G. Leitch and Q. He, Cryptosporidiosis-an overview, Journal of Biomedical Research, vol.25, issue.1, pp.1-16, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S1674-8301(11)60001-8

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368497

A. Bonnin, F. Dalle, S. Valot, G. Dautin, D. Palma et al., Infections ?? cryptosporidies et ?? Cyclospora, EMC - Maladies infectieuses, vol.3, issue.1, pp.1-11, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1166-8598(06)41785-3

R. Guerrant, Cryptosporidiosis: An Emerging, Highly Infectious Threat, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.3, issue.1, p.51, 1997.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0301.970106

URL : http://doi.org/10.3201/eid0301.970106

L. Agence-de and . Biomédecine, Les chiffres clés -De 1991 à 2013, retour sur 22 ans de greffe d'organe en France

J. Clarke, A Study of Coccidia met with in Mice, J Microsc Sci, vol.37, p.277, 1895.

E. Tyzzer, A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse, Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.5, issue.1, pp.12-15, 1907.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-5-5

S. Tzipori and G. Widmer, A hundred-year retrospective on cryptosporidiosis, Trends in Parasitology, vol.24, issue.4, pp.184-193, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2008.01.002

E. Tyzzer and . An, Cryptosporidium muris (gen. et sp. nov.), of the gastric glands of the common mouse (sp. nov.). a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse, J Med Res. Arch Protistenk, vol.2326, issue.3, pp.394-412, 1910.

F. Nime, Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium 12. Panciera, Thomassen RW. Cryptosporidial Infection in a Calf, Gastroenterology. Vet Pathol Online, vol.708, pp.592-8479, 1971.

J. Meisel, D. Perera, C. Meligro, C. Rubin, and B. Hahn, Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic, Gastroenterology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, vol.701, issue.61, pp.6841-006841, 1976.

F. Barré-sinoussi, J. Chermann, F. Rey, M. Nugeyre, S. Chamaret et al., Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Science, vol.220, issue.4599, pp.868-71, 1983.
DOI : 10.1126/science.6189183

P. Ma and R. Soave, Three-Step Stool Examination for Cryptosporidiosis in 10

P. Ma, Cryptosporidium and the enteropathy of immune deficiency, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, vol.3, pp.488-90, 1984.

C. Engl, J. Med-forgacs, P. Tarshis, A. Ma, P. Federman et al., Intestinal and Bronchial Cryptosporidiosis in an Immunodeficient Homosexual Man, Ann Intern Med, vol.30899, issue.206, pp.907793-907797, 1983.

S. Conti, M. Masocco, P. Pezzotti, V. Toccaceli, M. Vichi et al., Differential Impact of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy on the Survival of Italian Patients With Specific AIDS-Defining Illnesses, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.25, issue.5, pp.451-459, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00126334-200012150-00011

E. Pozio and M. Morales, The impact of HIV-protease inhibitors on opportunistic parasites, Trends in Parasitology, vol.21, issue.2, pp.58-63, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2004.11.003

M. Kenzie, W. Hoxie, N. Proctor, M. Gradus, S. Blair et al., A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.331, issue.3, pp.161-168, 1994.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199407213310304

R. Fayer, U. Morgan, and S. Upton, Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.30, issue.12-13, pp.1305-1327, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00135-1

J. Guyonnet and J. Claudet, Epidémie de gastro-entérite aiguë à cryptosporidium liée à la pollution des eaux d'alimentation de la ville de Sète, pp.23-32, 2002.

F. Spano and A. Crisanti, Cryptosporidium parvum: the many secrets of a small genome, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.30, issue.4, pp.553-65, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00188-5

V. Huw, . Smith, A. B. Rosely, . Nichols, and . Cryptosporidium, Foodborne Diseases, pp.233-76, 2007.

R. Fayer and B. Ungar, CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. AND CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol.6, issue.9, pp.458-83, 1986.
DOI : 10.1097/00006454-198709000-00036

E. Janoff, L. Reller, J. Barta, and R. Thompson, Cryptosporidium species, a protean protozoan What is Cryptosporidium? Reappraising its biology and phylogenetic affinities, J Clin Microbiol. Trends Parasitol, vol.2522, issue.3010, pp.967463-967471, 1987.

R. Lumb, K. Smith, P. O-'donoghue, and J. Lanser, Ultrastructure of the attachment of Cryptosporidium sporozoites to tissue culture cells, Parasitology Research, vol.18, issue.6, pp.531-537, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00531630

N. Hijjawi, A. Estcourt, R. Yang, P. Monis, and U. Ryan, Complete development and multiplication of Cryptosporidium hominis in cell-free culture, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.169, issue.1-2, pp.29-36, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.021

F. Petry, Structural Analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum, Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol.4, issue.05, pp.586-601, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182000080847

G. Coombs, Biochemical Peculiarities and Drug Targets in Cryptosporidium parvum: Lessons from other Coccidian Parasites, Parasitology Today, vol.15, issue.8, pp.333-341, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01474-X

M. Bouzid, P. Hunter, R. Chalmers, and K. Tyler, Cryptosporidium Pathogenicity and Virulence, 36. Rider SD, Zhu G. Cryptosporidium: Genomic and biochemical features, pp.115-342, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00076-12

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553671

R. Carreno, D. Matrin, and J. Barta, Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences, Parasitology Research, vol.85, issue.11, pp.899-904, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s004360050655

R. Fayer, Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.126, issue.1-2, pp.37-56, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.004

U. Ryan, Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians, Experimental Parasitology, vol.124, issue.1, pp.113-133, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.02.002

R. Chalmers and F. Katzer, Looking for Cryptosporidium: the application of advances in detection and diagnosis, Trends in Parasitology, vol.29, issue.5, pp.237-51, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.001

R. Fayer, Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium, Experimental Parasitology, vol.124, issue.1, pp.90-97, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.005

W. Current, Human enteric coccidia. I. Cryptosporidium, Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, vol.7, issue.23, pp.167-70, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/S0196-4399(85)80071-4

N. Hijjawi, B. Meloni, U. Morgan, T. Rcahara, S. Chen et al., Complete development and long-term maintenance of Cryptosporidium parvum human and cattle genotypes in cell culture The cell biology of Cryptosporidium infection, Int J Parasitol. Microbes Infect, vol.3113, issue.44, pp.1048-558, 2001.

X. Chen and N. Larusso, Mechanisms of attachment and internalization of Cryptosporidium parvum to biliary and intestinal epithelial cells, Gastroenterology, vol.118, issue.2, pp.368-79, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70219-8

M. Marcial and J. Madara, Cryptosporidium: Cellular Localization, Structural Analysis of Absorptive CellParasite Membrane-Membrane Interactions in Guinea Pigs, and Suggestion of Protozoan Transport by M Cells, Gastroenterology, vol.90, issue.3, pp.583-94, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-5085(86)91112-1

R. Chalmers and A. Davies, Minireview: Clinical cryptosporidiosis, Experimental Parasitology, vol.124, issue.1, pp.138-184, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.02.003

X. Chen, J. Keithly, C. Paya, N. Larusso, and . Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.346, issue.22, pp.1723-1754, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra013170

L. Savioli, H. Smith, and A. Thompson, Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the ???Neglected Diseases Initiative???, Trends in Parasitology, vol.22, issue.5, pp.203-211, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2006.02.015

A. Davies and C. R. Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis, BMJ, vol.339, issue.oct19 1, pp.4168-4168, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.b4168

K. Guyot, C. Sarfati, and F. Derouin, Actualités sur l'épidémiologie et le diagnostic de la cryptosporidose, Feuill Biol, vol.LIII, issue.304, pp.21-30, 2012.

C. Carey, H. Lee, and J. Trevors, Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst, Water Research, vol.38, issue.4, pp.818-628, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.012

J. Harp, R. Fayer, B. Pesch, and G. Jackson, Effect of pasteurization on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water and milk, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.62, issue.8, pp.2866-2874, 1996.

M. Lechevallier, W. Norton, R. Lee, D. Korich, J. Mead et al., Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in filtered drinking water supplies Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability, Appl Environ Microbiol. Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.5756, issue.575, pp.2617-211423, 1990.

D. Huang, C. Chappell, and P. Okhuysen, Cryptosporidiosis in children, Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, vol.15, issue.4, pp.253-262, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.spid.2004.07.006

J. Dryjanski, J. Gold, M. Ritchie, R. Kurtz, S. Lim et al., Cryptosporidiosis. Case report in a health team worker, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.80, issue.4, pp.751-753, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90839-9

A. Rahaman, S. Sanyal, A. , K. Sobhan, A. Hossain et al., parasitic and immunologic patterns Smith HV, Smith P. Parasitic protozoa in drinking water Cryptosporidiosis in calves and their handlers in Bangladesh. The Lancet, Cryptosporidium parvum infection in bovine neonates: dynamic clinical, pp.49-5674, 1984.

J. Lejeune and M. Davis, Outbreaks of zoonotic enteric disease associated with animal exhibits, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, vol.224, issue.9, pp.1440-1445, 2004.
DOI : 10.2460/javma.2004.224.1440

A. Lucio-forster, J. Griffiths, V. Cama, L. Xiao, and D. Bowman, Minimal zoonotic risk of cryptosporidiosis from pet dogs and cats, Trends in Parasitology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.174-183, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.004

M. Harari, B. West, and B. Dwyer, Cryptosporidium as cause of laryngotracheitis in an infant. The Lancet, p.1207, 1986.

C. Kourenti, P. Karanis, H. Smith, W. Norton, and R. Lee, Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies, J Water Health. Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.557, issue.19, pp.2610-2616, 1991.

M. Naciri, . La, H. Smith, J. W. Rose, . Martin-luther-king-dr et al., Waterborne cryptosporidiosis: current status Milwaukee's crypto outbreak : investigation and recommendations, INRA Prod Anim. Parasitol Today. J -Am Water Works Assoc. Epidemiol Infect, vol.51488103, issue.7303, pp.319-2714, 1989.

E. Dziuban, J. Liang, G. Craun, V. Hill, P. Yu et al., Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water --United States, MMWR Surveill Summ, vol.55, issue.12, pp.1-30, 2003.

T. Boehmer, N. Alden, T. Ghosh, and R. Vogt, Cryptosporidiosis from a community swimming pool: outbreak investigation and follow-up study, Epidemiology and Infection, vol.56, issue.11, pp.1651-1655, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/428839

E. Quiroz, C. Bern, J. Macarthur, L. Xiao, M. Fletcher et al., An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to a foodhandler Cryptosporidium and Giardia as foodborne zoonoses, J Infect Dis. Vet Parasitol, vol.181149, issue.7712, pp.695-70029, 2000.

L. Cotte, M. Rabodonirina, M. Piens, M. Perreard, M. Mojon et al., Prevalence of intestinal protozoans in French patients infected with HIV, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, vol.6, pp.1024-1033, 1993.

K. Guyot, A. Follet-dumoulin, E. Lelievre, C. Sarfati, M. Rabodonirina et al., Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium Isolates Obtained from Humans in France, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.39, issue.10, pp.3472-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.39.10.3472-3480.2001

D. Palma, M. Carbonel, S. Beaudeau, P. Checlair, E. Gallay et al., Epidémie de gastro-entérite a? Cryptosporidium : Dracy-le-Fort, Saône et Loire (71), 2001.

F. Dalle, R. P. Dautin, G. Di-palma, M. Kohli, E. Sire-bidault et al., Molecular Characterization of Isolates of Waterborne Cryptosporidium spp. Collected during an Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in South Burgundy, France, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.41, issue.6, pp.2690-2693, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.41.6.2690-2693.2003

L. Gofti-laroche and M. Schmitt, Epidémie de gastro-entérites liée à la pollution du réseau de distribution d'eau potable de la commune de Divonne-les-bains

C. Rhône-alpes-auvergne-derouin, F. Eliaszewicz, M. Pouillot, R. , and R. S. , Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Rapport sur les « Infections à protozoaires liées aux aliments et à l'eau » : « Evaluation scientifique des risques associés à Cryptosporidium spp. ». Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 2002.

G. Gargala, Human cryptosporidiosis in France : case notification and genotyping during the 2006-2012 period through the ANOFEL Cryptosporidium network

«. Session and . Parasitaire, Congrès de la Société Française de Parasitologie, Dijon. 2013. 89. Organisation mondiale de la Santé

L. Jokipii and A. Jokipii, Timing of Symptoms and Oocyst Excretion in Human Cryptosporidiosis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.315, issue.26, pp.1643-1650, 1986.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198612253152604

P. Slum-setting-in-kolkata, M. India-a-pilot-stud-pettoello-mantovani, D. Martino, L. Dettori, G. Vajro et al., Asymptomatic carriage of intestinal Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent and immunodeficient children: a prospective study Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Cryptosporidiosis: Assessment of Chemotherapy of Males with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, J Infect Dis. Pediatr Infect J. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vol.5814, issue.9344, pp.110-11042, 1982.

F. Laurent, D. Mccole, L. Eckmann, and M. Kagnoff, Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium parvum infection, Microbes and Infection, vol.1, issue.2, pp.141-149, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80005-7

T. Navin, R. Weber, D. Vugia, D. Rimland, J. Roberts et al., Declining CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Counts Are Associated With Increased Risk of Enteric Parasitosis and Chronic Diarrhea: Results of a 3-Year Longitudinal Study, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, vol.20, issue.2, pp.154-163, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00042560-199902010-00007

B. Ramratnam and T. Flanigan, Cryptosporidiosis in persons with HIV infection., Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol.73, issue.865
DOI : 10.1136/pgmj.73.865.713

E. Pozio, G. Rezza, A. Boschini, P. Pezzotti, A. Tamburrini et al., Clinical Cryptosporidiosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)???Induced Immunosuppression: Findings from a Longitudinal Study of HIV???Positive and HIV???Negative Former Injection Drug Users, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.176, issue.4, pp.969-75, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/516498

P. Hunter and G. Nichols, Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Cryptosporidium Infection in Immunocompromised Patients, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.15, issue.1, pp.145-54, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.15.1.145-154.2002

Y. De-albuquerque, M. Silva, A. De-andrade-lima, and V. Magalhães, Criptosporidiose pulmonar em pacientes com AIDS, uma doen??a subdiagnosticada, Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, vol.38, issue.4, pp.530-532, 2012.
DOI : 10.1590/S1806-37132012000400017

W. Schmidt, U. Wahnschaffe, ?. M. Schäfer, T. Zippel, ?. M. Arvand et al., Rapid increase of mucosal CD4 T cells followed by clearance of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, Gastroenterology, vol.120, issue.4, pp.984-991, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2001.22557

N. Foudraine, G. Weverling, T. Van-gool, M. Roos, F. De-wolf et al., Improvement of chronic diarrhoea in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection during potent antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.12, issue.1, pp.35-41, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199801000-00005

E. Houpt, O. Bushen, N. Sam, A. Kohli, A. Asgharpour et al., Asymptomatic Cryptosporidium hominis Infection Among Human Immundeficiency Virus?Infected Patients In Tanzania, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.73, issue.3, pp.520-522, 2005.

F. Lanternier, K. Amazzough, M. Mamzer-bruneel, J. Touret, S. Decramer et al., Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in Solid Organ Transplantation, Transplantation, vol.101, issue.4, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/TP.0000000000001503

G. Pourmand, S. Salem, A. Mehrsai, M. Taherimahmoudi, R. Ebrahimi et al., Infectious complications after kidney transplantation: a single-center experience, Transplant Infectious Disease, vol.5, issue.4, pp.302-311, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00816.x

H. Arslan, E. Inci, O. Azap, H. Karakayali, A. Torgay et al., Etiologic agents of diarrhea in solid organ recipients, Transplant Infectious Disease, vol.75, issue.4, pp.270-275, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.00073.x

F. Bandin, T. Kwon, M. Linas, V. Guigonis, A. Valentin et al., Cryptosporidiosis in paediatric renal transplantation, Pediatric Nephrology, vol.360, issue.11, pp.2245-55, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00467-009-1274-y

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00453358

N. Udgiri, M. Minz, R. Kashyap, M. Heer, C. Gupta et al., Intestinal cryptosporidiasis in living related renal transplant recipients, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.36, issue.7, pp.2128-2137, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.08.107

L. Xiao, Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update, Experimental Parasitology, vol.124, issue.1, pp.80-89, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.018

L. Xiao, R. Fayer, U. Ryan, and S. Upton, Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.17, issue.1, pp.72-97, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004

V. Cama, C. Bern, J. Roberts, L. Cabrera, C. Sterling et al., Species and Subtypes and Clinical Manifestations in Children, Peru, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.14, issue.10, pp.1567-74, 2008.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1410.071273

V. Cama, J. Ross, S. Crawford, V. Kawai, C. Valdez et al., Species and Subtypes in HIV???Infected Persons, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.196, issue.5, pp.684-91, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/519842

P. Hunter, S. Hughes, S. Woodhouse, R. Nicholas, Q. Syed et al., Health Sequelae of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Immunocompetent Patients, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.39, issue.4, pp.504-514, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/422649

T. Van-gool, R. Weijts, E. Lommerse, and T. Mank, Triple faeces test: an effective tool for detection of intestinal parasites in routine clinical practice, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, vol.22, issue.5, pp.284-90, 2003.

S. Kar, S. Gawlowska, A. Daugschies, and B. Bangoura, Quantitative comparison of different purification and detection methods for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Veterinary Parasitology, vol.177, issue.3-4, pp.3-4366, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.005

D. Casemore, M. Armstrong, and R. Sands, Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis., Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1337-1378, 1985.
DOI : 10.1136/jcp.38.12.1337

R. Chalmers, B. Campbell, N. Crouch, A. Charlett, and A. Davies, Comparison of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of seven Cryptosporidium assays used in the UK, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.60, issue.11, pp.1598-604, 2011.
DOI : 10.1099/jmm.0.034181-0

R. Mercado, G. Buck, P. Manque, S. Ozaki, and L. , Cryptosporidium hominis Infection of the Human Respiratory Tract, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.13, issue.3, 2007.

S. Khurana, P. Sharma, A. Sharma, and N. Malla, Evaluation of Ziehl-Neelsen staining, auramine phenol staining, antigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, for the diagnosis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis, Tropical Parasitology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.20-23, 2012.
DOI : 10.4103/2229-5070.97234

M. Lecomte, Cercle mycologique de Namurs Fiche technique : Auramine [Internet], Disponible sur, 2011.

A. Martelli, B. Campart, G. Canonero, R. Carrozzino, R. Mattioli et al., Evaluation of auramine genotoxicity in primary rat and human hepatocytes and in the intact rat, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, vol.414, issue.1-3, pp.37-47, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00037-0

T. Hanscheid, J. Cristino, and M. Salgado, Screening of auramine-stained smears of all fecal samples is a rapid and inexpensive way to increase the detection of coccidial infections, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.12, issue.1, pp.47-50, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.04.008

A. Jex, H. Smith, P. Monis, B. Campbell, and R. Gasser, Cryptosporidium ??? Biotechnological advances in the detection, diagnosis and analysis of genetic variation, Biotechnology Advances, vol.26, issue.4, pp.304-321, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.02.003

B. Ferrari, G. Vesey, C. Weir, K. Williams, and D. Veal, Comparison of Cryptosporidium-specific and Giardia-specific monoclonal antibodies for monitoring water samples, Water Research, vol.33, issue.7, pp.1611-1618, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00398-4

H. Lindquist, Cryptosporidium Image Sequence 1 -United States Environmental Protection Agency

I. Potters and M. Van-esbroeck, Negative Staining Technique of Heine for the Detection of Cryptosporidium spp.: A Fast and Simple Screening Technique~!2009-11-13~!2009-01-06~!2010-02-11~!, The Open Parasitology Journal, vol.4, issue.1, pp.1-4, 2010.
DOI : 10.2174/1874421401004010001

C. Chartier, A. Rieux, A. Delafosse, A. Lehebel, and C. Paraud, Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fresh calf faeces: Characteristics of two simple tests and evaluation of a semi-quantitative approach, The Veterinary Journal, vol.198, issue.1, pp.148-52, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.011

P. Agnamey, C. Sarfati, C. Pinel, M. Rabodoniriina, N. Kapel et al., Evaluation of Four Commercial Rapid Immunochromatographic Assays for Detection of Cryptosporidium Antigens in Stool Samples: a Blind Multicenter Trial, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.49, issue.4, pp.1605-1612, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.02074-10

L. Garcia and R. Shimizu, Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens, J Clin Microbiol, vol.35, issue.6, pp.1526-1535, 1997.

S. Johnston, M. Ballard, M. Beach, L. Causer, and P. Wilkins, Evaluation of Three Commercial Assays for Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium Organisms in Fecal Specimens, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.41, issue.2, pp.623-629, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.41.2.623-626.2003

K. Mullis, F. Faloona, S. Scharf, R. Saiki, G. Horn et al., Specific Enzymatic Amplification of DNA In Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol.51, issue.0, pp.263-73, 1986.
DOI : 10.1101/SQB.1986.051.01.032

I. Wilson, Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.63, issue.10, p.3741, 1997.

. Cochin-inserm, Introduction à la PCR quantitative

E. Poitras and A. Houde, La PCR en temps réel: principes et applications, Rev Biol Biotechnol, vol.2, issue.2, pp.2-11, 2002.

L. Xiao, C. Bern, J. Limor, I. Sulaiman, J. Roberts et al., Parasites in Children in Lima, Peru, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.183, issue.3, pp.492-499, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/318090

F. Spano, L. Putignani, J. Mclauchlin, D. Casemore, and A. Crisanti, PCR-RFLP analysis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene discriminates between C. wrairi and C. parvum, and between C. parvum isolates of human and animal origin, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.150, issue.2, pp.209-2017, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10372.x

G. Sturbaum, C. Reed, P. Hoover, B. Jost, M. Marshall et al., Species-Specific, Nested PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Detection of Single Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.67, issue.6, pp.2665-2673, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2665-2668.2001

R. Higuchi, G. Dollinger, P. Walsh, and R. Griffith, Simultaneous Amplification and Detection of Specific DNA Sequences, Bio/Technology, vol.116, issue.4, pp.413-420, 1992.
DOI : 10.1038/nbt0492-413

M. Kubista, J. Andrade, M. Bengtsson, A. Forootan, J. Jonák et al., The real-time polymerase chain reaction, Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol.27, issue.2-3, pp.95-125, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mam.2005.12.007

M. Fontaine and E. Guillot, An immunomagnetic separation???real-time PCR method for quantification of Cryptosporidium parvum in water samples, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.54, issue.1, pp.29-36, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00005-8

O. Sunnotel, W. Snelling, L. Xiao, K. Moule, J. Moore et al., Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Single Cryptosporidium Oocysts from Archived Glass Slides, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.44, issue.9, pp.3285-91, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00541-06

J. Smith, T. Gunasekera, C. Barardi, D. Veal, and G. Vesey, Determination of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a ribosomal RNA-directed probe, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.65, issue.2, pp.409-426, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00197-2

T. Taguchi, Y. Shinozaki, H. Takeyama, S. Haraguchi, M. Yoshino et al., Direct counting of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using fluorescence in situ hybridization on a membrane filter, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.67, issue.2, pp.373-80, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.04.017

A. Alagappan, P. Bergquist, and B. Ferrari, Development of a Two-Color Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Technique for Species-Level Identification of Human-Infectious Cryptosporidium spp., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.75, issue.18, pp.5996-6004, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00643-09

R. Chalmers, K. Elwin, J. Cheesbrough, S. Hadfield, and N. Beeching, Detection of IgG antibodies in sera from patients with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis, Journal of Infection, vol.67, issue.3, pp.231-238, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.04.019

I. Abubakar, S. Aliyu, C. Arumugam, P. Hunter, and N. Usman, Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue.1, 2007.

A. Rimon and S. Freedman, Recent Advances in the Treatment of Acute Gastroenteritis, Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine, vol.11, issue.3, pp.163-70, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cpem.2010.06.009

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Avis de la commission d'évaluation des produits sur les Solutés de Réhydratation Orale dans la diarrhée aigue du nourrisson et du petit enfant

S. Allen, B. Okoko, E. Martinez, G. Gregorio, and L. Dans, Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea (Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet] Disponible sur: http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/medicine, 2005.

C. Regnard, R. Twycross, M. Mihalyo, and W. A. Loperamide, Loperamide, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, vol.42, issue.2, pp.319-342, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.06.001

B. Bennett and . Gastroenteritis, Med Update Psychiatr, pp.95-103, 1998.

S. Li, D. Grossman, and P. Cummings, Loperamide Therapy for Acute Diarrhea in Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, PLoS Medicine, vol.88, issue.3, p.98, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040098.sd001

J. Lecomte, An overview of clinical studies with racecadotril in adults, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.14, issue.1, pp.81-88, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00152-1

M. Santos, R. Marañón, C. Miguez, P. Vázquez, and C. Sánchez, Use of Racecadotril as Outpatient Treatment for Acute Gastroenteritis: A Prospective, Randomized, Parallel Study, The Journal of Pediatrics, vol.155, issue.1, pp.62-69, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.064

A. Giacometti, O. Cirioni, F. Barchiesi, F. Ancarani, and G. Scalise, Activity of nitazoxanide alone and in combination with azithromycin and rifabutin against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.45, issue.4, pp.453-459, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/45.4.453

P. Hoffman, G. Sisson, M. Croxen, K. Welch, W. Harman et al., Antiparasitic Drug Nitazoxanide Inhibits the Pyruvate Oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, Selected Anaerobic Bacteria and Parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.51, issue.3, pp.868-76, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01159-06

J. Rossignol, A. Ayoub, and M. Ayers, A Prospective Randomized, Double???Blind, Placebo???Controlled Study of Nitazoxanide, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.184, issue.1, pp.103-109, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/321008

J. Rossignol, S. Kabil, ?. El, Y. Gohary, and A. Younis, Effect of Nitazoxanide in Diarrhea and Enteritis Caused by Cryptosporidium Species, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol.4, issue.3, pp.320-324, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.020

B. Amadi, M. Mwiya, S. Sianongo, L. Payne, A. Watuka et al., High dose prolonged treatment with nitazoxanide is not effective for cryptosporidiosis in HIV positive Zambian children: a randomised controlled trial, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.109, issue.1, p.195, 2009.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2006-04-015172

B. Pantenburg, M. Cabada, A. White, and . Jr, Treatment of cryptosporidiosis, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.7, issue.4, pp.385-91, 2009.
DOI : 10.1586/eri.09.24

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Avis de la Commission de Transparence pour la réinscription sur la Liste des spécialités remboursables de ZITHROMAX® 250 mg et 40 mg/mL, 2011.

K. Kadappu, M. Nagaraja, P. Rao, and B. Shastry, Azithromycin as treatment for cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus disease, J Postgrad Med, vol.48, issue.3, pp.179-81, 2002.

P. Hicks, R. Zwiener, J. Squires, and V. Savell, Azithromycin therapy for Cryptosporidium parvum infection in four children infected with human immunodeficiency virus, The Journal of Pediatrics, vol.129, issue.2, pp.297-300, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70258-5

D. Dionisio, A. Orsi, G. Sterrantino, M. Meli, D. Lollo et al., Chronic cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: stable remission and possible eradication after long-term, low dose azithromycin, Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol.51, issue.2, pp.138-180, 1998.
DOI : 10.1136/jcp.51.2.138

R. Marshall and T. Flanigan, Paromomycin Inhibits Cryptosporidium Infection of a Human Enterocyte Cell Line, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.165, issue.4, pp.772-776, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/165.4.772

F. Bissuel, L. Cotte, M. Rabodonirina, P. Rougier, M. Piens et al., Paromomycin: An Effective Treatment for Cryptosporidial Diarrhea in Patients with AIDS, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.18, issue.3, pp.447-456, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/18.3.447

C. Fichtenbaum, D. Ritchie, and W. Powderly, Use of Paromomycin for Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Patients with AIDS, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.16, issue.2, pp.298-300, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/clind/16.2.298

R. Hewitt, C. Yiannoutsos, E. Higgs, J. Carey, P. Geiseler et al., Paromomycin: No More Effective than Placebo for Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Patients with Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1084-92, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/318155

A. White, . Jr, C. Chappell, C. Hayat, K. Kimball et al., Paromomycin for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS: a prospective, double-blind trial, J Infect Dis, vol.170, issue.2, pp.419-443, 1994.

D. Uip, A. Lima, V. Amato, M. Boulos, V. Neto et al., Roxithromycin treatment for diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium spp. in patients with AIDS, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.41, issue.suppl 2, pp.93-100, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/41.suppl_2.93

P. Hunter, S. Hughes, S. Woodhouse, Q. Syed, N. Verlander et al., Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Case-Control Study with Genotyping, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.10, issue.7, p.1241, 2004.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1007.030582

URL : http://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030582

A. Du and H. Conseil-de-la-santé-publique, Recommandations sanitaires pour les voyageurs, 2014. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 16 e éd, juin, 2014.

J. Davin and J. Weening, Berger disease: thirty years later, European Journal of Pediatrics, vol.158, issue.6, pp.437-480, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s004310051115

É. Pillebout and D. Nochy, Glom??rulon??phrite ?? d??p??ts m??sangiaux d???IgA, N??phrologie & Th??rapeutique, vol.6, issue.6, pp.545-57, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nephro.2010.03.007

J. Donadio and J. Grande, IgA Nephropathy, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.347, issue.10, pp.738-786, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra020109

C. Ponticelli, L. Traversi, A. Feliciani, B. Cesana, G. Banfi et al., Kidney transplantation in patients with IgA mesangial glomerulonephritis11See Editorial by Hogg, p. 2033., Kidney International, vol.60, issue.5, pp.1948-54, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00006.x

E. Sweeney, A. Fryer, R. Mountford, A. Green, and I. Mcintosh, Nail patella syndrome: a review of the phenotype aided by developmental biology, Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.40, issue.3, pp.153-62, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/jmg.40.3.153

E. Bongers, M. Gubler, and N. Knoers, Nail-patella syndrome. Overview on clinical and molecular findings, Pediatric Nephrology, vol.17, issue.9, pp.703-715, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00467-002-0911-5

C. Schulz-butulis, M. Welch, and C. Norton, Nail-patella syndrome, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol.49, issue.6, pp.1086-1093, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaad.2002.01.001

C. Jones, D. Diamond, R. Amirfeyz, and M. Gargan, Nail-patella syndrome, Orthopaedics and Trauma, vol.23, issue.5, pp.362-366, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mporth.2009.05.011

C. Yu, M. Gershwin, and C. Chang, Diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus: A critical review, Journal of Autoimmunity, vol.48, issue.49, pp.48-4910, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.004

A. Kuhn and A. Landmann, The classification and diagnosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Journal of Autoimmunity, vol.48, issue.49, pp.48-4914, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.021

A. Karras and F. Martinez, Rein et lupus : donn??es r??centes, Revue du Rhumatisme, vol.72, issue.2, pp.162-169, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rhum.2004.11.004

J. Weening, D. Agati, V. Schwartz, M. Seshan, S. Alpers et al., The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited, Kidney International, vol.65, issue.2, pp.521-551, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00443.x

P. Harris and V. Torres, Polycystic Kidney Disease, Annual Review of Medicine, vol.60, issue.1, pp.321-358, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.med.60.101707.125712

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01503616

P. Simon, L. Goff, J. Ang, K. Charasse, C. et al., Epidemiologic data, clinical and prognostic features of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in a French region, Nephrologie, vol.17, issue.2, pp.123-153, 1996.

S. Rossetti and P. Harris, Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Autosomal Dominant and Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.18, issue.5, pp.1374-80, 2007.
DOI : 10.1681/ASN.2007010125

V. Torres, P. Harris, and Y. Pirson, Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The Lancet, pp.1287-301, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01328055

Z. Bajwa, K. Sial, A. Malik, and T. Steinman, Pain patterns in patients with polycystic kidney disease, Kidney International, vol.66, issue.4, pp.1561-1570, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00921.x

C. Gall, E. , L. Meur, and Y. , Polykystose rénale autosomique dominante: le traitement est-il pour demain? Néphrologie Thérapeutique

B. Vikse, K. Aasarød, L. Bostad, and B. Iversen, Clinical prognostic factors in biopsy-proven benign nephrosclerosis, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.18, issue.3, pp.517-540, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/18.3.517

M. Jain, Hypertensive renal disease: Histological aspects, Clinical Queries: Nephrology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.23-31, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cqn.2013.02.002

C. Marcantoni, L. Ma, C. Federspiel, and A. Fogo, Hypertensive nephrosclerosis in African Americans versus Caucasians, Kidney International, vol.62, issue.1, pp.172-80, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00420.x

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Avis de la Commission de Transparence pour la réinscription sur la Liste des spécialités remboursables de CELLCEPT® 250 mg

S. Hoffmann-la-roche, Monographie de produit : CellCept®, 2014.

J. Wu, Mycophenolate mofetil: Molecular mechanisms of action, Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Design, vol.25, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.185-204, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02171743

A. Lee, L. Gu, A. Miksztal, N. Chu, K. Leung et al., Bioavailability improvement of mycophenolic acid through amino ester derivatization, Pharmaceutical Research, vol.07, issue.2, pp.161-167, 1990.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1015828802490

A. Allison and E. Eugui, Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action, Immunopharmacology, vol.47, issue.2-3, pp.85-118, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0162-3109(00)00188-0

T. Mele and P. Halloran, The use of mycophenolate mofetil in transplant recipients, Immunopharmacology, vol.47, issue.2-3, pp.215-260, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0162-3109(00)00190-9

E. Group, Placebo-controlled study of mycophenolate mofetil combined with cyclosporin and corticosteroids for prevention of acute rejection. The Lancet, pp.1321-1326, 1995.

S. Gregoor, P. Van-gelder, T. Weimar, and W. , Mycophenolate mofetil, Cellcept??, a new immunosuppressive drug with great potential in internal medicine, The Netherlands Journal of Medicine, vol.57, issue.6, pp.233-279, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-2977(00)00069-3

N. Van-besouw, B. Van-der-mast, S. Gregoor, P. Hesse, C. Ijzermans et al., Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on erythropoiesis in stable renal transplant patients is correlated with mycophenolic acid trough levels, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.14, issue.11, pp.2710-2713, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/14.11.2710

A. Pharma, Monographie de produit : Prograf®, 2013.

A. Pharma, Monographie de produit : Advagraf®, 2010.

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Avis de la Commission de Transparence pour l'inscription sur la Liste des spécialités remboursables de MODIGRAF® 0.2 et 1 mg, 2009.

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Avis de la Commission de Transparence pour la réinscription sur la Liste des spécialités remboursables de NEORAL® 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg et 100 mg/mL et SANDIMMUN® 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg et 100 mg/mL, 2012.

E. Thervet, J. Zuber, R. Sberro, G. Canaud, D. Anglicheau et al., Traitements immunosuppresseurs??: m??canismes d???action et utilisation clinique, N??phrologie & Th??rapeutique, vol.7, issue.7, pp.566-81, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nephro.2010.12.008

S. Survase, L. Kagliwal, U. Annapure, and R. Singhal, Cyclosporin A ??? A review on fermentative production, downstream processing and pharmacological applications, Biotechnology Advances, vol.29, issue.4, pp.418-453, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.03.004

J. Tur?o, W. Gajzlerska, M. Klimaszewska, M. Król, M. Dawidowski et al., Enhancement of tacrolimus productivity in Streptomyces tsukubaensis by the use of novel precursors for biosynthesis, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol.51, issue.6-7, pp.6-7388, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.08.008

M. Hamawy and S. Knechtle, An overview of the actions of cyclosporine and FK506, Transplantation Reviews, vol.17, issue.4, pp.165-71, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-470X(03)00039-9

S. Ho, N. Clipstone, L. Timmermann, N. J. Graef, I. Fiorentino et al., The Mechanism of Action of Cyclosporin A and FK506, Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, vol.80, issue.3, pp.40-45, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/clin.1996.0140

M. Harding and R. Handschumacher, CYCLOPHILIN, A PRIMARY MOLECULAR TARGET FOR CYCLOSPORINE, Transplantation, vol.46, issue.Supplement, pp.29-35, 1988.
DOI : 10.1097/00007890-198808001-00006

J. Borel, C. Feurer, H. Gubler, and H. Stähelin, Biological effects of cyclosporin A: A new antilymphocytic agent, Agents and Actions, vol.22, issue.4, pp.468-75, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01973261

R. Calne, K. Rolles, S. Thiru, P. Mcmaster, G. Craddock et al., CYCLOSPORIN A INITIALLY AS THE ONLY IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT IN 34 RECIPIENTS OF CADAVERIC ORGANS: 32 KIDNEYS, 2 PANCREASES, AND 2 LIVERS, The Lancet, vol.314, issue.8151, pp.1033-1039, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92440-1

R. Calne, CYCLOSPORIN IN CADAVERIC RENAL TRANSPLANTATION: 5-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF A MULTICENTRE TRIAL, The Lancet, vol.330, issue.8557, pp.509-507, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91809-5

A. Webster, R. Woodroffe, R. Taylor, J. Chapman, and J. Craig, Tacrolimus versus ciclosporin as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised trial data, BMJ, vol.331, issue.7520, pp.810-810, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.38569.471007.AE

C. Moench, A. Barreiros, M. Schuchmann, F. Bittinger, J. Thiesen et al., Tacrolimus Monotherapy Without Steroids After Liver Transplantation ? A Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.9, issue.6, pp.1616-1639, 2007.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1399-0012.2003.00017.x

F. Vincenti, S. Friman, E. Scheuermann, L. Rostaing, T. Jenssen et al., Results of an International, Randomized Trial Comparing Glucose Metabolism Disorders and Outcome with Cyclosporine Versus Tacrolimus, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.55, issue.6, pp.1506-1520, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00387.x

A. Jacquet, H. Francois, C. Frangie, L. Ahmad, B. Charpentier et al., Prevention of calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity in renal transplantation, Transplant Immunology, vol.20, issue.1-2, pp.29-31, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trim.2008.09.002

K. Tse and T. Chan, Nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressive agents in renal transplantation, Hong Kong Journal of Nephrology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.65-72, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1561-5413(09)60082-X

L. Shaw, D. Holt, P. Keown, R. Venkataramanan, and R. Yatscoff, Current opinions on therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs, Clinical Therapeutics, vol.21, issue.10, pp.1632-52, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0149-2918(99)80044-7

P. Taylor, M. Franklin, C. Tai, and P. Pillans, Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus by liquid chromatography???tandem mass spectrometry: Is it truly a routine test?, Journal of Chromatography B, vol.883, issue.884, pp.883-884108, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.024

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Avis de la Commission de Transparence pour la réinscription sur la Liste des spécialités remboursables de RAPAMUNE® 0,5 mg, 1 mg , 2 mg et 1 mg/mL, 2013.

C. Vezina, A. Kudelski, and S. Sehgal, Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. I. Taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle., The Journal of Antibiotics, vol.28, issue.10, pp.721-727, 1975.
DOI : 10.7164/antibiotics.28.721

F. Dumont and Q. Su, Mechanism of action of the immunosuppressant rapamycin, Life Sciences, vol.58, issue.5, pp.373-95, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02233-3

S. Sehgal, Sirolimus: its discovery, biological properties, and mechanism of action, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.35, issue.3, pp.7-14, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0041-1345(03)00211-2

S. Sehgal and . Rapamune®, Rapamune?? (RAPA, rapamycin, sirolimus): mechanism of action immunosuppressive effect results from blockade of signal transduction and inhibition of cell cycle progression, Clinical Biochemistry, vol.31, issue.5, pp.335-375, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-9120(98)00045-9

B. Kahan, Two-year results of multicenter phase III trials on the effect of the addition of sirolimus to Cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimens in renal transplantation, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.35, issue.3, pp.37-51, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0041-1345(03)00353-1

A. Macdonald, A WORLDWIDE, PHASE III, RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED, SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDY OF A SIROLIMUS/CYCLOSPORINE REGIMEN FOR PREVENTION OF ACUTE REJECTION IN RECIPIENTS OF PRIMARY MISMATCHED RENAL ALLOGRAFTS, Transplantation, vol.71, issue.2, pp.271-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00007890-200101270-00019

E. Thervet, Sirolimus therapy following early cyclosporine withdrawal in transplant patients: mechanisms of action and clinical results, Int J Nanomedicine, vol.1, issue.3, pp.269-81, 2006.

F. Diekmann, Conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus in chronic allograft nephropathy: benefits and risks, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.21, issue.3, pp.562-570, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfi336

E. Morelon and H. Kreis, Sirolimus therapy without calcineurin inhibitors: Necker Hospital 8-year experience, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.35, issue.3, pp.52-59, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0041-1345(03)00244-6

J. Campistol, J. Eris, R. Oberbauer, P. Friend, B. Hutchison et al., Sirolimus Therapy after Early Cyclosporine Withdrawal Reduces the Risk for Cancer in Adult Renal Transplantation, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.17, issue.2, pp.581-590, 2006.
DOI : 10.1681/ASN.2005090993

B. Sayin, H. Karakayali, T. Colak, S. Sevmis, S. Pehlivan et al., Conversion to Sirolimus for Chronic Allograft Nephropathy and Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity and the Adverse Effects of Sirolimus After Conversion, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.41, issue.7, pp.2789-93, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.07.094

E. Epailly and R. Lorho, Effets secondaires des inhibiteurs du signal de prolif??ration et leur gestion, Gastroent??rologie Clinique et Biologique, vol.33, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-8320(09)73165-3

T. Rhen and J. Cidlowski, Antiinflammatory Action of Glucocorticoids ??? New Mechanisms for Old Drugs, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.353, issue.16, pp.1711-1734, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra050541

P. Barnes and I. Adcock, Transcription factors and asthma, European Respiratory Journal, vol.12, issue.1, pp.221-255, 1998.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.98.12010221

A. Cato, A. Nestl, and S. Mink, Rapid Actions of Steroid Receptors in Cellular Signaling Pathways, Science Signaling, vol.2002, issue.138, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/stke.2002.138.re9

N. Yoshimura, H. Ushigome, S. Nobori, T. Suzuki, K. Sakai et al., Excellent Results of High-Dose Mizoribine Combined With Cyclosporine, Basiliximab, and Corticosteroids in Renal Transplant Recipients???4-Year Results, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.45, issue.4, pp.1472-1477, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.055

P. Morris, Therapeutic strategies in immunosuppression after renal transplantation, The Journal of Pediatrics, vol.111, issue.6, pp.1004-1011, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80045-8

M. Van-lint, C. Uderzo, A. Locasciulli, I. Majolino, R. Scimé et al., Early Treatment of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease With High-or Low-Dose 6- Methylprednisolone: A Multicenter Randomized Trial From the Italian Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation, Blood, vol.92, issue.7, pp.2288-93, 1998.

D. Couriel, R. Saliba, M. De-lima, S. Giralt, B. Andersson et al., A Phase III Study of Infliximab and Corticosteroids for the Initial Treatment of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease, Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, vol.15, issue.12, pp.1555-62, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.08.003

I. Helal and L. Chan, Steroid and Calcineurin Inhibitor???Sparing Protocols in Kidney Transplantation, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.43, issue.2, pp.472-479, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.01.054

G. Davies, Adverse effects of corticosteroids: II. systemic, Clinics in Dermatology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.161-170, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0738-081X(86)90020-9

H. Schäcke, W. Döcke, and K. Asadullah, Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.96, issue.1, pp.23-43, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00297-8

A. Wynckel and J. Cohen, Les transplantations d'organes en l'an, Rev Fr Lab, vol.327, pp.83-90, 2000.

D. Cohen, . St, L. Martin, L. Christensen, R. Bloom et al., Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation in the United States, 1995-2004, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.79, issue.Suppl 11, pp.1153-69, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01272.x

M. Kolopp-sardaa, C. Malcusa, and C. Kohlerb, Immunologie de la transplantation, Rev Francoph Lab, issue.403, 2008.

N. Goeken and C. Committee, Outcome of renal transplantation following a positive cross-match with historical sera: The ASHI survey, Human Immunology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.77-85, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-8859(85)90066-7

C. Brick, O. Atouf, N. Benseffaj, and M. Essakalli, Rejet de la greffe r??nale??: m??canisme et pr??vention, N??phrologie & Th??rapeutique, vol.7, issue.1, pp.18-26, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nephro.2010.10.002

P. Morrissey, M. Flynn, and S. Lin, Medication Noncompliance and its Implications in Transplant Recipients, Drugs, vol.77, issue.5, pp.1463-81, 2007.
DOI : 10.2165/00003495-200767100-00007

T. Martinu, E. Pavlisko, D. Chen, and S. Palmer, Acute Allograft Rejection: Cellular and Humoral Processes, Clinics in Chest Medicine, vol.32, issue.2, pp.295-310, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ccm.2011.02.008

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089893

L. Racusen, K. Solez, R. Colvin, S. Bonsib, M. Castro et al., The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology, Kidney International, vol.55, issue.2, pp.713-736, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00299.x

K. Solez, R. Colvin, L. Racusen, M. Haas, B. Sis et al., Banff 07 Classification of Renal Allograft Pathology: Updates and Future Directions, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.23, issue.4, pp.753-60, 2008.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00299.x

P. Libby and J. Pober, Chronic Rejection, Immunity, vol.14, issue.4, pp.387-97, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00119-4

W. Land, Innate Alloimmunity: History and Current Knowledge, Exp Clin Transpl, vol.5, pp.575-84, 2007.

K. Lolmède and P. Rovere-querini, R??le du facteur high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) dans l???induction des r??ponses immunitaires dirig??es contre les cellules mortes, Pathologie Biologie, vol.57, issue.3, pp.217-225, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.07.012

M. Essakalli, O. Atouf, N. Bennani, N. Benseffaj, S. Ouadghiri et al., Toll-like r??cepteurs, Pathologie Biologie, vol.57, issue.5, pp.430-438, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.04.003

D. Goldstein, Toll like receptors and acute allograft rejection, Transplant Immunology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.11-16, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trim.2006.09.012

S. Jiang, O. Herrera, and R. Lechler, New spectrum of allorecognition pathways: implications for graft rejection and transplantation tolerance, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.16, issue.5, pp.550-557, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coi.2004.07.011

M. Gökmen, G. Lombardi, and R. Lechler, The importance of the indirect pathway of allorecognition in clinical transplantation, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.20, issue.5, pp.568-74, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coi.2008.06.009

E. Suchin, P. Langmuir, E. Palmer, M. Sayegh, A. Wells et al., Quantifying the Frequency of Alloreactive T Cells In Vivo: New Answers to an Old Question, The Journal of Immunology, vol.166, issue.2, pp.973-81, 2001.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.973

D. Kreisel, A. Krupnick, A. Gelman, F. Engels, S. Popman et al., Non-hematopoietic allograft cells directly activate CD8+ T cells and trigger acute rejection: An alternative mechanism of allorecognition, Nature Medicine, vol.8, issue.3, pp.233-242, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nm0302-233

O. Herrera, D. Golshayan, R. Tibbott, F. Ochoa, M. James et al., A Novel Pathway of Alloantigen Presentation by Dendritic Cells, The Journal of Immunology, vol.173, issue.8, pp.4828-4865, 2004.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.4828

P. Halloran, Immunosuppressive Drugs for Kidney Transplantation, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.351, issue.26, pp.2715-2744, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra033540

H. Trivedi, Immunobiology of Rejection and Adaptation, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.39, issue.3, pp.647-52, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.01.047

F. Lagrange, Prescription en néphrologie : suivi de greffe rénale, Pharm Hosp, vol.45, issue.4, pp.200-210, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.phhp.2010.10.012

M. Alegre, S. Florquin, and M. Goldman, Cellular mechanisms underlying acute graft rejection: time for reassessment, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.19, issue.5, pp.563-571, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coi.2007.07.019

M. Michallet, Allogreffes de cellules souches h??matopo????tiques, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, vol.18, issue.2, pp.235-280, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tracli.2011.02.021

M. Assi, J. Pulido, S. Peters, C. Mccannel, and R. Razonable, Graft-vs.-host disease in lung and other solid organ transplant recipients, Clinical Transplantation, vol.121, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01464-2

Y. Fudaba, T. Spitzer, J. Shaffer, T. Kawai, T. Fehr et al., Myeloma Responses and Tolerance Following Combined Kidney and Nonmyeloablative Marrow Transplantation: In Vivo and In Vitro Analyses, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.10, issue.9, pp.2121-2154, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90430-7

J. Scandling, S. Busque, J. Shizuru, E. Engleman, and S. Strober, Induced Immune Tolerance for Kidney Transplantation, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.365, issue.14, pp.1359-60, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMc1107841

V. Mcdonald, D. Korbel, F. Barakat, N. Choudhry, and F. Petry, infection, Parasite Immunology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.55-64, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/pim.12020

K. Schroder, Interferon-??: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol.75, issue.2, pp.163-89, 2003.
DOI : 10.1189/jlb.0603252

V. Mcdonald, Cryptosporidiosis: host immune responses and the prospects for effective immunotherapies, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.9, issue.11, pp.1077-86, 2011.
DOI : 10.1586/eri.11.123

X. Chen, O. Hara, S. Nelson, J. Splinter, P. Small et al., Multiple TLRs Are Expressed in Human Cholangiocytes and Mediate Host Epithelial Defense Responses to Cryptosporidium parvum via Activation of NF-??B, The Journal of Immunology, vol.175, issue.11
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7447

C. Jobin and R. Sartor, The I kappa B/NF-kappa B system: a key determinant of mucosalinflammation and protection, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, vol.278, issue.3, pp.451-62, 2000.

X. Chen, S. Levine, P. Splinter, P. Tietz, A. Ganong et al., Cryptosporidium parvum activates nuclear factor ??B in biliary epithelia preventing epithelial cell apoptosis, Gastroenterology, vol.120, issue.7, pp.1774-83, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2001.24850

P. Robinson, P. Okhuysen, C. Chappell, D. Lewis, I. Shahab et al., Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin 1?? in Jejuna of Volunteers after Experimental Challenge with Cryptosporidium parvum Correlates with Exposure but Not with Symptoms, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.2, pp.1172-1176, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.2.1172-1174.2001

F. Laurent, M. Kagnoff, T. Savidge, M. Naciri, and L. Eckmann, Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Respond to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection with Increased Prostaglandin H Synthase 2 Expression and Prostaglandin E2 and F2? Production, Infect Immun, vol.66, issue.4, pp.1787-90, 1998.

D. Podolsky, Healing the epithelium: Solving the problem from two sides, Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.274, issue.2, pp.122-128, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01213309

A. Borad and H. Ward, Human immune responses in cryptosporidiosis, Future Microbiology, vol.5, issue.3, pp.507-526, 2010.
DOI : 10.2217/fmb.09.128

M. Cuesta, L. Quintero, H. Pons, and H. Suarez-roca, Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide increase IL-1??, IL-6 and TNF?? secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Neurochemistry International, vol.40, issue.4, pp.301-307, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0197-0186(01)00094-8

P. Kelly, D. Jack, A. Naeem, B. Mandanda, R. Pollok et al., Mannose-binding lectin is a component of innate mucosal defense against Cryptosporidium parvum in AIDS, Gastroenterology, vol.119, issue.5, pp.1236-1278, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2000.19573

J. Priest, J. Kwon, D. Moss, J. Roberts, M. Arrowood et al., Detection by Enzyme Immunoassay of Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibodies That Recognize SpecificCryptosporidium parvum Antigens, J Clin Microbiol, vol.37, issue.5, pp.1385-92, 1999.

D. Moss, C. Chappell, P. Okhuysen, H. Dupont, M. Arrowood et al., Antigens following Experimental Infection in Humans, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.178, issue.3, pp.827-860, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/515377

S. Dann, P. Okhuysen, B. Salameh, H. Dupont, and C. Chappell, Fecal Antibodies to Cryptosporidium parvum in Healthy Volunteers, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.9, pp.5068-74, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.9.5068-5074.2000

C. Chappell, P. Okhuysen, C. Sterling, C. Wang, W. Jakubowski et al., Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.60, issue.1, pp.157-64, 1999.

J. Brenchley, T Cell Depletion during all Stages of HIV Disease Occurs Predominantly in the Gastrointestinal Tract, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.72, issue.6, pp.749-59, 2004.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.6711

S. Aguirre, P. Mason, and L. Perryman, Susceptibility of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-and MHC class II-deficient mice to Cryptosporidium parvum infection, Infect Immun, vol.62, issue.2, pp.697-706, 1994.

B. Ungar, T. Kao, J. Burris, and F. Finkelman, Cryptosporidium infection in an adult mouse model. Independent roles for IFN-gamma and CD4+ T lymphocytes in protective immunity, J Immunol, vol.147, issue.3, pp.1014-1036, 1991.

R. Rubin, Gastrointestinal infectious disease complications following transplantation and their differentiation from immunosuppressant-induced gastrointestinal toxicities, Clinical Transplantation, vol.13, issue.s4, pp.11-22, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00007890-199806150-00007

J. Coste, V. Vuiblet, B. Moustapha, A. Bouin, S. Lavaud et al., Microbiological Diagnosis of Severe Diarrhea in Kidney Transplant Recipients by Use of Multiplex PCR Assays, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.51, issue.6, pp.1841-1850, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.03366-12

F. Aulagnon, A. Scemla, S. Dewolf, C. Legendre, and J. Zuber, Diarrhea After Kidney Transplantation, Transplantation, vol.98, issue.8, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/TP.0000000000000335