R. Siegel, D. Naishadham, and A. Jemal, Cancer statistics, 2013, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol.287, issue.suppl 5, pp.11-30, 2013.
DOI : 10.3322/caac.21166

A. Jemal, R. Siegel, J. Xu, and E. Ward, Cancer Statistics, 2010, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, vol.60, issue.5, pp.277-300, 2010.
DOI : 10.3322/caac.20073

T. Schnelldorfer, A. Ware, M. Sarr, T. Smyrk, L. Zhang et al., Long-Term Survival After Pancreatoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Annals of Surgery, vol.247, issue.3, pp.456-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181613142

O. Turrini, Survie des adénocarcinomes pancréatiques réséqués, 2010.

J. Tseng, C. Raut, J. Lee, P. Pisters, J. Vauthey et al., Pancreaticoduodenectomy with vascular resection: margin status and survival duration, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol.8, issue.8, pp.935-984, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gassur.2004.09.046

S. Cunha, A. Rault, A. Laurent, C. Adhoute, X. Vendrely et al., Surgical Resection after Radiochemotherapy in Patients with Unresectable Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas, Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol.201, issue.3, pp.359-65, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.04.008

M. Katz, P. Pisters, D. Evans, C. Sun, J. Lee et al., Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: The Importance of This Emerging Stage of Disease, Journal of the American College of Surgeons, vol.206, issue.5, pp.833-879, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.12.020

Y. Kim, M. Park, H. Hong, C. Kang, J. Choi et al., Effects of Neoadjuvant Combined Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy on the CT Evaluation of Resectability and Staging in Patients with Pancreatic Head Cancer, Radiology, vol.250, issue.3, pp.758-65, 2009.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2502080501

D. Morgan, C. Waggoner, C. Canon, M. Lockhart, N. Fineberg et al., Resectability of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in Patients with Locally Advanced Disease Downstaged by Preoperative Therapy: A Challenge for MDCT, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol.194, issue.3, pp.615-637, 2010.
DOI : 10.2214/AJR.08.1022

L. Buscail, A. Hart, H. Kennedy, and I. Harvey, Facteurs de risque de l'adénocarcinome pancréatique. FMC en Hépatogastro-entérologie Pancreatic cancer: a review of the evidence on causation, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.166, issue.3, pp.275-82, 2007.

S. Iodice, S. Gandini, P. Maisonneuve, A. Lowenfels, S. Lynch et al., Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium, Langenbecks Arch Surg. Am J Epidemiol. EMC, vol.393170, issue.184, pp.535-45403, 2008.

G. Guilloteau, La lame rétro-portale droite. Mémoire d'anatomie, d'imagerie et de morphogenèse, Nantes2005. 23. Zins M. Anatomie du pancréas : savoir ce qui est utile. JFR; Paris2011
DOI : 10.1016/s1286-0115(06)74425-3

G. Bennett and L. Hann, Pancreatic Ultrasonography, Surgical Clinics of North America, vol.81, issue.2, pp.259-81, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0039-6109(05)70117-1

S. Agostini, S. Garcon, O. Durieux, R. Guenat, P. Peretti et al., Normal pancreas aspects. Variations and malformations] Multislice helical CT of the pancreas and spleen [Imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma], J Radiol. Eur J Radiol. J Radiol, vol.864586, issue.266 2, pp.719-32759, 2003.

C. Becker, M. Grossholz, G. Mentha, R. De-peyer, F. Terrier et al., MR cholangiopancreatography: technique, potential indications, and diagnostic features of benign, postoperative, and malignant conditions Clinicopathological correlates of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a comparative analysis of 82 cases with and 152 cases without pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Eur Radiol. Mod Pathol, vol.716, issue.610, pp.865-74996, 1997.

J. Flejou, R. Hruban, K. Takaori, D. Klimstra, N. Adsay et al., Anatomie pathologique du cancer du pancréas Monographies de l'association française de chirurgie2010. 32 An illustrated consensus on the classification of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, Am J Surg Pathol, vol.28, issue.8, pp.977-87, 2004.

L. Buscail, . Pathologie, S. Hot, Y. Polat, A. Hobek et al., 19-9, and CA 125 in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pancreatic diseases with or without jaundice, Explorations biologiques des tumeurs pancréatiques. EMC. 2008. 35. Duraker N, pp.142-149, 2005.

J. Campbell and S. Wilson, Pancreatic neoplasms: how useful is evaluation with US?, Radiology, vol.167, issue.2, pp.341-345, 1988.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.167.2.3282254

D. Lu, S. Vedantham, R. Krasny, B. Kadell, W. Berger et al., Two-phase helical CT for pancreatic tumors: pancreatic versus hepatic phase enhancement of tumor, pancreas, and vascular structures., Radiology, vol.199, issue.3, pp.697-701, 1996.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.199.3.8637990

T. Muranaka, T. Gabata, O. Matsui, M. Kadoya, J. Yoshikawa et al., Morphologic changes in the body of the pancreas secondary to a mass in the pancreatic head Analysis by CT Small pancreatic adenocarcinomas: efficacy of MR imaging with fat suppression and gadolinium enhancement, Acta Radiol. Radiology, vol.31193, issue.393, pp.483-8683, 1990.

H. Irie, H. Honda, K. Kaneko, T. Kuroiwa, K. Yoshimitsu et al., Comparison of helical CT and MR imaging in detecting and staging small pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Abdominal Imaging, vol.22, issue.4
DOI : 10.1007/s002619900226

J. Delpero, Quand ne pas biopsier une masse solide du pancr??as?, FMC HGE
DOI : 10.1007/978-2-287-99247-6_13

T. Ichikawa, S. Erturk, H. Sou, H. Nakajima, T. Tsukamoto et al., Adénocarcinome pancréatique : quelle est la place de la biopsie ? In: Arnette, editor. Cancer du pancréas2010. 43, Paris2009. 42. Levy P MDCT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: optimal imaging phases and multiplanar reformatted imaging

P. Legmann, O. Vignaux, B. Dousset, A. Baraza, L. Palazzo et al., Pancreatic tumors: comparison of dual-phase helical CT and endoscopic sonography., American Journal of Roentgenology, vol.170, issue.5, pp.1315-1337, 1998.
DOI : 10.2214/ajr.170.5.9574609

U. Chilcott, M. Poletti, P. Buhler, L. Morel, and P. , computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and determining resectability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis Vascular invasion in pancreatic cancer: Imaging modalities, preoperative diagnosis and surgical management, J Comput Assist Tomogr, vol.29, issue.4, pp.438-483, 2005.

S. Diehl, K. Lehmann, M. Sadick, R. Lachmann, and M. Georgi, Pancreatic cancer: value of dual-phase helical CT in assessing resectability., Radiology, vol.206, issue.2, pp.373-381, 1998.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.206.2.9457188

D. Lu, H. Reber, R. Krasny, B. Kadell, and J. Sayre, Local staging of pancreatic cancer: criteria for unresectability of major vessels as revealed by pancreatic-phase, thin-section helical CT., American Journal of Roentgenology, vol.168, issue.6, pp.1439-1482, 1997.
DOI : 10.2214/ajr.168.6.9168704

H. Li, M. Zeng, K. Zhou, D. Jin, W. Lou et al., Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.29, issue.2, pp.170-51509, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/01.rct.0000155060.73107.83

E. Loyer, C. David, R. Dubrow, D. Evans, and C. Charnsangavej, Vascular involvement in pancreatic adenocarcinoma:reassessment by thin-section CT, Abdominal Imaging, vol.21, issue.3, pp.202-208, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/s002619900046

C. Roche, M. Hughes, C. Garvey, F. Campbell, D. White et al., CT and Pathologic Assessment of Prospective Nodal Staging in Patients with Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Head of the Pancreas, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol.180, issue.2, pp.475-80, 2003.
DOI : 10.2214/ajr.180.2.1800475

W. Bemelman, L. De-wit, O. Van-delden, N. Smits, H. Obertop et al., Diagnostic laparoscopy combined with laparoscopic ultrasonography in staging of cancer of the pancreatic head region, British Journal of Surgery, vol.211, issue.6, pp.820-824, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/bjs.1800820633

E. Manak, S. Merkel, P. Klein, T. Papadopoulos, W. Bautz et al., Resectability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: assessment using multidetector-row computed tomography with multiplanar reformations, Abdominal Imaging, vol.8, issue.8, pp.75-80, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00261-007-9285-2

R. Vargas, M. Nino-murcia, W. Trueblood, R. Jeffrey, and J. , Prediction of Vascular Invasion and Resectability Using a Multiphasic Technique with Curved Planar Reformations, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol.182, issue.2, pp.419-444, 2004.
DOI : 10.2214/ajr.182.2.1820419

J. Delpero, S. Takeda, S. Inoue, S. Nomoto, N. Kanazumi et al., Monographies de l'Association Française de Chirurgie Indications and techniques of extended resection for pancreatic cancer, World J Surg, vol.30, issue.6, pp.976-82, 2006.

K. Stitzenberg, J. Watson, A. Roberts, S. Kagan, S. Cohen et al., Survival After Pancreatectomy With Major Arterial Resection and Reconstruction, 62. Slim K. Cancérologie digestive : pratiques chirurgicales, pp.1399-406, 2008.
DOI : 10.1245/s10434-008-9844-y

M. Adham, D. Mirza, F. Chapuis, A. Mayer, S. Bramhall et al., Results of vascular resections during pancreatectomy from two European centres: an analysis of survival and disease-free survival explicative factors Resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas-616 patients: results, outcomes, and prognostic indicators, HPB (Oxford). J Gastrointest Surg, vol.84, issue.646, pp.465-73567, 2000.

R. Doi, K. Kami, D. Ito, K. Fujimoto, Y. Kawaguchi et al., Prognostic Implication of Para-aortic Lymph Node Metastasis in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer, World Journal of Surgery, vol.236, issue.1, pp.147-54, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00268-005-0730-5

C. Yeo, J. Cameron, T. Sohn, K. Lillemoe, H. Pitt et al., Six Hundred Fifty Consecutive Pancreaticoduodenectomies in the 1990s, Annals of Surgery, vol.226, issue.3, pp.248-57244, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00000658-199709000-00004

C. Verbeke, D. Leitch, K. Menon, M. Mcmahon, P. Guillou et al., Redefining the R1 resection in pancreatic cancer, British Journal of Surgery, vol.72, issue.10, pp.1232-1239, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/bjs.5397

D. Chang, A. Johns, N. Merrett, A. Gill, E. Colvin et al., Margin Clearance and Outcome in Resected Pancreatic Cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.27, issue.17, pp.2855-62, 2009.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.5104

I. Esposito, J. Kleeff, F. Bergmann, C. Reiser, E. Herpel et al., Most Pancreatic Cancer Resections are R1 Resections, Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol.92, issue.6, pp.1651-60, 2008.
DOI : 10.1245/s10434-008-9839-8

URL : http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/736788/document.pdf

J. Luttges, I. Vogel, M. Menke, D. Henne-bruns, B. Kremer et al., The retroperitoneal resection margin and vessel involvement are important factors determining survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas Extent of lymph node retrieval and pancreatic cancer survival: information from a large US population database, Virchows Arch. Ann Surg Oncol, vol.43313, issue.749, pp.237-421189, 1998.

M. Perini, A. Montagnini, J. Jukemura, S. Penteado, E. Abdo et al., Clinical and pathologic prognostic factors for curative resection for pancreatic cancer, HPB, vol.10, issue.5, pp.356-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/13651820802140752

J. Helm, B. Centeno, D. Coppola, M. Melis, M. Lloyd et al., Histologic characteristics enhance predictive value of American Joint Committee on Cancer staging in resectable pancreas cancer, Cancer, vol.27, issue.18, pp.4080-4089, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/cncr.24503

S. Nitecki, M. Sarr, T. Colby, and J. Van-heerden, Long-Term Survival After Resection for Ductal Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas Is It Really Improving?, Annals of Surgery, vol.221, issue.1, pp.59-66, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00000658-199501000-00007

C. Verbeke and K. Menon, Redefining resection margin status in pancreatic cancer, HPB, vol.11, issue.4
DOI : 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2009.00055.x

K. Shimada, Y. Sakamoto, T. Sano, T. Kosuge, N. Hiraoka et al., Resectable adenocarcinomas in the pancreatic head: the retroperitoneal resection margin is an independent prognostic factor Reappraisal of the clinical significance of tumor size in patients with pancreatic ductal carcinoma Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial, BMC Cancer. Pancreas. J Clin Oncol, vol.83315, issue.36, pp.2403-2416, 1997.

T. Conroy, F. Desseigne, M. Ychou, O. Bouche, R. Guimbaud et al., FOLFIRINOX versus Gemcitabine for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.364, issue.19, pp.1817-1842, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1011923

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00598658

K. Todd, B. Gloor, J. Lane, W. Isacoff, and H. Reber, Resection of locally advanced pancreatic cancer after downstaging with continuous-infusion 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin-C, leucovorin, and dipyridamole, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol.2, issue.2, pp.159-66, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1091-255X(98)80008-5

J. Jeekel, A. Treurniet-donker, H. Snady, H. Bruckner, A. Cooperman et al., Treatment perspectives in locally advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer Survival advantage of combined chemoradiotherapy compared with resection as the initial treatment of patients with regional pancreatic carcinoma. An outcomes trial, Br J Surg. Cancer, vol.7889, issue.852, pp.1332-4314, 1991.

Q. Denost, C. Laurent, J. Adam, M. Capdepont, V. Vendrely et al., A systematic review of resectability and survival after concurrent chemoradiation in primarily unresectable pancreatic cancer, Pancreaticoduodenectomy following chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. HPB (Oxford). 2013. 88, pp.194-205, 2010.

T. Cheng, K. Sheth, R. White, T. Ueno, C. Hung et al., Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation on operative mortality and morbidity for pancreaticoduodenectomy Preoperative biliary drainage for cancer of the head of the pancreas Preoperative irradiation in carcinoma of the pancreas Systematic review, including meta-analyses, on the management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer using radiation/combined modality therapy, 90. van der Gaag, pp.66-74129, 1980.

F. Huguet, T. Andre, P. Hammel, P. Artru, J. Balosso et al., Impact of Chemoradiotherapy After Disease Control With Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in GERCOR Phase II and III Studies, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.25, issue.3, pp.326-357, 2007.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.5663

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00383864

M. Reni, S. Cereda, G. Balzano, P. Passoni, A. Rognone et al., Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 change during chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Cancer, vol.19, issue.12, pp.2630-2639, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/cncr.24302

C. Willett, W. Daly, A. Warshaw, D. Evans, T. Rich et al., CA 19-9 is an index of response to neoadjunctive chemoradiation therapy in pancreatic cancer Preoperative chemoradiation and pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas Clinical and histopathological appraisal of preoperative irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatoduodenal region, Am J Surg. Arch Surg. J Surg Oncol, vol.17212740, issue.4113, pp.350-352, 1989.

C. Staley, K. Cleary, J. Abbruzzese, J. Lee, F. Ames et al., The Need for Standardized Pathologic Staging of Pancreaticoduodenectomy Specimens, Pancreas, vol.12, issue.4, pp.373-80, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00006676-199605000-00009

C. Catalano, A. Laghi, F. Fraioli, F. Pediconi, A. Napoli et al., Pancreatic carcinoma: the role of high-resolution multislice spiral CT in the diagnosis and assessment of resectability, Eur Radiol, vol.13, issue.1, pp.149-56, 2003.

D. Olivie, L. Lepanto, J. Billiard, P. Audet, and J. Lavallee, Predicting resectability of pancreatic head cancer with multi-detector CT. Surgical and pathologic correlation, JOP, vol.8, issue.6, pp.753-761, 2007.

C. Wittekind, C. Compton, F. Greene, and L. Sobin, TNM residual tumor classification revisited, Cancer, vol.4, issue.9, pp.2511-2517, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/cncr.10492

H. Choi, Response Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, The Oncologist, vol.13, issue.Supplement 2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1634/theoncologist.13-S2-4

V. Moutardier, V. Magnin, O. Turrini, F. Viret, S. Hennekinne-mucci et al., Assessment of pathologic response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, vol.60, issue.2, pp.437-480, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.04.004

R. White, E. Paulson, K. Freed, M. Keogan, H. Hurwitz et al., Staging of pancreatic cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiation, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, vol.5, issue.6, pp.626-659, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1091-255X(01)80105-0

A. Sasson, R. Wetherington, J. Hoffman, E. Ross, H. Cooper et al., Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas: Analysis of Histopathology and Outcome, International Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer, vol.34, issue.2-3, pp.2-3121, 2003.
DOI : 10.1385/IJGC:34:2-3:121

V. Dudeja, E. Greeno, S. Walker, and E. Jensen, Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreas cancer rarely leads to radiological evidence of tumour regression, HPB, vol.15, issue.9
DOI : 10.1111/hpb.12015