D. Livermore, Bacterial Resistance: Origins, Epidemiology, and Impact, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.36, issue.Supplement 1, pp.11-23, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/344654

URL : http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/36/Supplement_1/S11

D. Livermore, Defining an extended-spectrum ??-lactamase, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.14, issue.s1, pp.3-10, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01857.x

URL : http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01857.x

H. Knothe, P. Shah, V. Krcmery, M. Antal, and S. Mitsuhashi, Ubertragbare Resistenz gegen??ber Cefotaxim, Cefoxitin, Cefamandol und Cefuroxim in klinischen Isolaten von Klebsiella pneumoniae und Serratia marcescens, Infection, vol.147, issue.6, pp.315-317, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01641355

G. Jacoby and K. Bush, ß-Lactamase Classification and Amino Acid Sequences for TEM, SHV and OXA Extended-Spectrum and Inhibitor Resistant Enzymes

R. Ambler, The Structure of <latex>$\beta$</latex>-Lactamases, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.289, issue.1036, pp.321-331, 1036.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1980.0049

K. Bush and G. Jacoby, Updated Functional Classification of ??-Lactamases, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.54, issue.3, pp.969-976, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01009-09

R. Colodner, Extended-spectrum ?-lactamases: A challenge for clinical microbiologists and infection control specialists, American Journal of Infection Control, vol.33, issue.2, pp.104-107, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajic.2004.07.010

D. Livermore, R. Canton, M. Gniadkowski, P. Nordmann, G. Rossolini et al., CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in Europe, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.59, issue.2, pp.165-174, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkl483

J. Pitout, P. Nordmann, K. Laupland, and L. Poirel, Emergence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum ??-lactamases (ESBLs) in the community, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.56, issue.1, pp.52-59, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dki166

L. Poirel, T. Naas, and P. Nordmann, Genetic support of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. janv, vol.14, issue.1, pp.75-81, 2008.

T. Naas, L. Poirel, and P. Nordmann, Minor extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. janv, vol.14, issue.1, pp.42-52, 2008.

R. Dhillon and C. J. , ESBLs: A Clear and Present Danger? Crit Care Res Pr, pp.1-11, 2012.

M. Melzer and I. Petersen, Mortality following bacteraemic infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli compared to non-ESBL producing E. coli, Journal of Infection, vol.55, issue.3, pp.254-259, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.007

J. Zahar, M. Lecuit, E. Carbonnelle, F. Ribadeau-dumas, X. Nassif et al., Is it time to reconsider initial antibiotic treatment strategies for severe urinary tract infections in Europe?, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.13, issue.3, pp.219-221, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01666.x

J. Rodríguez-baño, E. Picón, P. Gijón, J. Hernández, J. Cisneros et al., Risk Factors and Prognosis of Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum-??-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.48, issue.5, pp.1726-1731, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.02353-09

C. Giske, D. Monnet, O. Cars, and Y. Carmeli, Clinical and Economic Impact of Common Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.52, issue.3, pp.813-821, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01169-07

N. Gupta, B. Limbago, J. Patel, and A. Kallen, Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.53, issue.1, pp.60-67, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cir202

URL : http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/53/1/60

. Disponible-sur, invs.sante.fr/fr/Publications-et-outils/BEH-Bulletin-epidemiologique- hebdomadaire/Archives, pp.42-43, 2012.

R. Warren, G. Harvey, R. Carr, D. Ward, and A. Doroshenko, Control of infections due to extendedspectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms in hospitals and the community, Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. janv, vol.14, issue.1, pp.124-133, 2008.

D. Pittet, Hand hygiene: improved standards and practice for hospital care, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, vol.16, issue.4, pp.327-335, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00001432-200308000-00004

E. Trecarichi, R. Cauda, and M. Tumbarello, bloodstream infections, Future Microbiology, vol.7, issue.10, pp.1173-1189, 2012.
DOI : 10.2217/fmb.12.100

J. Rodríguez-baño, M. Navarro, L. Romero, M. Muniain, E. Perea et al., Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum ?? -Lactamase--Producing Escherichia coli as a Cause of Nosocomial Infection or Colonization: Implications for Control, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.42, issue.1, pp.37-45, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/498519

C. Pena, C. Gudiol, F. Tubau, M. Saballs, M. Pujol et al., Risk-factors for acquisition of extended-spectrum ??-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among hospitalised patients, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.12, issue.3, pp.279-284, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01358.x

J. Lavigne, H. Marchandin, J. Delmas, J. Moreau, N. Bouziges et al., CTX-M ??-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in French Hospitals: Prevalence, Molecular Epidemiology, and Risk Factors, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.45, issue.2, pp.620-626, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.01917-06

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00175318

J. Rodríguez-baño, E. Picón, P. Gijón, J. Hernández, M. Ruíz et al., Risk Factors and Prognosis, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.50, issue.1, pp.40-48, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/649537

R. Ben-ami, M. Schwaber, S. Navon-venezia, D. Schwartz, M. Giladi et al., Influx of Extended-Spectrum ??-Lactamase--Producing Enterobacteriaceae into the Hospital, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.42, issue.7, pp.925-934, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/500936

R. Ben-ami, J. Rodríguez-baño, H. Arslan, J. Pitout, C. Quentin et al., A Multinational Survey of Risk Factors for Infection with Extended???Spectrum ?????Lactamase???Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Nonhospitalized Patients, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.49, issue.5, pp.682-690, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/604713

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00426315

M. Nicolas-chanoine, V. Jarlier, J. Robert, G. Arlet, L. Drieux et al., Patient's Origin and Lifestyle Associated with CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli: A Case-Control-Control Study, PLoS ONE, vol.14, issue.1, p.30498, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030498.t006

K. Laupland, D. Church, J. Vidakovich, M. Mucenski, and J. Pitout, Community-onset extended-spectrum ??-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli: Importance of international travel, Journal of Infection, vol.57, issue.6, pp.441-448, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.09.034

C. Lowe, K. Katz, A. Mcgeer, M. Muller, . For-the-toronto et al., Efficacy of Admission Screening for Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae, PLoS ONE, vol.35, issue.4, p.62678, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0062678.t002

A. Valverde, F. Grill, T. Coque, V. Pintado, F. Baquero et al., High Rate of Intestinal Colonization with Extended-Spectrum-??-Lactamase-Producing Organisms in Household Contacts of Infected Community Patients, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.46, issue.8, pp.2796-2799, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.01008-08

K. Razazi, L. Derde, M. Verachten, P. Legrand, P. Lesprit et al., Clinical impact and risk factors for colonization with extended-spectrum ??-lactamase-producing bacteria in the intensive care unit, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.171, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1769-1778, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-012-2675-0

R. Friedmann, D. Raveh, E. Zartzer, B. Rudensky, E. Broide et al., Conclusions., Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.8, issue.06, pp.534-542, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.02.003

M. Bonten and R. Weinstein, The role of colonization in the pathogenesis of nosocomial infections, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol Off J Soc Hosp Epidemiol Am. mars, vol.17, issue.3, 1996.

W. Brumfitt, M. Faiers, D. Reeves, and N. Datta, ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI CAUSING URINARY-TRACT INFECTION IN GENERAL PRACTICE: RELATION TO F??CAL FLORA, The Lancet, vol.297, issue.7694, pp.315-317, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91043-9

J. Zahar, M. Mamzer, and A. Kouatchet, Contact isolation in the intensive care unit: why, when and adverse effects, R??animation, vol.15, issue.5Suppl1
DOI : 10.1007/s13546-011-0425-x

P. Reddy, M. Malczynski, A. Obias, S. Reiner, J. N. Huang et al., Screening for Extended-Spectrum ??-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae among High-Risk Patients and Rates of Subsequent Bacteremia, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.45, issue.7, pp.846-852, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/521260

F. Bert, B. Larroque, C. Paugam-burtz, F. Dondero, F. Durand et al., and Infection after Liver Transplant, France, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.18, issue.6, pp.908-916, 2012.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1806.110139

M. Arnan, C. Gudiol, L. Calatayud, J. Liñares, M. Á. Dominguez et al., Risk factors for, and clinical relevance of, faecal extended-spectrum ??-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) carriage in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.18, issue.3, pp.355-360, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-010-1093-x

C. Couchoud, Le registre du réseau épidémiologique et information en néphrologie (Rein) Disponiblesur:http

E. Kruse, A. Conrad, S. Wenzler-röttele, J. D. Dettenkofer, M. Wolkewitz et al., Extended-spectrum ??-lactamase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in mobile dialysis units in the medical and surgical departments of a university hospital: a case???control study, Journal of Hospital Infection, vol.75, issue.1, pp.33-36, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.01.015

A. Pop-vicas, J. Strom, K. Stanley, D. Agata, and E. , Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria among Patients Who Require Chronic Hemodialysis, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.752-758, 2008.
DOI : 10.2215/CJN.04651107

M. Bruneel and M. , Infections chez les transplantés rénaux (à l'exclusion des infections virales, Médecines-Sciences F, ed Actualités Néphrologiques Jean Hamburger Hôpital

J. Snyder, A. Israni, Y. Peng, L. Zhang, T. Simon et al., Rates of first infection following kidney transplant in the United States, Kidney International, vol.75, issue.3, pp.317-326, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/ki.2008.580

S. Dantas, R. Kuboyama, M. Mazzali, and M. Moretti, Nosocomial infections in renal transplant patients: risk factors and treatment implications associated with urinary tract and surgical site infections, Journal of Hospital Infection, vol.63, issue.2, pp.117-123, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.10.018

S. Juan, R. Aguado, J. Lumbreras, C. Díaz-pedroche, C. López-medrano et al., Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Late Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Data from the RESITRA Study Group, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.67, issue.4, pp.964-971, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/00007890-200205270-00013

J. Fishman, Infection in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.357, issue.25, pp.2601-2615, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra064928

M. Pascual, T. Theruvath, T. Kawai, N. Tolkoff-rubin, and A. Cosimi, Strategies to Improve Long-Term Outcomes after Renal Transplantation, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.346, issue.8, pp.580-590, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra011295

R. Dhanda, Y. Shah, M. Bardapure, S. Bhattacharjya, and A. Sharma, Excellent Renal Allograft Survival in Donor-Specific Antibody Transplant Patients???Role of Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin, Transplantation, vol.88, issue.3, p.444, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181af3914

K. Tanabe, H. Ishida, T. Shimizu, K. Omoto, H. Shirakawa et al., Evaluation of Two Different Preconditioning Regimens for ABO-Incompatible Living Kidney Donor Transplantation, Contrib Nephrol, vol.162, pp.61-74, 2009.
DOI : 10.1159/000170813

P. Sivakumaran, A. Vo, R. Villicana, A. Peng, S. Jordan et al., Therapeutic plasma exchange for desensitization prior to transplantation in ABO-incompatible renal allografts, Journal of Clinical Apheresis, vol.21, issue.4, pp.155-160, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/jca.20206

C. Kotton, E. Ryan, and J. Fishman, Prevention of Infection in Adult Travelers After Solid Organ Transplantation, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.52, issue.1, pp.8-14, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/324087

H. Winters, R. Parbhoo, J. Schafer, and D. Goff, Extended-Spectrum ??-Lactamase???Producing Bacterial Infections in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol.36, issue.2, pp.309-316, 2011.
DOI : 10.1345/aph.1P661

L. Linares, C. Cervera, F. Cofán, D. Lizaso, F. Marco et al., Risk Factors for Infection with Extended-Spectrum and AmpC ??-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Rods in Renal Transplantation, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.140, issue.5, pp.1000-1005, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.09.011

D. Kawecki, A. Kwiatkowski, A. Sawicka-grzelak, M. Durlik, L. Paczek et al., Urinary Tract Infections in the Early Posttransplant Period After Kidney Transplantation: Etiologic Agents and Their Susceptibility, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.43, issue.8, pp.2991-2993, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.09.002

L. Linares, C. Cervera, I. Hoyo, G. Sanclemente, F. Marco et al., Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.42, issue.8, pp.2941-2943, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.07.080

H. Pinheiro, A. Mituiassu, M. Carminatti, A. Braga, and M. Bastos, Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase???Producing Bacteria in Kidney Transplant Patients, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.42, issue.2, pp.486-487, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.02.002

E. Vidal, J. Torre-cisneros, M. Blanes, M. Montejo, C. Cervera et al., Bacterial urinary tract infection after solid organ transplantation in the RESITRA cohort, Transplant Infectious Disease, vol.42, issue.Suppl 1A, pp.595-603, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00744.x

M. Bergamasco, B. Barbosa, M. De-oliveira-garcia, D. Cipullo, R. Moreira et al., in solid organ transplantation, Transplant Infectious Disease, vol.47, issue.5, pp.198-205, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00688.x

M. Ison and M. Nalesnik, An Update on Donor-Derived Disease Transmission in Organ Transplantation, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.143, issue.Suppl 4, pp.1123-1130, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03493.x

E. Goldberg, J. Bishara, L. S. Singer, P. Cohen, and J. , Organ transplantation from a donor colonized with a multidrug-resistant organism: a case report, Transplant Infectious Disease, vol.9, issue.5, pp.296-299, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00697.x

I. Martins, B. Moreira, L. Riley, and G. Santoro-lopes, Outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection among renal transplant recipients, Journal of Hospital Infection, vol.64, issue.3, pp.305-308, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.07.011

J. Cavallo, H. Chardon, C. Chidiac, P. Choutet, P. Courvalin et al., Comité de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie, 2005.

M. Nicolas-chanoine, C. Gruson, S. Bialek-davenet, X. Bertrand, F. Thomas-jean et al., 10-Fold increase (2006-11) in the rate of healthy subjects with extended-spectrum ??-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli faecal carriage in a Parisian check-up centre, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.68, issue.3, pp.562-568, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dks429

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00802788

S. Correia, R. Pacheco, H. Radhouani, J. Diniz, P. Ponce et al., High prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates among hemodialysis patients in Portugal: appearance of ST410 with the blaCTX-M-14 gene, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol.74, issue.4, pp.423-425, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.08.017

D. Marchaim, Z. Lazarovitch, S. Efrati, V. Dishy, J. Weissgarten et al., Serious Consequences to the Use of Cephalosporins as the First Line of Antimicrobial Therapy Administered in Hemodialysis Units, Nephron Clinical Practice, vol.101, issue.2, pp.58-64, 2005.
DOI : 10.1159/000086223

G. Birgand, L. Armand-lefevre, I. Lolom, E. Ruppe, A. Andremont et al., Duration of colonization by extended-spectrum ??-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae after hospital discharge, American Journal of Infection Control, vol.41, issue.5, pp.443-450, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajic.2012.05.015

J. Lim, J. Cho, J. Lee, Y. Park, J. S. Park et al., Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.45, issue.4, pp.1584-1589, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.12.011

J. Rice and N. Safdar, Urinary Tract Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.147, issue.Suppl 15, pp.267-272, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02919.x

G. Lucarelli, C. Bettocchi, M. Battaglia, S. Impedovo, A. Vavallo et al., Extended Criteria Donor Kidney Transplantation: Comparative Outcome Analysis Between Single versus Double Kidney Transplantation at 5 Years, Transplantation Proceedings, vol.42, issue.4, pp.1104-1107, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.03.059

S. Nseir, D. Pompeo, C. Diarra, M. Brisson, H. Tissier et al., Relationship between immunosuppression and intensive care unit-acquired multidrug-resistant bacteria: A case-control study*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.35, issue.5, pp.1318-1323, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000261885.50604.20

D. Bertrand, N. Pallet, A. Sartorius, J. Zahar, R. Soussan et al., Clinical and microbial impact of screening kidney allograft preservative solution for bacterial contamination with high-sensitivity methods, Transplant International, vol.75, issue.Suppl 4, pp.795-799, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/tri.12130