIES: PARASITOIDS, PREDATORS, AND PEA APHID BIOCONTROL, Ecology, vol.84, issue.1, pp.91-107, 2003.
DOI : 10.2307/1939615

URL : http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.C.3297719

W. E. Snyder, Coccinellids in diverse communities: Which niche fits? Biological control : theory and application in pest management, pp.323-335, 2009.

S. Sugiura and K. Et-yamazaki, Consequences of scavenging behaviour in a plant bug associated with a glandular plant, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.88, issue.4, pp.593-602, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00645.x

W. Symondson, K. G. Sunderland, and M. H. Et-greenstone, ?, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.47, issue.1, pp.561-94, 2002.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145240

K. H. Takahashi, N. Tuno, and T. Et-kagaya, The relative importance of spatial aggregation and resource partitioning on the coexistence of mycophagous insects, Oikos, vol.71, issue.1, pp.125-134, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13594.x

K. Takasu, Y. Hirose, and M. Et-takagi, Occasional interspecific competition and withinplant microhabitat preference in egg parasitoids of the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus (Hemiptera : Alydidae) in soybean, Appl. Entomol. Zool, vol.33, issue.3, pp.391-399, 1998.

S. Tanabe, Between-forest variation in vertical stratification of drosophilid populations, Ecological Entomology, vol.24, issue.6, pp.720-731, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(94)90010-8

D. Tilman, M. J. Toda, M. T. Kimura, and N. Et-tuno, Competition and biodiversity in Spatially Structured Habitats Coexistence mechanisms of mycophagous drosophilids on multispecies fungal hosts: Aggregation and resource partitioning, Ecology J. Anim. Ecol, vol.75, issue.684, pp.2-16, 1994.

J. B. Torres, C. A. Faria, E. Jr, W. S. Et-pratissoli, and D. , Within-plant distribution of the leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) immatures in processing tomatoes, with notes on plant phenology, Int. J. Pest Manag, vol.43, pp.173-178, 2001.

T. Tscharntke, M. A. Fernandes, D. Lucia, T. M. Vilela, and E. F. , Coexistence, Tritrophic Interactions and Density Dependence in a Species-Rich Parasitoid Community, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.61, issue.1, pp.59-67, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/5509

J. Umbanhowar, J. Maron, S. Et-harrison, A. Urbaneja, H. Monton et al., Density-dependent foraging behaviors in a parasitoid lead to density-dependent parasitism of its host Suitability of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta as prey for Macrolophus caliginosus and Nesidiocoris tenuis Prospects for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomatoes of the Mediterranean basin Metacommunities of butterflies, their host plants and their parasitoids, Metacommunities: spatial dynamics and ecological communities, pp.123-130, 2003.

S. Nouhuys, E. Et-punju, F. J. Veen, J. Memmott, and H. C. Et-godfray, Coexistence of competing parasitoids: which is the fugitive and where does it hide? Oikos Indirect Effects, Apparent Competition and Biological Control-Dans : Trophic and guild interactions in biological control, pp.61-70, 2006.

E. J. Wajnberg, K. Scott, and P. C. Quimby, Insect parasitoids : 13th symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control Species diversity in a mycophagous insect community : the case of spatial aggregation vs. resource partitioning, Coexistence of Insect Species Competing for a Pulsed Resource, 1986.

W. G. Wilson, C. W. Osenberg, R. J. Schmitt, and R. M. Nisbet, COMPLEMENTARY FORAGING BEHAVIORS ALLOW COEXISTENCE OF TWO CONSUMERS, Ecology, vol.80, issue.7, pp.2358-2372, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/284397

W. G. Wilson and S. A. Et-richards, Evolutionarily Stable Strategies for Consuming a Structured Resource, The American Naturalist, vol.155, issue.1, pp.83-100, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/303297

B. Y. Woong, T. Midori, T. Masami, K. J. Hwan, and K. Y. Heon, Non-Reproductive Host Killing Caused by Aphelinus asychis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), A Parasitoid of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae), Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University, vol.54, issue.2, pp.369-372, 2009.

J. T. Wootton, The Nature and Consequences of Indirect Effects in Ecological Communities, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.25, issue.1, pp.443-466, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.002303

D. S. Yu, R. F. Luck, W. W. Murdoch, L. Zappala, U. Bernardo et al., Competition, resource partitioning and coexistence of an endoparasitoid Encarsia perniciosi and an ectoparasitoid Aphytis melinus of the California red scale, Ecological Entomology, vol.17, issue.4, pp.469-480, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/1938104

. Sitographie, tuta-absoluta-un-lepidoptereparticulierement-dangereux-pour-les-cultures-de-tomates, pp.29-30, 2012.

. Diplôme, Agroalimentaires, Horticoles et du Paysage Spécialité : Horticulture Spécialisation / option : Gestion Durable du Végétal Enseignant référent : Bruno JALOUX Auteur(s) : Anthony DROUI Date de naissance, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, vol.11, p.15, 1989.