D. Au-service-de-réanimation-médicale-fabienne-tamion, G. Carpentier, C. Béduneau, P. Girault, . Declercq et al., Amélie Gressant? Au service de Réanimation Polyvalente d'Elbeuf : Olivier Delastre

B. 1. Capdevila, X. Pirat, P. Bringuier, S. Gaertner, E. Singelyn et al., Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Hospital Wards after Orthopedic Surgery, Anesthesiology, vol.103, issue.5, pp.1035-1080, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200511000-00018

D. Fletcher, C. Fermanian, A. Mardaye, and P. Aegerter, A patient-based national survey on postoperative pain management in France reveals significant achievements and persistent challenges, Pain, vol.137, issue.2, pp.441-51, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.026

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00320583

L. Dupré, Anesthésie loco-régionale pour arthroscopie, pp.189-202

C. Bennedeti, J. Bonica, and G. Beluci, Pathophysiology and therapy of postoperative pain : a review Advances in pain research and therapy, pp.373-407, 1984.

O. Mahoney, P. Noble, J. Davidson, and H. Tullos, The Effect of Continuous Epidural Analgesia on Postoperative Pain, Rehabilitation, and Duration of Hospitalization in Total Knee Arthroplasty, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.&NA;, issue.260, pp.30-37, 1990.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-199011000-00007

D. Zaric, K. Boysen, C. Christiansen, J. Christiansen, S. Stephensen et al., A Comparison of Epidural Analgesia With Combined Continuous Femoral-Sciatic Nerve Blocks After Total Knee Replacement, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol.102, issue.4, pp.1240-1246, 2006.
DOI : 10.1213/01.ane.0000198561.03742.50

X. Capdevila, N. Bernard, and D. Morau, Analgésie pour la chirurgie du genou. Conférences d'actualisation SFAR, pp.21-41, 2000.

F. Singelyn, M. Deyaert, D. Joris, E. Pendeville, and J. Gouverneur, Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous three-in-one block on postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after unilateral total knee arthroplasty, Anesth Analg, vol.87, issue.1, pp.88-92, 1998.

M. Munin, T. Rudy, N. Glynn, L. Crossett, and H. Rubash, Early Inpatient Rehabilitation After Elective Hip and Knee Arthroplasty, JAMA, vol.279, issue.11, pp.847-52, 1998.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.279.11.847

N. Ringrose and M. Cross, Femoral nerve block in knee joint surgery, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.12, issue.5, pp.398-402, 1984.
DOI : 10.1177/036354658401200512

A. Borgeat, B. Schappi, N. Biasca, and C. Gerber, Patient-controlled Analgesia after Major Shoulder Surgery, Anesthesiology, vol.87, issue.6, pp.1343-1350, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199712000-00013

F. Singelyn, S. Seguy, and J. Gouverneur, Interscalene Brachial Plexus Analgesia After Open Shoulder Surgery: Continuous Versus Patient-Controlled Infusion, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol.89, issue.5, pp.1216-1236, 1999.
DOI : 10.1213/00000539-199911000-00024

A. Borgeat, E. Tewes, N. Biasca, and C. Gerber, Patient-controlled interscalene analgesia with ropivacaine after major shoulder surgery: PCIA vs PCA., British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.81, issue.4, pp.603-608, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/81.4.603

H. Iskandar, S. Rakotondriamihary, F. Dixmerias, B. Binje, and P. Maurette, Analg??sie par bloc axillaire continu apr??s chirurgie des traumatismes graves de la main: auto-administration versus injection continue, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.17, issue.9, pp.1099-103, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0750-7658(00)80002-7

F. Singelyn and J. Gouverneur, Extended "three-in-one" block after total knee arthroplasty: continuous versus patient-controlled techniques, Anesth Analg, vol.91, issue.1, pp.176-80, 2000.

X. Capdevila, Y. Barthelet, P. Biboulet, Y. Ryckwaert, J. Rubenovitch et al., Effects of Perioperative Analgesic Technique on the Surgical Outcome and Duration of Rehabilitation after Major Knee Surgery, Anesthesiology, vol.91, issue.1, pp.8-15, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199907000-00006

X. Capdevila and N. Bernard, Complications des blocs périphériques continus utilisés pour l'analgésie postopératoire. Conférences d'actualisation SFAR, pp.771-82

Y. Auroy, D. Benhamou, L. Bargues, C. Ecoffey, B. Falissard et al., Major Complications of Regional Anesthesia in France, Anesthesiology, vol.97, issue.5, pp.1274-80, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200211000-00034

G. Albright, Cardiac Arrest Following Regional Anesthesia with Etidocaine or Bupivacaine, Anesthesiology, vol.51, issue.4, pp.285-292, 1979.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-197910000-00001

M. Mulroy, Systemic toxicity and cardiotoxicity from local anesthetics, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, vol.27, issue.6, pp.556-61, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00115550-200211000-00003

P. Marhofer, M. Greher, and S. Kapral, Ultrasound guidance in regional anaesthesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.94, issue.1, pp.7-17, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/aei002

P. Marhofer, W. Harrop-griffiths, S. Kettner, and L. Kirchmair, Fifteen years of ultrasound guidance in regional anaesthesia: Part 1, British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.104, issue.5, pp.538-584, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/aeq069

W. Zink, C. Seif, J. Bohl, N. Hacke, P. Braun et al., The acute myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blockades1173-9, table of contents Effects of intermittent femoral nerve injections of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine on mitochondrial energy metabolism and intracellular calcium homeostasis in rat psoas muscle, Anesth Analg. Nouette-Gaulain K Anesthesiology, vol.97106, issue.255, pp.1026-1060, 2003.

F. Adam, S. Jaziri, and M. Chauvin, Psoas Abscess Complicating Femoral Nerve Block Catheter, Anesthesiology, vol.99, issue.1, pp.230-231, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200307000-00037

V. Compere, C. Cornet, V. Fourdrinier, A. Maitre, N. Mazirt et al., Thigh abscess as a complication of continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block, British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.95, issue.2, pp.255-261, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/aei164

P. Cuvillon, J. Ripart, L. Lalourcey, E. Veyrat, L. Hermite et al., The Continuous Femoral Nerve Block Catheter for Postoperative Analgesia: Bacterial Colonization, Infectious Rate and Adverse Effects, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol.93, issue.4, pp.1045-1054, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00000539-200110000-00050

R. Nessler and U. Schwippel, Continuous block of the lumbar plexus with the 3-in-1-block catheter technic in pain therapy], Reg Anaesth, vol.11, issue.2, pp.54-61, 1988.

B. Bergman, J. Hebl, J. Kent, T. Horlocker, J. Buttner et al., Neurologic complications of 405 consecutive continuous axillary catheters Inflammation and infection complications of 2285 perineural catheters: a prospective study, Anesth Analg. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol.9651, issue.11, pp.247-52108, 2003.

R. Simpson, P. Macintyre, D. Shaw, A. Norton, J. Mccann et al., Epidural Catheter Tip Cultures, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, vol.25, issue.4, pp.360-367, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00115550-200007000-00007

R. Holt and E. Heres, Creation of a subcutaneous tunnel for Broviac and Hickman catheters, Tschirner M, Zeuner L. Technic of subcutaneous tunneling of the epidural catheter, p.225, 1985.
DOI : 10.1177/0148607185009002225

A. Randolph, D. Cook, C. Gonzales, and C. Brun-buisson, Tunneling short-term central venous catheters to prevent catheter-related infection, Critical Care Medicine, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1452-1459, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199808000-00038

J. Timsit, V. Sebille, J. Farkas, B. Misset, J. Martin et al., Effect of Subcutaneous Tunneling on Internal Jugular Catheter-Related Sepsis in Critically III Patients, JAMA, vol.276, issue.17, pp.1416-1436, 1996.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1996.03540170060033

F. Delfosse, P. Pronnier, T. Levent, M. Coget, and K. Blanckaert, Complications infectieuses et cath??ter p??rinerveux f??moral pour l???analg??sie postop??ratoire??: ?? propos de deux cas, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.30, issue.6, pp.516-536, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2011.03.002

G. Ekatodramis and A. Borgeat, Subcutaneous tunneling of the interscalene catheter, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesth??sie, vol.46, issue.7, pp.716-723, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03019013

C. Brun-buisson, F. Abrouk, P. Legrand, Y. Huet, S. Larabi et al., Diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sepsis. Critical level of quantitative tip cultures, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.147, issue.5, pp.873-880, 1987.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.147.5.873

C. Aveline, L. Hetet, H. , L. Roux, A. Vautier et al., Perineural Ultrasound-Guided Catheter Bacterial Colonization, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, vol.36, issue.6, pp.579-84114, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31822e665a

J. Krueger and R. Rohrich, Clearing the Smoke: The Scientific Rationale for Tobacco Abstention with Plastic Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.108, issue.4, pp.1063-73, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-200109150-00042

G. Lemense and S. Sahn, Opportunistic infection during treatment with low dose methotrexate., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.150, issue.1, pp.258-60, 1994.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.150.1.8025760

J. Timsit, R??actualisation de la douzi??me conf??rence de consensus de la Soci??t?? de r??animation de langue fran??aise (SRLF) : infections li??es aux cath??ters veineux centraux en r??animation, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.24, issue.3, pp.315-337, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2004.12.022

S. Sato, T. Sakuragi, and K. Dan, Human Skin Flora as a Potential Source of Epidural Abscess, Anesthesiology, vol.85, issue.6, pp.1276-82, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199612000-00008

B. Kinirons, O. Mimoz, L. Lafendi, T. Naas, J. Meunier et al., Chlorhexidine versus Povidone Iodine in Preventing Colonization of Continuous Epidural Catheters in Children, Anesthesiology, vol.94, issue.2, pp.239-283, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200102000-00012