J. Ferlay, H. Shin, and F. Bray, Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008, International Journal of Cancer, vol.8, issue.19, pp.2893-2917, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.25516

A. Renehan, M. Tyson, and M. Egger, Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies, The Lancet, vol.371, issue.9612, pp.569-578, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X

S. Larsson, N. Orsini, and A. Wolk, Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.97, issue.22, pp.1679-1687, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/dji375

S. Larsson and A. Wolk, Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies, International Journal of Cancer, vol.47, issue.11, pp.2657-2664, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.22170

A. Samad, R. Taylor, and T. Marshall, A meta-analysis of the association of physical activity with reduced risk of colorectal cancer, Colorectal Disease, vol.10, issue.3, pp.204-213, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/89.13.948

E. Stoffel and F. Kastrinos, Familial colorectal cancer

T. Ullman and S. Itzkowitz, Intestinal Inflammation and Cancer, Gastroenterology, vol.140, issue.6, pp.1807-1816, 2011.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.057

D. Angelis, R. Sant, M. Coleman, and M. , Cancer survival in Europe 1999???2007 by country and age: results of EUROCARE-5???a population-based study, The Lancet Oncology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.23-34, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70546-1

C. Klessen, P. Rogala, and M. Taupitz, Local staging of rectal cancer: the current role of MRI, European Radiology, vol.15, issue.8
DOI : 10.1007/s00330-006-0388-x

M. Bhutani, Recent developments in the role of endoscopic ultrasonography in diseases of the colon and rectum, Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, vol.23, issue.1, pp.67-73, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/MOG.0b013e328011630b

R. Colon, TNM classification of malignant tumours. Seventh Edition, pp.100-105, 2009.

L. Tang, J. Berlin, and P. Branton, Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary carcinoma of the colon and rectum [ressource électronique]

N. Janjan, V. Khoo, and J. Abbruzzese, Tumor downstaging and sphincter preservation with preoperative chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience, International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, vol.44, issue.5, pp.1027-1038, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0360-3016(99)00099-1

D. Medich, J. Mcginty, and D. Parda, Preoperative chemoradiotherapy and radical surgery for locally advanced distal rectal adenocarcinoma, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.44, issue.8, pp.1123-1128, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02234632

M. Duldulao, W. Lee, and L. Streja, Distribution of Residual Cancer Cells in the Bowel Wall After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Patients With Rectal Cancer, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.56, issue.2, pp.142-149, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827541e2

J. Wheeler, E. Dodds, and B. Warren, Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy and Total Mesorectal Excision Surgery for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: Correlation With Rectal Cancer Regression Grade, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.47, issue.12, pp.2025-2031, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10350-004-0713-x

J. Bosset, L. Collette, and G. Calais, Chemotherapy with Preoperative Radiotherapy in Rectal Cancer, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.355, issue.11, pp.1114-1123, 2006.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa060829

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00484917

J. Gérard, D. Azria, and S. Gourgou-bourgade, Clinical Outcome of the ACCORD 12/0405 PRODIGE 2 Randomized Trial in Rectal Cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.30, issue.36, pp.4558-4565, 2012.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.8771

P. Quirke, P. Durdey, and M. Dixon, LOCAL RECURRENCE OF RECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA DUE TO INADEQUATE SURGICAL RESECTION, The Lancet, vol.328, issue.8514, pp.996-999, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)92612-7

H. Quah, J. Chou, and M. Gonen, Pathologic stage is most prognostic of disease???free survival in locally advanced rectal cancer patients after preoperative chemoradiation, Cancer, vol.5, issue.1, pp.57-64, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/cncr.23516

P. Das, J. Skibber, and M. Rodriguez-bigas, Clinical and Pathologic Predictors of Locoregional Recurrence, Distant Metastasis, and Overall Survival in Patients Treated With Chemoradiation and Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer, American Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.29, issue.3, pp.219-224, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.coc.0000214930.78200.4a

T. Bernstein, B. Endreseth, and P. Romundstad, Circumferential resection margin as a prognostic factor in rectal cancer, British Journal of Surgery, vol.19, issue.11, pp.1348-1357, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/bjs.6739

A. Rullier, C. Laurent, and M. Capdepont, Impact of Tumor Response on Survival After Radiochemotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma, The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol.34, issue.4, pp.562-568, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181d438b0

M. Huebner, B. Wolff, and T. Smyrk, Partial Pathologic Response and Nodal Status as Most Significant Prognostic Factors for Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated With Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy, World Journal of Surgery, vol.50, issue.3, pp.675-683, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00268-011-1409-8

S. Maslekar, A. Sharma, and A. Macdonald, Mesorectal Grades Predict Recurrences After Curative Resection for Rectal Cancer, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.50, issue.2, pp.168-175, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10350-006-0756-2

I. Maretto, F. Pomerri, and S. Pucciarelli, The Potential of Restaging in the Prediction of Pathologic Response After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer, Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol.45, issue.2, pp.455-461, 2007.
DOI : 10.1245/s10434-006-9269-4

A. Rullier, C. Laurent, and M. Capdepont, Lymph Nodes After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Carcinoma: Number, Status, and Impact on Survival, The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol.32, issue.1
DOI : 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3180dc92ab

O. Dworak, L. Keilholz, and A. Hoffmann, Pathological features of rectal cancer after preoperative radiochemotherapy, International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol.12, issue.1, pp.19-23, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s003840050072

A. Mandard, F. Dalibard, and J. Mandard, Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations, Cancer, vol.46, issue.11, pp.2680-2686, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0142(19940601)73:11<2680::AID-CNCR2820731105>3.0.CO;2-C

J. Wheeler, B. Warren, and N. Mortensen, Quantification of Histologic Regression of Rectal Cancer After Irradiation, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.45, issue.8, pp.1051-1056, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s10350-004-6359-x

A. Bateman, E. Jaynes, and A. Bateman, Rectal cancer staging post neoadjuvant therapy - how should the changes be assessed?, Histopathology, vol.24, issue.S3, pp.713-721, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03292.x

J. Shia, M. Mcmanus, and J. Guillem, Significance of Acellular Mucin Pools in Rectal Carcinoma After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy, The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol.35, issue.1, pp.127-134, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318200cf78

A. Rullier, C. Laurent, and V. Vendrely, Impact of Colloid Response on Survival After Preoperative Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma, The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol.29, issue.5, pp.602-606, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.pas.0000153120.80385.29

S. Pucciarelli, P. Toppan, and M. Friso, Complete Pathologic Response Following Preoperative Chemoradiation Therapy for Middle to Lower Rectal Cancer Is Not a Prognostic Factor for a Better Outcome, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.47, issue.11, pp.1798-1807, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10350-004-0681-1

C. Jakob, T. Liersch, and W. Meyer, Prognostic Value of Histologic Tumor Regression, Thymidylate Synthase, Thymidine Phosphorylase, and Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase in Rectal Cancer UICC Stage II/III After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy, The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol.30, issue.9, pp.1169-1174, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.pas.0000213302.13435.6e

D. Vallböhmer, E. Bollschweiler, and J. Brabender, Evaluation of histological regression grading systems in the neoadjuvant therapy of rectal cancer, International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol.23, issue.10
DOI : 10.1007/s00384-012-1487-6

D. Beddy, J. Hyland, and D. Winter, A Simplified Tumor Regression Grade Correlates with Survival in Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy, Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol.245, issue.12, pp.3471-3477, 2008.
DOI : 10.1245/s10434-008-0149-y

L. Losi, G. Luppi, and M. Gavioli, Prognostic value of Dworak grade of regression (GR) in patients with rectal carcinoma treated with preoperative radiochemotherapy, International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol.23, issue.7
DOI : 10.1007/s00384-005-0061-x

E. Benzoni, D. Intersimone, and G. Terrosu, Prognostic value of tumour regression grading and depth of neoplastic infiltration within the perirectal fat after combined neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and surgery for rectal cancer, Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol.59, issue.5, pp.505-512, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/jcp.2005.031609

F. Prall, H. Nizze, and M. Barten, Tumour budding as prognostic factor in stage I/II colorectal carcinoma, Histopathology, vol.51, issue.1, pp.17-24, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1999.00862.x

H. Ueno, J. Murphy, and J. Jass, Tumour `budding' as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer, Histopathology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.127-132, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1999.00862.x

B. Mitrovic, D. Schaeffer, and R. Riddell, Tumor budding in colorectal carcinoma: time to take notice, Modern Pathology, vol.89, issue.10, pp.1315-1325, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00428-006-0302-6

K. Hase, C. Shatney, and D. Johnson, Prognostic value of tumor ???budding??? in patients with colorectal cancer, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.36, issue.7, pp.627-635, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02238588

T. Nakamura, H. Mitomi, and H. Kanazawa, Tumor Budding as an Index to Identify High-Risk Patients with Stage II Colon Cancer, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.51, issue.5, pp.568-572, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10350-008-9192-9

L. Wang, D. Kevans, and H. Mulcahy, Tumor Budding is a Strong and Reproducible Prognostic Marker in T3N0 Colorectal Cancer, The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol.33, issue.1, pp.134-141, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318184cd55

R. Perez, A. Habr-gama, N. Arazawa, and S. , Lymph node micrometastasis in stage II distal rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy, International Journal of Colorectal Disease, vol.194, issue.5, pp.434-439, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00384-004-0712-3

M. Caricato, F. Ausania, D. Dominicis, and E. , Tumor regression in mesorectal lymphnodes after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer, European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO), vol.33, issue.6, pp.724-728, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.01.023

F. Bibeau, A. Rullier, and M. Jourdan, Prise en charge des cancers du rectum localement avanc??s??: quel r??le pour le pathologiste en 2011???, Annales de Pathologie, vol.31, issue.6, pp.433-441, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annpat.2011.10.010

R. Chetty, P. Gill, and D. Govender, International study group on rectal cancer regression grading: interobserver variability with commonly used regression grading systems, Human Pathology, vol.43, issue.11
DOI : 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.01.020

T. Okuyama, T. Nakamura, and M. Yamaguchi, Budding Is Useful to Select High-Risk Patients in Stage II Well-Differentiated or Moderately Differentiated Colon Adenocarcinoma, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.46, issue.10, pp.1400-1406, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s10350-004-6757-0

K. Guzinska-ustymowicz, The role of tumour budding at the front of invasion and recurrence of rectal carcinoma, Anticancer Res, vol.25, issue.2B, pp.1269-1272, 2005.

F. Prall, Tumour budding in colorectal carcinoma, Histopathology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.151-162, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602927

R. Kalluri, EMT: When epithelial cells decide to become mesenchymal-like cells, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.119, issue.6, pp.1417-1419, 2009.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI39675

T. Morodomi, H. Isomoto, and K. Shirouzu, An index for estimating the probability of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancers. Lymph node metastasis and the histopathology of actively invasive regions of cancer, Cancer, vol.91, issue.3, pp.539-543, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0142(19890201)63:3<539::AID-CNCR2820630323>3.0.CO;2-S

E. Karamitopoulou, I. Zlobec, and V. Kölzer, Proposal for a 10-high-power-fields scoring method for the assessment of tumor budding in colorectal cancer, Modern Pathology, vol.459, issue.2, pp.295-301, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/dji237

A. Lugli, T. Vlajnic, and O. Giger, Intratumoral budding as a potential parameter of tumor progression in mismatch repair???proficient and mismatch repair???deficient colorectal cancer patients, Human Pathology, vol.42, issue.12, pp.1833-1840, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.02.010

M. Gosens, R. Klaassen, and I. Tan-go, Circumferential Margin Involvement Is the Crucial Prognostic Factor after Multimodality Treatment in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.13, issue.22, pp.6617-6623, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1197

S. Park, H. Chang, and D. Kim, Is step section necessary for determination of complete pathological response in rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy?, Histopathology, vol.251, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.650-659, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03980.x

R. Perez, D. Pereira, and I. Proscurshim, Lymph Node Size in Rectal Cancer Following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation???Can We Rely on Radiologic Nodal Staging After Chemoradiation?, Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, vol.52, issue.7
DOI : 10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181a0af4b

G. Brown, C. Richards, and M. Bourne, Morphologic Predictors of Lymph Node Status in Rectal Cancer with Use of High-Spatial-Resolution MR Imaging with Histopathologic Comparison, Radiology, vol.227, issue.2, pp.371-377, 2003.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2272011747

B. Barbaro, C. Fiorucci, and C. Tebala, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: MR Imaging in Prediction of Response after Preoperative Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy, Radiology, vol.250, issue.3, pp.730-739, 2009.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2503080310