M. Spruit, S. Singh, C. Garvey, R. Zuwallack, L. Nici et al., An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Key Concepts and Advances in Pulmonary Rehabilitation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.188, issue.8, pp.13-64, 2013.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201309-1634ST

D. Debeaumont, J. Dupuis, C. Viacroze, S. Demangeon, J. Muir et al., [A comparison of pulmonary rehabilitation delivered in the home or at a centre for patients with COPD.]. Rev Mal Respir, 2014.

F. Dias, M. Sampaio, L. , A. Da-silva, G. et al., Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial, International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2013.
DOI : 10.2147/COPD.S50213

I. Vivodtzev, R. Debigaré, P. Gagnon, V. Mainguy, D. Saey et al., Functional and Muscular Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Patients With Severe COPD, Chest, vol.141, issue.3, pp.716-741, 2012.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.11-0839

I. Vivodtzev, J. Pépin, G. Vottero, V. Mayer, B. Porsin et al., Improvement in Quadriceps Strength and Dyspnea in Daily Tasks After 1 Month of Electrical Stimulation in Severely Deconditioned and Malnourished COPD, Chest, vol.129, issue.6, p.1540, 2006.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.129.6.1540

A. Abdellaoui, C. Prefaut, F. Gouzi, A. Couillard, M. Coisy-quivy et al., Skeletal muscle effects of electrostimulation after COPD exacerbation: a pilot study, European Respiratory Journal, vol.38, issue.4, pp.781-789, 2011.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00167110

A. Couillard and C. Prefaut, L?????lectrostimulation dans la r??habilitation des patients BPCO s??v??res??: pertinence ou fac??tie???, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.27, issue.2, pp.113-137, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2009.08.004

J. Taradaj, T. Halski, M. Kucharzewski, K. Walewicz, A. Smykla et al., The Effect of NeuroMuscular Electrical Stimulation on Quadriceps Strength and Knee Function in Professional Soccer Players: Return to Sport after ACL Reconstruction, BioMed Research International, vol.11, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/bem.20464

S. Harris, A randomised study of home-based electrical stimulation of the legs and conventional bicycle exercise training for patients with chronic heart failure, European Heart Journal, vol.24, issue.9, pp.871-879, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0195-668X(02)00822-9

M. Sillen, C. Speksnijder, R. Eterman, P. Janssen, S. Wagers et al., Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of Muscles of Ambulation in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure or COPD, Chest, vol.136, issue.1, pp.44-61, 2009.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.08-2481

C. Routsi, V. Gerovasili, I. Vasileiadis, E. Karatzanos, T. Pitsolis et al., Research electrical muscle stimulation prevents critical illness polyneuromyopathy: a randomized parallel intervention trial, 2009.

L. Nápolis, D. Corso, S. Neder, J. Malaguti, C. Gimenes et al., Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with better preserved fat-free mass, Clinics, vol.66, issue.3, pp.401-407, 2011.
DOI : 10.1590/S1807-59322011000300006

J. Neder, D. Sword, S. Ward, E. Mackay, L. Cochrane et al., Home based neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a new rehabilitative strategy for severely disabled patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Thorax, vol.57, issue.4, pp.333-340, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/thorax.57.4.333

S. Dal-corso, L. Nápolis, C. Malaguti, A. Gimenes, A. Albuquerque et al., Skeletal muscle structure and function in response to electrical stimulation in moderately impaired COPD patients, Respiratory Medicine, vol.101, issue.6, pp.1236-1279, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.10.023

I. Vivodtzev, B. Rivard, P. Gagnon, V. Mainguy, A. Dubé et al., Tolerance and Physiological Correlates of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in COPD: A Pilot Study, PLoS ONE, vol.13, issue.5, p.94850, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0094850.s002

A. Couillard and C. Préfaut, From muscle disuse to myopathy in COPD: potential contribution of oxidative stress, European Respiratory Journal, vol.26, issue.4, pp.703-722, 2005.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.05.00139904

P. Barnes and B. Celli, Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD, European Respiratory Journal, vol.33, issue.5, pp.1165-85, 2009.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00128008

I. Serres and C. Prefaut, Impaired Skeletal Muscle Endurance Related to Physical Inactivity and Altered Lung Function in COPD Patients, Chest, vol.113, issue.4, 2006.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.113.4.900

F. Maltais, M. Decramer, R. Casaburi, E. Barreiro, Y. Burelle et al., An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Update on Limb Muscle Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.189, issue.9, pp.15-62, 2014.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201402-0373ST

E. Swallow, D. Reyes, N. Hopkinson, W. Man, R. Porcher et al., Quadriceps strength predicts mortality in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax, Feb, vol.162, issue.2, pp.115-135, 2007.

K. Marquis, R. Debigaré, Y. Lacasse, P. Leblanc, J. Jobin et al., Midthigh Muscle Cross-Sectional Area Is a Better Predictor of Mortality than Body Mass Index in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.166, issue.6, pp.809-822, 2002.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.2107031

S. Bernard, P. Leblanc, F. Whittom, G. Carrier, J. Jobin et al., Peripheral Muscle Weakness in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.158, issue.2, pp.629-663, 1998.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.158.2.9711023

A. Couillard, F. Maltais, D. Saey, R. Debigaré, A. Michaud et al., Exercise-induced Quadriceps Oxidative Stress and Peripheral Muscle Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.167, issue.12, pp.1664-1673, 2003.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200209-1028OC

J. Allaire, F. Maltais, J. Doyon, M. Noël, P. Leblanc et al., Peripheral muscle endurance and the oxidative profile of the quadriceps in patients with COPD. Thorax, pp.673-681, 2004.

C. Coronell, M. Orozco-levi, R. Mendez, A. Ramirez-sarmiento, J. Galdiz et al., Relevance of assessing quadriceps endurance in patients with COPD, European Respiratory Journal, vol.24, issue.1, pp.129-165, 2004.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.04.00079603

A. Satta, G. Migliori, A. Spanevello, M. Neri, R. Bottinelli et al., Fibre types in skeletal muscles of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients related to respiratory function and exercise tolerance, European Respiratory Journal, vol.10, issue.12, pp.2853-60, 1997.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.97.10122853

H. Gosker, H. Van-mameren, P. Van-dijk, M. Engelen, G. Van-der-vusse et al., Skeletal muscle fibre-type shifting and metabolic profile in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, European Respiratory Journal, vol.19, issue.4, pp.617-642, 2002.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.02.00762001

F. Maltais, A. Simard, C. Simard, J. Jobin, P. Desgagnés et al., Oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle and lactic acid kinetics during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with COPD., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.153, issue.1, 1996.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542131

M. Spruit, R. Gosselink, T. Troosters, A. Kasran, G. Gayan-ramirez et al., Muscle force during an acute exacerbation in hospitalised patients with COPD and its relationship with CXCL8 and IGF-I, Thorax, vol.58, issue.9, pp.752-758, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/thorax.58.9.752

O. Cif, Available from: http://mssh.ehesp.fr 34, COFEMER. [Internet], 2015.

C. Préfaut and G. Ninot, La Réhabilitation respiratoire d'Hippocrate à nos jours. Du concept aux résultats, 2009.

R. Dolhem, Histoire de l'électrostimulation en médecine et en rééducation Ann Réadapt Médecine Phys, pp.427-458, 2008.

P. Dehail, C. Duclos, and M. Barat, Electrical stimulation and muscle strengthening. Ann Réadapt Médecine Phys, pp.441-51, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annrmp.2008.05.001

J. Theurel, R. Lepers, L. Pardon, and N. Maffiuletti, Differences in cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses between voluntary and stimulated contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscle, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.157, issue.2-3, pp.341-348, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resp.2006.12.002

C. Francis, Electrothérapie et physiothérapie, Applications en rééducation et réadaptation, pp.46-99

M. Sillen, P. Janssen, M. Akkermans, E. Wouters, and M. Spruit, The metabolic response during resistance training and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in patients with COPD, a pilot study, Respiratory Medicine, vol.102, issue.5, pp.786-795, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.01.013

J. Seymour, M. Spruit, N. Hopkinson, S. Sathyapala, W. Man et al., The prevalence of quadriceps weakness in COPD and the relationship with disease severity, European Respiratory Journal, vol.36, issue.1, pp.81-89, 2010.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00104909

M. Sillen, E. Wouters, F. Franssen, K. Meijer, K. Stakenborg et al., Oxygen Uptake, Ventilation, and Symptoms During Low-Frequency Versus High-Frequency NMES in COPD: A Pilot Study, Lung, vol.104, issue.2, pp.21-27, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00408-010-9265-0

E. Chaplin, L. Houchen, N. Greening, T. Harvey-dunstan, M. Morgan et al., Neuromuscular Stimulation of Quadriceps in Patients Hospitalised during an Exacerbation of COPD: A Comparison of Low (35???Hz) and High (50???Hz) Frequencies, Physiotherapy Research International, vol.124, issue.1, pp.148-56, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/pri.1541

M. Sillen, F. Franssen, J. Delbressine, A. Vaes, E. Wouters et al., Efficacy of lower-limb muscle training modalities in severely dyspnoeic individuals with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness: results from the DICES trial, Thorax, vol.47, issue.(Suppl B), pp.525-556, 2014.
DOI : 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204388

G. Bourjeily-habr, C. Rochester, F. Palermo, P. Snyder, and V. Mohsenin, Randomised controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation of the lower extremities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, vol.57, issue.12, pp.1045-1054, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/thorax.57.12.1045

E. Zanotti, G. Felicetti, G. Maini, and C. Fracchia, Peripheral Muscle Strength Training in Bed-Bound Patients With COPD Receiving Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, vol.124, issue.1, p.292, 2003.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.124.1.292

P. Vieira, G. Chiappa, A. Cipriano, G. Umpierre, D. Arena et al., Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves clinical and physiological function in COPD patients, Respiratory Medicine, vol.108, issue.4, pp.609-629
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.12.013

A. Ers, Standardisation des épreuves fonctionnelles respiratoires, Rev Mal Respir, vol.24, pp.2-28, 2007.

B. Celli, C. Cote, J. Marin, C. Casanova, M. Montes-de-oca et al., The Body-Mass Index, Airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise Capacity Index in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.350, issue.10, pp.1005-1017, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa021322

P. Jones, F. Quirk, C. Baveystock, and P. Littlejohns, A Self-complete Measure of Health Status for Chronic Airflow Limitation: The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.145, issue.6, pp.1321-1328, 1992.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/145.6.1321

C. Bouchet, F. Guillemin, H. Thi, T. Cornette, A. Briançon et al., Validation of the St George's questionnaire for measuring the quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease], Rev Mal Respir, vol.13, issue.1, pp.43-49, 1996.

M. Roig and W. Reid, Electrical stimulation and peripheral muscle function in COPD: A systematic review, Respiratory Medicine, vol.103, issue.4, pp.485-95, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.11.008

L. Pan, Y. Guo, X. Liu, and Y. J. , Lack of efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the lower limbs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A meta-analysis, Respirology, vol.41, issue.1, pp.22-31, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/resp.12200

M. Sillen and P. Spruit, Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of Muscles of Ambulation in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure or COPD, Chest, vol.136, issue.1, 2009.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.08-2481

M. Fruin and J. Rankin, Validity of a Multi-Sensor Armband in Estimating Rest and Exercise Energy Expenditure, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.36, issue.6, pp.1063-1072, 2004.
DOI : 10.1249/01.MSS.0000128144.91337.38

S. Patel, R. Benzo, W. Slivka, and F. Sciurba, Activity Monitoring and Energy Expenditure in COPD Patients: A Validation Study, COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, vol.54, issue.5, pp.107-119, 2007.
DOI : 10.1249/01.MSS.0000132379.09364.F8

H. Watz, F. Pitta, C. Rochester, J. Garcia-aymerich, R. Zuwallack et al., An official European Respiratory Society statement on physical activity in COPD, European Respiratory Journal, vol.44, issue.6, pp.1521-1558, 2014.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00046814

A. Van-gestel, C. Clarenbach, A. Stöwhas, V. Rossi, N. Sievi et al., Predicting Daily Physical Activity in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.1, p.48081
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0048081.t004

M. Stickland, T. Jourdain, E. Wong, W. Rodgers, N. Jendzjowsky et al., Using Telehealth Technology to Deliver Pulmonary Rehabilitation to Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Canadian Respiratory Journal, vol.18, issue.4, p.216, 2011.
DOI : 10.1155/2011/640865

. Contexte, La réhabilitation respiratoire doit être proposée à tout patient BPCO dès l'apparition d'une dyspnée Elle peut être effectuée en ambulatoire, De nombreuses équipes cherchent à développer des techniques supplémentaires pour en augmenter l'efficacité. L'électrostimulation des membres inférieurs en est une

. Résultats, le TDM6 et la P max se sont améliorés de manière significative Dans le groupe ES, le nombre de séances d'ESMq effectuées variait de 7 à 62. La sensation de dyspnée diminuait de manière significative, ainsi que l'index BODE, 2002.