J. A. Aldrich, J. , and D. Griffin, The presidency and the campaign: creating voter priorities in the 2000 election The Presidency and the Political System, pp.239-256, 2003.

R. Amossy, Les dessous de l'argumentation dans le d??bat politique t??l??vis??, Littérature, n°93, pp.31-47, 1994.
DOI : 10.3406/litt.1994.2315

S. Ansolabehere and S. Iyengar, Riding the Wave and Claiming Ownership Over Issues: The Joint Effects of Advertising and News Coverage in Campaigns, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol.58, issue.3, pp.334-57, 1994.
DOI : 10.1086/269431

S. Ansolabehere and S. Iyengar, Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate, 1995.

D. Austen-smith, « Information acquisition and orthogonal argument, Political Economy: Institutions, Competition, and Representation, 1993.

I. Budge and D. J. Fairlie, Explaining and Predicting Elections: Issue Effects and Party Strategies in Twenty-Three Democracies, 1983.

I. Budge, « Issues, dimensions, and agenda change in postwar democracies: longterm trends in party election programs and newspaper reports in twenty-three democracies, Agenda Formation, pp.41-80, 1993.

D. Chong, « Creating common frames of reference on political issues, Political Persuasion and Attitude Change, pp.195-224, 1996.

D. F. Damore, The Dynamics of Issue Ownership in Presidential Campaigns, Political Research Quarterly, vol.89, issue.3, pp.391-397, 2004.
DOI : 10.1177/106591290405700304

D. F. Damore, Using Campaign Advertisements to Assess Campaign Processes, Journal of Political Marketing, vol.1, issue.1, pp.39-59, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/1532673X01029005001

D. F. Damore, Candidate Strategy and the Decision to Go Negative, Political Research Quarterly, vol.55, issue.3, pp.669-685, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/106591290205500309

A. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, 1957.

G. C. Jacobson, The Electoral Origins of Divided Government, 1990.

K. Kahn, P. J. Fridkin, and . Kenney, The Spectacle of U.S. Senate Campaigns, 1999.

N. Kaplan, D. Park, and T. N. Ridout, Dialogue in U.S. Senate Campaigns? An Examination of Issue Discussion in Candidate Television Advertising, Prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 2003.

S. Kelley and J. , Political Campaigning: Problems in Creating an Informed Electorate, 1960.

R. R. Lau, . Lee, . Sigelman, . Caroline, and P. Heldman, The Effects of Negative Political Advertisements: A Meta-Analytic Assessment, American Political Science Review, vol.13, issue.04, pp.851-876, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02019254

J. Masclet, « campagne électorale (droit de la), Dictionnaire du vote, 2001.

D. R. Mayhew, Congress, 1974.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511816406.011

T. E. Patterson, The Mass Media Election, 1980.

J. R. Petrocik, Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study, American Journal of Political Science, vol.40, issue.3, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2111797

J. R. Petrocik, L. William, G. J. Benoit, and . Hansen, Issue Ownership and Presidential Campaigning, 1952-2000, Political Science Quarterly, vol.118, issue.4, pp.599-626, 1952.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00407.x

W. H. Riker, Rhetorical Interaction in the Ratification Campaigns, Agenda Formation, pp.81-123, 1993.

W. H. Riker, The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution, 1996.

D. O. Sears, Symbolic Politics, Explorations in Political Psychology, pp.113-149, 1993.
DOI : 10.1215/9780822396697-007

P. Sellers, Strategy and Background in Congressional Campaigns, American Political Science Review, vol.4, issue.01, pp.159-71, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/2111797

L. Sigelman and E. Buell, Avoidance or Engagement? Issue Convergence in U.S. Presidential Campaigns, 1960-2000, American Journal of Political Science, vol.89, issue.4, pp.650-61, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00007

A. F. Simon, The Winning Message: Candidate Behavior, Campaign Discourse, and Democracy, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511613524