J. Lawn, H. Blencowe, R. Pattinson, S. Cousens, R. Kumar et al., Disponible sur: http://www.who.int/ maternal_child_adolescent Stillbirths: Where ? When ? Why ? How to make the data count ? The Lancet, OMS | Arrivés trop tôt: rapport des efforts mondiaux portant sur les naissances prématurées [Internet]. WHO. [cité 27 sept 2014], pp.1448-63, 2011.

B. Blondel, N. Lelong, M. Kermarrec, and F. Goffinet, La sant?? p??rinatale en France m??tropolitaine de 1995???? 2010. R??sultats des enqu??tes nationales p??rinatales, Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.41, issue.2, pp.151-66, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgyn.2011.11.008

P. Ancel and F. Goffinet, EPIPAGE 2: a preterm birth cohort in France in 2011, BMC Pediatrics, vol.161, issue.7, p.97, 2014.
DOI : 10.1001/archpedi.161.11.1075

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00980428

S. Beck, D. Wojdyla, L. Say, A. Betran, M. Merialdi et al., The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol.88, issue.1, pp.31-39, 2010.
DOI : 10.2471/BLT.08.062554

R. Goldenberg, J. Culhane, J. Iams, and R. Romero, Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. The lancet, pp.75-84, 2008.

W. Northway, R. Rosan, and D. Porter, Pulmonary Disease Following Respirator Therapy of Hyaline-Membrane Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.276, issue.7, pp.357-68, 1967.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM196702162760701

L. Van-marter, Epidemiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, vol.14, issue.6, pp.358-66, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.siny.2009.08.007

E. Baraldi and M. Filippone, Chronic Lung Disease after Premature Birth, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.357, issue.19
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra067279

J. Kinsella, . Anneabman, and H. Steven, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, The Lancet, vol.367, issue.9520, pp.1421-1452, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68615-7

G. Terrin, A. Scipione, D. Curtis, M. Lin, P. Stoll et al., Update in Pathogenesis and Prospective in Treatment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Necrotising enterocolitis. The Lancet, BioMed Res Int. 17 juill 13 oct, vol.2014368, issue.9543, pp.543765-543779, 2006.

B. Stoll, N. Hansen, E. Bell, S. Shankaran, A. Laptook et al., Neonatal Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants From the NICHD Neonatal Research Network The EPIBEL Study: Outcomes to Discharge From Hospital for Extremely Preterm Infants in Belgium, PEDIATRICS. 1 sept Pediatrics. 9 janv, vol.126114, issue.163, pp.443-56663, 2004.

K. Costeloe, E. Hennessy, S. Haider, F. Stacey, N. Marlow et al., Short term outcomes after extreme preterm birth in England: comparison of two birth cohorts in 1995 and 2006 (the EPICure studies), BMJ, vol.345, issue.dec04 3, pp.7976-7976, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.e7976

E. Group, V. Fellman, L. Hellström-westas, M. Norman, M. Westgren et al., One-year survival of extremely preterm infants after active perinatal care in Sweden, JAMA. 3 juin, vol.301, issue.21, pp.2225-2258, 2009.

B. Larroque, Survival of very preterm infants: Epipage, a population based cohort study. Arch Dis Child -Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1 mars, pp.139-144, 2004.

I. Guellec, A. Lapillonne, S. Renolleau, M. Charlaluk, R. J. Marret et al., Neurologic Outcomes at School Age in Very Preterm Infants Born With Severe or Mild Growth Restriction, PEDIATRICS, vol.127, issue.4, pp.883-91, 2011.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2010-2442

B. Larroque, H. Samain, and G. Epipage, [Epipage study: mortality of very premature infants and state of progress at follow up], J Gynécologie Obstétrique Biol Reprod. oct, vol.30, issue.6, pp.33-41, 2001.

C. Arnaud, L. Daubisse-marliac, and M. White-koning, Prevalence and Associated Factors of Minor Neuromotor Dysfunctions at Age 5 Years in Prematurely Born Children, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, vol.161, issue.11, pp.1053-6184, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/archpedi.161.11.1053

J. Roze, D. Darmaun, C. Boquien, C. Flamant, J. Picaud et al., The apparent breastfeeding paradox in very preterm infants: relationship between breast feeding, early weight gain and neurodevelopment based on results from two cohorts, EPIPAGE and LIFT, BMJ Open, vol.2, issue.2, pp.834-000834, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000834

E. Draper, J. Zeitlin, A. Fenton, T. Weber, J. Gerrits et al., Investigating the variations in survival rates for very preterm infants in 10 European regions : the MOSAIC birth cohort Rates of very preterm birth in Europe and neonatal mortality rates, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. mai Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. juill, vol.9494, issue.34, pp.158-63, 2009.

E. Papiernik, J. Zeitlin, D. Delmas, E. Draper, J. Gadzinowski et al., Termination of pregnancy among very preterm births and its impact on very preterm mortality: results from ten European population-based cohorts in the MOSAIC study, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol.34, issue.3, pp.361-369, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00117.x

L. Gortner, B. Misselwitz, D. Milligan, J. Zeitlin, L. Kollée et al., Rates of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Preterm Neonates in Europe: Results from the MOSAIC Cohort, Neonatology, vol.99, issue.2, pp.112-119, 2011.
DOI : 10.1159/000313024

M. Bonet, B. Blondel, R. Agostino, E. Combier, R. Maier et al., Variations in breastfeeding rates for very preterm infants between regions and neonatal units in Europe: results from the MOSAIC cohort, Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, vol.96, issue.6, pp.450-452, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/adc.2009.179564

J. Zeitlin, E. Draper, L. Kollée, D. Milligan, K. Boerch et al., Differences in Rates and Short-term Outcome of Live Births Before 32 Weeks of Gestation in Europe in 2003: Results From the MOSAIC Cohort, PEDIATRICS, vol.121, issue.4, pp.936-980, 2008.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2007-1620

J. Zeitlin, P. Ancel, D. Delmas, G. Bréart, and E. Papiernik, Changes in care and outcome of very preterm babies in the Parisian region between 1998 and 2003, Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, vol.95, issue.3, pp.188-93, 1998.
DOI : 10.1136/adc.2008.156745

L. Papile, J. Burstein, R. Burstein, H. Koffler, . Rd et al., Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging, J Pediatr. avr Ann Surg. janv, vol.92187, issue.371, pp.529-341, 1978.

A. Jobe, E. Bancalari, . Bronchopulmonary, M. Slattery, and J. Morrison, Preterm delivery International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity revisited, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Lancet. 9 nov Arch Ophthalmol. juill, vol.163360123, issue.407, pp.1723-91489, 2001.

S. Liu, K. Joseph, M. Kramer, A. Allen, R. Sauve et al., Relationship of prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy termination to overall infant mortality in Canada Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. Association between stillbirth and risk factors known at pregnancy confirmation, JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 27 mars JAMA J Am Med Assoc, vol.287306, issue.1422, pp.1561-72469, 2002.

V. Flenady, L. Koopmans, P. Middleton, J. Frøen, G. Smith et al., Major risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 22 avr, pp.1331-1371, 2011.

O. Stephansson, P. Dickman, A. Johansson, S. Cnattingius, L. Smith et al., Maternal weight, pregnancy weight gain, and the risk of antepartum stillbirth Socioeconomic inequalities in very preterm birth rates, Am J Obstet Gynecol. févr Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. janv, vol.18492, issue.31, pp.463-472, 2001.

P. Ancel, M. Saurel-cubizolles, D. Renzo, G. Papiernik, E. Bréart et al., Very and moderate preterm births: are the risk factors different?, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol.165, issue.11, pp.1162-70, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0029-7844(96)00486-3

M. Willinger, C. Ko, and U. Reddy, Racial disparities in stillbirth risk across gestation in the United States, Am J Obstet Gynecol. nov, vol.201, issue.5, pp.469-470, 2009.

M. Macdorman and S. Kirmeyer, Fetal and perinatal mortality, United States Natl Vital Stat Rep Cent Dis Control Prev Natl Cent Health Stat Natl Vital Stat Syst, 28 janv, vol.57, issue.8, pp.1-19, 2005.

M. Lu, Y. Lin, N. Prietto, and T. Garite, Elimination of public funding of prenatal care for undocumented immigrants in California: A cost/benefit analysis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.182, issue.1, pp.233-242, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9378(00)70518-7

M. Bonet, L. Smith, H. Pilkington, E. Draper, and J. Zeitlin, Neighbourhood deprivation and very preterm birth in an English and French cohort):97. 54. Roberts EM. Neighborhood social environments and the distribution of low birthweight in Chicago, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 25 avr Am J Public Health. 1 avr, vol.13187, issue.4, pp.597-603, 1997.

A. Gagnon, M. Zimbeck, J. Zeitlin, . Roam-collaboration, S. Alexander et al., Migration to western industrialised countries and perinatal health: A systematic review, Social Science & Medicine, vol.69, issue.6, pp.934-980, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.027

S. Guendelman, P. Buekens, B. Blondel, M. Kaminski, F. Notzon et al., Birth Outcomes of Immigrant Women in the United States, France, and Belgium Revisiting the immigrant paradox in reproductive health: the roles of duration of residence and ethnicity, Matern Child Health J. 1 déc Soc Sci Med, vol.374, issue.5710, pp.177-871610, 1982.

S. Juárez and B. Revuelta-eugercios, Too heavy, too late: investigating perinatal health outcomes in immigrants residing in Spain. A cross-sectional study (2009???2011), Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol.63, issue.9, pp.863-871, 2014.
DOI : 10.1136/jech-2013-202917

G. Moriette, S. Rameix, E. Azria, A. Fournié, P. Andrini et al., Naissances tr??s pr??matur??es??: dilemmes et propositions de prise en charge. Premi??re partie??: pronostic des naissances avant 28??semaines, identification d???une zone ????grise????, Archives de P??diatrie, vol.17, issue.5, pp.518-544, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.arcped.2009.09.025

G. Moriette, S. Rameix, E. Azria, A. Fournié, P. Andrini et al., Naissances tr??s pr??matur??es??: dilemmes et propositions de prise en charge. Seconde partie??: enjeux ??thiques, principes de prise en charge et recommandations, Archives de P??diatrie, vol.17, issue.5, pp.527-566, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.arcped.2009.09.024

S. Wen, G. Smith, Q. Yang, and M. Walker, Epidemiology of preterm birth and neonatal outcome, Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, vol.9, issue.6, pp.429-464, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.siny.2004.04.002

J. Zeitlin, E. Ayoubi, M. Jarreau, P. Draper, E. Blondel et al., Impact of Fetal Growth Restriction on Mortality and Morbidity in a Very Preterm Birth Cohort, The Journal of Pediatrics, vol.157, issue.5, pp.733-742, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.002

L. Doyle, M. Simchen, M. Beiner, N. Strauss-liviathan, M. Dulitzky et al., Long-term Neurologic Outcome for the Very Preterm Growth-Restricted Fetus Neonatal outcome in growth-restricted versus appropriately grown preterm infants, Pediatrics. 4 janv Am J Perinatol, vol.12717, issue.654, pp.1048-9187, 2000.

A. Kent, I. Wright, and M. Latif, Mortality and Adverse Neurologic Outcomes Are Greater in Preterm Male Infants, PEDIATRICS, vol.129, issue.1, pp.124-155, 2012.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2011-1578

W. Barfield, R. Rochat, and L. Blackmon, Regionalization of perinatal care helps to reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity in very preterm infants and requires updated information for caregivers] Arch Pediatr Organe Off Soc Francaise Pediatr Perinatal regionalization for very low-birth-weight and very preterm infants: a meta-analysis, Lasswell SM JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 1 sept, vol.15304, issue.689, pp.1042-8992, 2008.

S. Watson, W. Arulampalam, S. Petrou, N. Marlow, A. Morgan et al., The effects of designation and volume of neonatal care on mortality and morbidity outcomes of very preterm infants in England: retrospective population-based cohort study Major chromosomal anomalies among very low birth weight infants in the Vermont Oxford Network Day-by-day postnatal survival in very low birth weight infants, BMJ Open J Pediatr. mai Pediatrics. août, vol.4160126, issue.7052, pp.4856-004856774, 2010.

K. Costeloe, E. Hennessy, A. Gibson, N. Marlow, and A. Wilkinson, The EPICure study: outcomes to discharge from hospital for infants born at the threshold of viability Surfactant replacement therapy for preterm and term neonates with respiratory distress, Pediatrics. oct Committee on Fetus and Newborn Pediatrics. janv, vol.106133, issue.41, pp.659-71156, 2000.

F. Bahadue and R. Soll, Early versus delayed selective surfactant treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.77, issue.4, pp.1456-75, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD001456.pub2

T. Pas, A. Lopriore, E. Engbers, M. Walther, and F. , Early respiratory management of respiratory distress syndrome in very preterm infants and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a case-control study Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants, ):e192. 76. Rojas-Reyes MX, pp.510-77, 2007.

. Prévalence, gravité et facteurs prédictifs de la dysplasie bronchopulmonaire dans une cohorte ultramarine de grands prématurés, Arch Pédiatrie, vol.20, issue.9, pp.928-965, 2013.

D. Todd, J. A. John, and E. , Chronic oxygen dependency in infants born at 24-32 weeks' gestation: The role of antenatal and neonatal factors, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol.96, issue.Suppl., pp.402-409, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1997.tb01629.x

C. Lemarié, C. Savagner, B. Leboucher, L. Bouedec, S. Six et al., Bactériémies nosocomiales sur cathéters veineux centraux en néonatologieNEOCAT, surveillance network of catheter-related bloodstream infections in neonates: 2010 data]. Arch Pédiatrie Organe Off Sociéte Fr Pédiatrie, Médecine Mal Infect. avr, vol.3619, issue.819, pp.213-8984, 2006.

C. Geffers, S. Baerwolff, F. Schwab, and P. Gastmeier, Incidence of healthcare-associated infections in high-risk neonates: results from the German surveillance system for very-low-birthweight infants, Journal of Hospital Infection, vol.68, issue.3, pp.214-235, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.01.016

L. Chien, Y. Macnab, K. Aziz, W. Andrews, D. Mcmillan et al., Variations in central venous catheter-related infection risks among Canadian neonatal intensive care units, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol.21, issue.6, pp.505-516, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00006454-200206000-00006

S. Guthrie, P. Gordon, V. Thomas, J. Thorp, J. Peabody et al., Necrotizing Enterocolitis Among Neonates in the United States Epidemiology of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis: a population-based study, J Perinatol. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1 oct, vol.2316336, issue.868730, pp.278-85342, 1990.

P. Sisk, C. Lovelady, R. Dillard, K. Gruber, O. Shea et al., Early human milk feeding is associated with a lower risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants, Journal of Perinatology, vol.77, issue.7, pp.428-461, 2007.
DOI : 10.1177/0884217504263280

L. Hanson, M. Korotkova, T. Evarigny, M. Garlantézec, R. Gremmo-feger et al., Breast-feeding, infant formulas, and the immune system Allaitement maternel du nouveau-né prématuré : évaluation prospective dans une maternité universitaire, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol Off Publ Am Coll Allergy Asthma Immunol. juin Arch Pédiatrie. oct, vol.9017, issue.8910, pp.59-631416, 2003.

B. Larroque, S. Marret, P. Ancel, C. Arnaud, L. Marpeau et al., White matter damage and intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE study Predictors of cerebral palsy in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE prospective population-based cohort study: Predictors of CP in Very Preterm Infants, J Pediatr. oct Dev Med Child Neurol. juin, vol.14352, issue.946, pp.477-83, 2003.

B. Stoll, N. Hansen, I. Adams-chapman, A. Fanaroff, S. Hintz et al., Interobserver reliability and accuracy of cranial ultrasound scanning interpretation in premature infants Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection Pathogenesis of cerebral white matter injury of prematurity, J Pediatr. juin JAMA J Am Med Assoc. 17 nov Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. mars, vol.15029293, issue.972, pp.592-598, 2004.

S. Shankaran, C. Bauer, R. Bain, L. Wright, and Z. J. , Prenatal and Perinatal Risk and Protective Factors for Neonatal Intracranial Hemorrhage, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, vol.150, issue.5, pp.491-498, 1996.
DOI : 10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170300045009

A. Fanaroff, B. Stoll, L. Wright, W. Carlo, R. Ehrenkranz et al., Trends in neonatal morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.196, issue.2, pp.147-148, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.09.014

V. Mucignat, D. Montgolfier-aubron, I. Grillon, C. Bourdareau, F. Blond et al., Retard de croissance postnatal du grand pr??matur?? (27-33 SA) : fr??quence et facteurs de risque, Archives de P??diatrie, vol.10, issue.4, pp.313-322, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0929-693X(03)00032-0

A. Lapillonne and E. Kermorvant-duchemin, Le retard de croissance extra-utérin du prématuré. Arch Pédiatrie, pp.540-542, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/s0929-693x(08)71826-8