!. !. Autre, !. Esteban, !. A. Anzueto, !. A. Alia, !. I. et al., 10!(71)! 3!(60)! 4!(36)! 2!(50)! 15!(58)! pCO2!>!45!mmHg!!n!(%)! 13!(62)! 16!(80)! ! 2 How! is! mechanical!ventilation!employed!in!the!intensive!care!unit?!An!international!utilization! review.!Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med):145098.! 3.! Surveillance! des! infections! nosocomiales! en! réanimation! adulte,! Réseau! REA9 Raisin.! 4.! Lone! NI,! Walsh! TS.! Prolonged! mechanical! ventilation! in! critically! ill! patients:! epidemiology,!outcomes!and!modelling!the!potential!cost!consequences!of!establishing!a! regional!weaning!unit.!Crit!Care Characteristics! and! outcomes! in! adult! patients! receiving! mechanical! ventilation:! a! 289 day!international!study! Evolution! of! mortality! over! time! in! patients! receiving! mechanical! ventilation! Effect! of! a! protective9ventilation! strategy! on! mortality! in! the! acute! respiratory! distress!syndrome, 37)! 8!(62)! 5!(56)! 2!(50)! 8!(47)! 7!(58)! 5!(45)! 10!(45)! 18!(90)!, p.2209303479542736942113399, 1998.

!. Safdar, !. N. , !. Dezfulian, !. C. , !. Collard et al., !Clinical!and!economic!consequences!of! ventilator9associated! pneumonia:! a! systematic! review, ! Crit! Care! Med, vol.33, issue.10, p.2184993, 2005.

!. American, !. Thoracic, !. S. , !. Infectious, !. Diseases et al., ! Guidelines! for! the! management! of! adults! with! hospital9acquired,! ventilator9associated,! and! healthcare9 associated!pneumonia, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med.Feb!, vol.15171, issue.4, p.3889416, 2005.

!. Bouadma, !. L. , !. Wolff, !. M. , !. Lucet et al., ! Ventilator9associated! pneumonia! and! its! prevention, !Curr!Opin!Infect!Dis, vol.25, issue.4, p.3959404, 2012.

!. Talmor, !. M. Li, !. P. , !. Barie, and !. Ps, Acute Paranasal Sinusitis in Critically Ill Patients: Guidelines for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.25, issue.6, p.144196, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/516155

!. Macklin and !. , !Transport!of!air!along!sheaths!of!pulmonic!blodd!vessels!from!alveoli! to!mediastinum, !Arch!Intern!Med.!, vol.64, p.913926, 1939.

!. Tremblay, !. Ln, !. Slutsky, and !. As, ! Ventilator9induced! lung! injury:! from! the! bench! to! the! bedside.!Intensive!Care!Med, pp.24933-84, 2006.

!. Tremblay, !. Ln, !. Slutsky, and !. As, ! Ventilator9induced! injury:! from! barotrauma! to! biotrauma, !Proc!Assoc!Am!Physicians, vol.110, issue.6, p.48298, 1998.

!. Pinhu, !. L. , !. Whitehead, !. T. , !. Evans et al., 9354):332940.! 19.! Ventilation!with!lower!tidal!volumes!as!compared!with!traditional!tidal!volumes! for! acute! lung! injury! and! the! acute! respiratory! distress! syndrome.! The! Acute! Respiratory!Distress!Syndrome!Network, !N!Engl!J!Med, vol.361342, issue.18, p.130198, 2000.

!. Le, !. Bourdelles, and !. , ! Effects! of! mechanical! ventilation! on! diaphragmatic! contractile! properties!in!rats, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med.!, vol.149, p.1539944, 1994.

!. Anzueto and !. A. , ! Effects! of! prolonged! controlled! mechanical! ventilation! on! diaphragmatic!functionin!healthy!baboons, !Crit!Care!Med.!, vol.25, p.1187990, 1997.

!. Powers, !. Sk, !. Shanely, !. Ra, !. Coombes et al., Mechanical ventilation results in progressive contractile dysfunction in the diaphragm, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.92, issue.5, p.185198, 1985.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00881.2001

!. Jaber, !. S. , !. Petrof, !. Bj, !. B. Jung et al., Rapidly! progressive! diaphragmatic! weakness! and! injury! during! mechanical! ventilation! in! humans, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med.Feb!, vol.1183, issue.3, p.364971, 2011.

!. Kim, !. Wy, !. Suh, !. Hj, !. Hong et al., Diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography: Influence on weaning from mechanical ventilation*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.12, p.2627930, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182266408

!. Baldwin, !. Ce, !. Paratz, !. Jd, !. Bersten et al., ! Diaphragm! and! peripheral! muscle! thickness! on! ultrasound:! intra9rater! reliability! and! variability! of! a! methodology! using! non9 standard!recumbent!positions.!Respirology, p.1136943, 2011.

!. Dasta, !. Jf, !. Mclaughlin, !. Tp, !. Mody et al., Daily cost of an intensive care unit day: The contribution of mechanical ventilation*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.33, issue.6, p.1266971, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000164543.14619.00

!. Wagner and !. Dp, Economics of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.140, issue.2_pt_2, p.1498, 1989.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/140.2_Pt_2.S14

!. Eskandar, !. N. , !. Apostolakos, and !. Mj, !Weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation.!Crit!Care!Clin, p.263974, 2007.

!. Mancebo and !. J. , Weaning from mechanical ventilation, European Respiratory Journal, vol.9, issue.9, p.1923931, 1996.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.96.09091923

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00388976

!. Macintyre, !. Nr, !. Cook, !. Dj, !. Ely et al., Evidence9 based! guidelines! for! weaning! and! discontinuing! ventilatory! support:! a! collective! task! force!Physicians;!the!American!Association! for! Respiratory! Care;! and! the! American! College! of! Critical! Care! Medicine, pp.375-995, 2001.

!. Richard, !. C. , and !. , XXIème! conférence! de! consensus! en! réanimation! et! médecine! d'urgence, !Réanimation.!, vol.10, p.6999705, 2001.

!. Boles, !. Jm, !. Bion, !. J. , !. Connors et al., Weaning from mechanical ventilation, European Respiratory Journal, vol.29, issue.5, p.1033956, 2007.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00010206

!. Epstein, !. Sk, !. Nevins, . Ml, and !. Chung, Effect of Unplanned Extubation on Outcome of Mechanical Ventilation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.161, issue.6, p.191296, 2000.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9908068

!. Girard, !. Td, !. Kress, !. Jp, !. Fuchs et al., Efficacy! and! safety! of! a! paired! sedation! and! ventilator! weaning! protocol! for! mechanically!ventilated!patients!in!intensive!care!(Awakening!and!Breathing!Controlled! trial):!a!randomised!controlled!trial.!Lancet, p.126934, 2008.

!. Gros, !. A. Le, !. Tulzio, and !. , !Sédation!et!sevrage!de!la!ventilation!mécanique.!Réanimation, !, vol.19, pp.4399-85, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.reaurg.2009.11.007

!. Sauder, !. P. , !. Andreoletti, !. M. , !. Cambonie et al., ![Sedation! and!analgesia!in!intensive!care!(with!the!exception!of!new9born!babies).!French!Society! of!Anesthesia!and!Resuscitation.!French9speaking!Resuscitation!Society, Ann!Fr!Anesth! Reanim, vol.27, issue.798, p.541951, 2008.

!. Riker, !. Rr, !. Shehabi, !. Y. , !. Bokesch et al., Dexmedetomidine!vs!midazolam!for!sedation!of!critically!ill!patients:!a!randomized!trial, Feb!, vol.4301, issue.5, p.489999, 2009.

!. Brook, !. Ad, !. Ahrens, !. Ts, !. R. Schaiff et al., !Effect!of! a!nursing9implemented!sedation!protocol!on!the!duration!of!mechanical!ventilation, !Crit! Care!Med, vol.27, issue.12, p.2609915, 1999.

!. Jubran, !. A. Lawm, !. G. , !. Duffner, !. La et al., Post9 traumatic! stress! disorder! after! weaning! from! prolonged! mechanical! ventilation, Intensive!Care!Med, vol.36, issue.12, p.203097, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-010-1972-8

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982948

!. Calzia, !. E. , !. Dembinski, and !. R. , Preserving! spontaneous! breathing! during! mechanical! ventilatory!support:!an!old!yet!fascinating!story.!Crit!Care, p.1013, 2013.
DOI : 10.1186/cc13120

URL : http://doi.org/10.1186/cc13120

!. Brochard, !. L. , !. Rauss, !. A. Benito, !. S. et al., Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.150, issue.4, p.8969903, 1994.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921460

!. Pilcher, !. Dv, !. Bailey, !. Mj, !. Treacher et al., !Outcomes,! cost! and! long! term! survival! of! patients! referred! to! a! regional! weaning! centre.! Thorax, p.187992, 2005.

!. Moschietto, !. S. , !. Doyen, !. D. , !. Grech et al., ! Transthoracic!Echocardiography!with!Doppler!Tissue!Imaging!predicts!weaning!failure! from! mechanical! ventilation:! evolution! of! the! left! ventricle! relaxation! rate! during! a! spontaneous!breathing!trial!is!the!key!factor!in!weaning!outcome.!Crit!Care, p.81, 2012.

!. Miu, !. T. , !. Joffe, !. Am, !. Yanez et al., !Predictors!of! reintubation!in!critically!ill!patients.!Respir!Care.!2014!Feb, p.178985

!. Plani, !. N. , !. Becker, !. P. , !. Van-!-aswegen et al., !The!use!of!a!weaning!and!extubation!protocol! to! facilitate! effective! weaning! and! extubation! from! mechanical! ventilation! in! patients! suffering! from! traumatic! injuries:! a! non9randomized! experimental! trial! comparing! a! prospective!to!retrospective!cohort.!Physiother!Theory!Pract, p.211921, 2013.

!. Lazaridis, !. C. , !. Desantis, !. Sm, !. Mclawhorn et al., Liberation of neurosurgical patients from mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy in neurocritical care, Journal of Critical Care, vol.27, issue.4, pp.417-198, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.08.018

!. Coplin, !. Wm, !. Pierson, !. Dj, !. Cooley et al., ! Implications! of! extubation! delay! in! brain9injured! patients! meeting! standard! weaning! criteria, ! Am! J! Respir!Crit!Care!Med.!, vol.161, issue.5, p.153096, 2000.

!. Mokhlesi, !. B. , !. Tulaimat, !. A. Gluckman, !. Tj et al., !Predicting! extubation! failure! after! successful! completion! of! a! spontaneous! breathing! trial, ! Respir! Care, vol.52, issue.12, p.171097, 2007.

!. Namen, !. Am, !. Ely, !. Ew, !. Tatter et al., Predictors of Successful Extubation in Neurosurgical Patients, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.163, issue.3, p.658964, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.2003060

!. Salam, !. A. Tilluckdharry, !. L. Amoateng9adjepong, !. Y. , !. Manthous et al., !Neurologic!status,! cough,!secretions!and!extubation!outcomes.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.133499, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-004-2231-7

!. Jaber, !. S. , !. Michelet, !. P. , !. Chanques et al., ! Role! of! non9invasive! ventilation! (NIV)! in! the! perioperative!period, !Best!Pract!Res!Clin!Anaesthesiol, vol.24, issue.2, pp.253965-86, 2010.

!. Chiumello, !. D. , !. Chevallard, !. G. , !. Gregoretti et al., !Non9invasive!ventilation!in!postoperative! patients:!a!systematic!review.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.918929, 2011.

!. Sellares, !. J. , !. Ferrer, !. M. , !. Torres et al., ! Predictors! of! weaning! after! acute! respiratory! failure, !Minerva!Anestesiol, vol.78, issue.9, p.1046953, 2012.

!. Tonnelier, !. A. Tonnelier, !. Jm, !. Nowak, !. E. Gut9gobert et al., Clinical Relevance of Classification According to Weaning Difficulty, Respiratory Care, vol.56, issue.5, p.583990, 2011.
DOI : 10.4187/respcare.00842

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00730832

!. Funk, !. Gc, !. S. Anders, !. Breyer, !. Mk et al., Incidence and outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation according to new categories, European Respiratory Journal, vol.35, issue.1, p.88994, 2010.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00056909

!. Epstein, !. Sk, !. Ciubotaru, !. Rl, !. Wong et al., !Effect!of!failed!extubation!on!the!outcome!of! mechanical!ventilation.!Chest, p.186992, 1997.

!. Ambrosino and !. N. , Weaning! and! respiratory! muscle! dysfunction:! the! egg9chicken! dilemma.!Chest, p.48193, 2005.

!. Caille, !. V. , !. Amiel, !. Jb, !. Charron et al., !a!help!in!the!weaning!process, !Crit!Care.!, vol.14, issue.3, p.120, 2010.

!. Jaffar, !. Khan, !. Tbh, !. M. Mark, and . Rich, ! Mechanisms! of! neuromuscular! dysfonction! in! critical!illness, !Crit!Care!Clin.!, vol.24, issue.1, p.1659, 2008.

!. Agusti, !. Ag, !. A. Torres, !. R. Estopa, !. Agustividal et al., ! Hypophosphatemia! as! a! cause! of! failed!weaning:!the!importance!of!metabolic!factors, !Crit!Care!Med.Feb, vol.12, issue.2, pp.1429-1432, 1984.

!. Saugel, !. B. , !. Rakette, !. P. , !. Hapfelmeier et al., Prediction of extubation failure in medical intensive care unit patients, Journal of Critical Care, vol.27, issue.6, p.57197, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.01.010

!. Lefrant, !. Jy, !. Cano, !. Nj, !. Ichai et al., ! Nutrition! artificielle! en! réanimation.! Ann! Fr! Anesth! Reanim.! [Recommandations! formalisées! d'éxperts], !, vol.33, 2014.

!. Frutos9vivar, !. F. Ferguson, !. Nd, !. A. Esteban, !. Epstein et al., Risk! factors! for! extubation! failure! in! patients! following! a! successful! spontaneous! breathing!trial.!Chest, p.1664971, 2006.

!. Martini, !. Rp, !. Deem, !. S. , !. Brown et al., The association between fluid balance and outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurocritical Care, vol.49, issue.3, p.19198, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s12028-011-9573-0

!. Epstein, !. Cd, !. Peerless, and !. Jr, !Weaning!readiness!and!fluid!balance!in!older!critically!ill! surgical!patients, Am!J!Crit!Care, vol.15, issue.1, p.54964, 2006.

!. Heunks, !. Lm, !. Van-!-der, !. Hoeven, and !. Jg, ! Clinical! review:! the! ABC! of! weaning! failure99a! structured!approach, !Crit!Care.!, vol.14, issue.6, p.245, 2010.

!. Thille, !. Wl, !. Richard, . Jc, and !. Brochard, ??volution des ventilateurs de r??animation, R??animation, vol.17, issue.1, p.12920, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.reaurg.2007.11.015

!. Putensen, !. C. , !. Mutz, !. Nj, !. G. Putensen9himmer et al., ! Spontaneous! breathing! during!ventilatory!support!improves!ventilation9perfusion!distributions!in!patients!with! acute! respiratory! distress! syndrome, ! Am! J! Respir! Crit! Care! Med, vol.159, issue.4 1, p.124198, 1999.

!. Putensen, !. C. , !. Zech, !. S. Wrigge, !. H. et al., Long9 term!effects!of!spontaneous!breathing!during!ventilatory!support!in!patients!with!acute! lung!injury, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med, vol.164, issue.1, p.4399, 2001.

!. Thille, !. Aw, !. Rodriguez, !. P. , !. Cabello et al., ! Patient9ventilator! asynchrony! during! assisted! mechanical! ventilation.! Intensive! Care! Med, pp.1515922-87, 2006.

!. Roze, !. H. , !. Lafrikh, !. A. Perrier, !. V. Germain et al., Daily titration of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist using the diaphragm electrical activity, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.112, issue.7, p.1087994, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-011-2209-1

!. Piquilloud, !. L. , !. Vignaux, !. L. , !. Bialais et al., !Neurally! adjusted!ventilatory!assist!improves!patient9ventilator!interaction.!Intensive!Care!Med.! 2011!Feb, p.263971
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-010-2052-9

!. Piastra, !. M. , !. De, !. Luca, !. D. Costa et al., Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist vs pressure support ventilation in infants recovering from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: Nested study, Journal of Critical Care, vol.29, issue.2, pp.312-195, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.08.006

!. Morato, !. Jb, !. Sakuma, !. Mta, !. Ferreira et al., Comparison of 3 modes of automated weaning from mechanical ventilation: A bench study, Journal of Critical Care, vol.27, issue.6, pp.741-760, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.12.021

!. Clavieras, !. N. , !. Wysocki, !. M. , !. Coisel et al., Prospective! randomized! crossover! study! of! a! new! closed9loop! control! system! versus! pressure! support! during! weaning! from! mechanical! ventilation.! Anesthesiology, p.631941, 2013.

!. Hess and !. , ! Ventilator! modes! used! in! weaning.! Chest, pp.474-483, 2001.

!. Esteban, !. A. Alia, !. I. , !. Gordo, !. F. et al., Extubation! outcome!after!spontaneous!breathing!trials!with!T9tube!or!pressure!support!ventilation.! The! Spanish! Lung! Failure! Collaborative! Group, ! Am! J! Respir! Crit! Care! Med, vol.156, issue.2, p.459965, 1997.

!. Vallverdu, !. I. , !. Calaf, !. N. , !. Subirana et al., ! Clinical! characteristics,! respiratory! functional! parameters,! and! outcome! of! a! two9hour! T9piece! trial!in!patients!weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med, vol.158, issue.6, p.1855962, 1998.

!. Brochard, !. L. , !. Rua, !. F. Lorino, !. H. et al., ! Inspiratory! pressure! support! compensates! for! the! additional! work! of! breathing! caused! by! the! endotracheal! tube.! Anesthesiology, p.739945, 1991.

!. Straus, !. C. Louis, !. B. , !. Isabey, !. D. et al., Contribution of the Endotracheal Tube and the Upper Airway to Breathing Workload, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.157, issue.1, p.23930, 1998.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.96-10057

!. Cabello, !. B. , !. Thille, !. Aw, !. F. Roche9campo et al., ! Physiological! comparison! of! three! spontaneous! breathing! trials! in! difficult9to9wean! patients.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.117199, 2010.

!. Nathan, !. Sd, !. Ishaaya, !. Am, !. Koerner et al., !Prediction!of!minimal!pressure! support!during!weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation.!Chest, p.121599, 1993.

!. Cohen, !. J. , !. Shapiro, !. M. , !. Grozovski et al., Prediction of extubation outcome: a randomised, controlled trial with automatic tube compensation vs. pressure support ventilation, Critical Care, vol.13, issue.1, p.21, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/cc7724

!. Bien, !. My, !. Shui, !. Y. Lin, !. Shih et al., Comparisons! of! predictive! performance! of! breathing! pattern! variability! measured! during! T9piece,! automatic! tube! compensation,! and! pressure! support! ventilation! for! weaning! intensive! care!unit!patients!from!mechanical!ventilation.!Crit!Care!Med, p.2253962, 2011.

!. Bien, !. My, !. Hseu, !. Ss, !. Yien et al., Breathing! pattern! variability:! a! weaning! predictor! in! postoperative! patients! recovering! from! systemic! inflammatory!response!syndrome, !Intensive!Care!Med.!Feb, vol.30, issue.2, p.24197, 2004.

!. Hess and !. Dr, !Ventilator!modes:!where!have!we!come!from!and!where!are!we!going?! Chest, p.125698, 2010.

!. Kang9cheng, !. Su, !. C9ct, !. Kun9ta, . Chou et al., ! Spontaneous! breathing! trial! needs! to! be! prolonged! in! critically! ill! and! older! patients! requiring! mechanical! ventilation, !Journal!of!Critical!Care.!, vol.27, issue.3, pp.324-343, 2012.

!. Esteban, !. A. Alia, !. I. Tobin, !. Mj, !. A. Gil et al., !Effect!of!spontaneous! breathing!trial!duration!on!outcome!of!attempts!to!discontinue!mechanical!ventilation.! Spanish! Lung! Failure! Collaborative! Group, ! Am! J! Respir! Crit! Care! Med.! Feb, vol.159, issue.2, p.51298, 1999.

!. Lemaire, !. F. , !. Teboul, !. Jl, !. Cinotti et al., Acute! left! ventricular! dysfunction! during! unsuccessful! weaning! from! mechanical! ventilation.! Anesthesiology, p.17199, 1988.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-198808000-00004

!. Sellares, !. J. Loureiro, !. H. , !. Ferrer, !. M. et al., ! The! effect! of! spontaneous!breathing!on!systemic!interleukin96!during!ventilator!weaning, !Eur!Respir! J, vol.39, issue.3, p.654960, 2012.

!. Sahn, !. Sa, !. Lakshminarayan, and !. S. , Bedside! criteria! for! discontinuation! of! mechanical! ventilation.!Chest, p.100295, 1973.

!. Blackwood, !. B. , !. Alderdice, !. F. , !. Burns et al., Use of weaning protocols for reducing duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ, vol.342, issue.jan13 2, p.7237, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.c7237

!. Ely, !. Ew, !. Baker, !. Am, !. Dunagan et al., Effect!on!the! duration! of! mechanical! ventilation! of! identifying! patients! capable! of! breathing! spontaneously The! relationship! of! 26! clinical! factors! to! weaning! outcome, Am! J! Crit! Care, vol.33521, issue.251, p.5298, 1996.

!. Macintyre and !. , ! Discontinuing! mechanical! ventilatory! support.! Chest, p.1049956, 2007.

!. Yang, !. Kl, !. Tobin, and . Mj, ! A! prospective! study! of! indexes! predicting! the! outcome! of! trials!of!weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation, !N!Engl!J!Med, vol.324, issue.21, pp.14459-50, 1991.

!. Tobin, !. Mj, !. Jubran, and !. A. , !Meta9analysis!under!the!spotlight:!focused!on!a!meta9analysis! of!ventilator!weaning, !Crit!Care!Med, vol.36, issue.1, p.197, 2008.

!. Capdevila, !. Xj, !. Perrigault, !. Pf, !. Perey et al., Athis! F.! Occlusion! pressure! and! its! ratio! to! maximum! inspiratory! pressure! are! useful! predictors! for! successful! extubation!following!T9piece!weaning!trial.!Chest, p.48299, 1995.

!. Segal, !. Ln, !. Oei, !. E. , !. Oppenheimer et al., Evolution of pattern of breathing during a spontaneous breathing trial predicts successful extubation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.107, issue.3, p.487995, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-009-1735-6

!. Conti, !. G. , !. Montini, !. L. , !. Pennisi et al., A prospective, blinded evaluation of indexes proposed to predict weaning from mechanical ventilation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.5, p.83096, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-004-2230-8

!. Lee, !. Kh, !. Hui, . Kp, !. Chan et al., !Rapid!shallow!breathing!(frequency9 tidal!volume!ratio)!did!not!predict!extubation!outcome.!Chest.!1994!Feb, p.54093

!. Whitelaw, !. Wa, !. Derenne, and !. Jp, Airway Occlusion Pressure, ! J! Appl! Physiol!, vol.74, issue.4, p.1475983, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-79154-3_20

!. Nemer, !. Sn, !. Barbas, !. Cs, !. Caldeira et al., A new integrative weaning index of discontinuation from mechanical ventilation, Critical Care, vol.13, issue.5, p.152, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/cc8051

!. Delisle, !. S. , !. Francoeur, !. M. Albert, !. M. et al., Preliminary Evaluation of a New Index to Predict the Outcome of a Spontaneous Breathing Trial, Respiratory Care, vol.56, issue.10, p.150095, 2011.
DOI : 10.4187/respcare.00768

!. Bouhemad, !. B. Brisson, !. H. Le9guen, !. M. , !. Arbelot et al., !Bedside!ultrasound! assessment! of! positive! end9expiratory! pressure9induced! lung! recruitment, ! Am! J! Respir! Crit!Care!Med.Feb!, vol.1183, issue.3, p.34197, 2011.

!. Soummer, !. A. Perbet, !. S. Brisson, !. H. , !. Arbelot et al., Ultrasound assessment of lung aeration loss during a successful weaning trial predicts postextubation distress*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.40, issue.7, p.2064972, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31824e68ae

!. Reissig, !. A. Copetti, !. R. , !. Kroegel, and !. , Current role of emergency ultrasound of the chest*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.4, p.839945, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206d6b8

!. Matamis, !. D. , !. Soilemezi, !. E. , !. Tsagourias et al., Sonographic evaluation of the diaphragm in critically ill patients. Technique and clinical applications, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.5, p.801910, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-013-2823-1

!. Gottesman, !. E. , !. Mccool, and !. Fd, Ultrasound evaluation of the paralyzed diaphragm., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.155, issue.5, p.157094, 1997.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154859

!. Porhomayon, !. J. , !. Papadakos, !. P. , !. Nader et al., Failed Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation and Cardiac Dysfunction, Critical Care Research and Practice, vol.365, issue.9, p.173527, 2012.
DOI : 10.1161/hc0102.101391

URL : http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/173527

!. Chien, !. Jy, !. Lin, !. Ms, !. Huang et al., ! Changes! in! B9type! natriuretic!peptide!improve!weaning!outcome!predicted!by!spontaneous!breathing!trial, ! Crit!Care!Med, vol.36, issue.5, p.142196, 2008.

!. Mekontso9dessap, !. A. , !. Prost, !. N. , !. Girou et al., B9type! natriuretic! peptide! and! weaning! from! mechanical! ventilation, Intensive! Care!Med, vol.32, issue.10, p.1529936, 2006.

!. Dres, !. M. , !. Schmidt, !. M. , !. Ferre et al., ! Diaphragm! electromyographic!activity!as!a!predictor!of!weaning!failure.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.2017925, 2012.

!. Barwing, !. J. , !. Pedroni, !. C. , !. Olgemoller et al., !Electrical!activity!of!the! diaphragm!(EAdi)!as!a!monitoring!parameter!in!difficult!weaning!from!respirator:!a!pilot! study.!Crit!Care, p.182, 2013.

!. Hurtado, !. Fj, !. Beron, !. M. , !. Olivera et al., Gastric intramucosal pH and intraluminal Pco2 during weaning from mechanical ventilation, Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.1, p.7096, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200101000-00017

!. Jubran, !. A. Mathru, !. M. , !. Dries, !. D. Tobin et al., Continuous Recordings of Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation during Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation and the Ramifications Thereof, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.158, issue.6, p.176399, 1998.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9804056

!. Jaber, !. S. , !. Chanques, !. G. , !. Matecki et al., Post9 extubation! stridor! in! intensive! care! unit! patients.! Risk! factors! evaluation! and! importance!of!the!cuff9leak!test.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.69974, 2003.

!. Savi, !. A. Teixeira, !. C. Silva, !. Jm, !. Borges et al., Weaning! predictors!do!not!predict!extubation!failure!in!simple9to9wean!patients, !J!Crit!Care, vol.27, issue.2, pp.221-198, 2012.

!. Burns, !. Ke, !. Meade, !. Mo, !. A. Premji et al., ! Noninvasive! positive9pressure! ventilation!as!a!weaning!strategy!for!intubated!adults!with!respiratory!failure, !Cochrane! Database!Syst!Rev.!, vol.12, p.4127, 2013.

!. Goncalves, !. Mr, !. Honrado, !. T. , !. Winck et al., !Effects!of!mechanical!insufflation9 exsufflation!in!preventing!respiratory!failure!after!extubation:!a!randomized!controlled! trial, !Crit!Care.!, vol.16, issue.2, p.48, 2012.

!. Winkelman and !. C. , Inactivity! and! inflammation! in! the! critically! ill! patient.! Crit! Care! Clin, p.21934, 2007.

!. Roeseler, !. J. , !. Sottiaux, !. T. , !. Lemiale et al., Management of early mobilisation (including electrostimulation) in adult and pediatric patients in the intensive care unit, R??animation, vol.363, issue.10Suppl, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s13546-013-0658-y

!. Schweickert, !. Wd, !. Pohlman, !. Mc, !. Pohlman et al., Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet, vol.373, issue.9678, p.1874982, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9

!. Krinsley, !. Js, !. Reddy, !. Pk, !. Iqbal et al., !What!is!the!optimal!rate!of!failed!extubation?!Crit! Care, !, vol.16, issue.1, p.111, 2012.

!. Blackwood, !. B. , !. Alderdice, !. F. , !. Burns et al., Protocolized!versus!non9protocolized!weaning!for!reducing!the!duration!of!mechanical! ventilation! in! critically! ill! adult! patients, ! Cochrane! Database! Syst! Rev.!, issue.5, p.2010

!. Le9neindre and !. A. , !Mechanical!ventilation!weaning!in!intensive!care!unit:!a!trinomial?! Kinesither!Rev, !, vol.13, issue.143, p.2299, 2013.

!. White, !. V. , !. Currey, !. J. , !. Botti et al., Multidisciplinary Team Developed and Implemented Protocols to Assist Mechanical Ventilation Weaning: A Systematic Review of Literature, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, vol.16, issue.1, p.5199, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1741-6787.2010.00198.x

!. Gupta, !. P. , !. Giehler, !. K. , !. Walters et al., ! The! Effect! of! a! Mechanical! Ventilation! Discontinuation! Protocol! in! Patients! with! Simple! and! Difficult! Weaning:!Impact!on!Clinical!Outcomes.!Respir!Care, 2013.

!. Carenco, !. L. Tran9van, and !. , ! Étude! de! faisabilité! d'un! score! kinésithérapique! pré9 extubation, !Kinesither!Rev.!, vol.14, issue.155, p.70976, 2014.

!. Marelich, !. Gp, !. Murin, !. S. , !. Battistella et al., !Protocol!weaning! of! mechanical! ventilation! in! medical! and! surgical! patients! by! respiratory! care! practitioners!and!nurses:!effect!on!weaning!time!and!incidence!of!ventilator9associated! pneumonia.!Chest, p.459967, 2000.

!. Burns, !. K. , !. Lellouche, !. F. , !. Nissenbaum et al., !SmartCare?versus! non9automated!weaning!strategies!for! weaning! time! in! invasively! ventilated! critically! ill! adults, ! Cochrane! Database! Syst! Rev.!, issue.8, p.2010

!. Burns, !. Ke, !. Lellouche, !. F. , !. Lessard et al., ! Automated! weaning! and! spontaneous! breathing! trial! systems! versus! non9automated! weaning! strategies! for! discontinuation! time! in! invasively! ventilated! postoperative! adults, ! Cochrane! Database! Syst!Rev.!, vol.2, p.8639, 2014.

!. Danckers, !. M. Grosu, !. H. Jean, !. R. Cruz, !. Rb et al., ! protocol9directed!weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation!improves!clinical!outcomes!and! is!well!accepted!by!intensive!care!unit!physicians, !J!Crit!Care, vol.28, issue.4, p.433941, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.10.012

!. De, !. Jonghe, !. B. Bastuji9garin, !. S. Durand, !. Mc et al., Respiratory!weakness!is!associated!with!limb!weakness!and!delayed!weaning!in!critical! illness, !Crit!Care!Med, vol.35, issue.9, pp.2007915-91, 2007.

!. Smina, !. M. , !. Salam, !. A. Khamiees, !. M. et al., Cough Peak Flows and Extubation Outcomes, Chest, vol.124, issue.1, p.26298, 2003.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.124.1.262

!. Kapil, !. Pm, !. Kalpesh, !. Q. , !. Ganatra et al., ! Variation! in! the! rapid! shallow! breathing! index! associated! with! common! measurement! techniques! and! conditions, ! Respir! Care.!, vol.54, issue.11, pp.1462-1468, 2009.

!. Beuret, !. P. , !. Roux, !. C. , !. Auclair et al., ! Interest! of! an! objective! evaluation! of! cough! during! weaning! from! mechanical! ventilation.! Intensive! Care!Med, p.109093, 2009.

!. Esteban, !. A. Frutos9vivar, !. F. Ferguson, !. Nd, !. Arabi et al., Noninvasive!positive9pressure!ventilation!for!respiratory!failure!after!extubation, !N!Engl! J!Med, vol.350, issue.24, p.2452960, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/nejmoa032736

!. Nava, !. S. , !. Gregoretti, !. C. , !. Fanfulla et al., Noninvasive! ventilation! to! prevent! respiratory! failure! after! extubation! in! high9risk! patients, !Crit!Care!Med, vol.33, issue.11, p.2465970, 2005.

!. Ferrer, !. M. Valencia, !. M. Nicolas, !. Jm, !. Bernadich et al., ! Early! noninvasive!ventilation!averts!extubation!failure!in!patients!at!risk:!a!randomized!trial, ! Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med, vol.173, issue.2, p.164970, 2006.

!. Vaschetto, !. R. , !. Turucz, !. E. , !. Dellapiazza et al., Noninvasive! ventilation! after! early! extubation! in! patients! recovering! from! hypoxemic! acute! respiratory! failure:! a! single9centre! feasibility! study.! Intensive! Care! Med, p.15999606, 2012.

!. Ferreyra, !. G. , !. Fanelli, !. V. Del, !. Sorbo et al., ! Are! guidelines! for! non9invasive! ventilation!during!weaning!still!valid?!Minerva!Anestesiol, p.92196, 2011.

!. Jiang, !. Js, !. Kao, !. Sj, !. Wang et al., ! Effect! of! early! application! of! biphasic! positive! airway! pressure! on! the! outcome! of! extubation! in! ventilator! weaning.! Respirology, p.16195, 1999.

!. Keenan, !. Sp, !. Powers, !. C. , !. Mccormack et al., ! Noninvasive! positive9pressure! ventilation!for!postextubation!respiratory!distress:!a!randomized!controlled!trial, p.3238944, 2002.

!. Hilbert, !. G. , !. Gruson, !. D. , !. Portel et al., Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in COPD patients with postextubation hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency, European Respiratory Journal, vol.11, issue.6, p.1349953, 1998.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.98.11061349

!. Bohner, !. H. Kindgen9milles, !. D. , !. Grust, !. A. Buhl et al., Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure after major vascular surgery: results of a prospective randomized trial, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, vol.387, issue.1, p.2196, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00423-002-0281-2

!. Squadrone, !. V. , !. Coha, !. M. , !. Cerutti et al., ! Continuous! positive! airway! pressure! for! treatment! of! postoperative! hypoxemia:! a! randomized! controlled!trial, p.589995, 2002.

!. Matte, !. P. , !. Jacquet, !. L. Van, !. Dyck et al., !Effects!of!conventional!physiotherapy,! continuous! positive! airway! pressure! and! non9invasive! ventilatory! support! with! bilevel! positive!airway!pressure!after!coronary!artery!bypass!grafting, !Acta!Anaesthesiol!Scand, vol.44, issue.1, p.75981, 2000.

!. Zarbock, !. A. Mueller, !. E. , !. Netzer, !. S. Gabriel et al., !Prophylactic! nasal! continuous! positive! airway! pressure! following! cardiac! surgery! protects! from! postoperative! pulmonary! complications:! a! prospective,! randomized,! controlled! trial! in! 500!patients, p.125299, 2009.

!. Aguilo, !. R. , !. Togores, !. B. , !. Pons et al., !Noninvasive!ventilatory! support!after!lung!resectional!surgery.!Chest, pp.117921-92, 1997.

!. Perrin, !. C. , !. Jullien, !. V. , !. Venissac et al., Prophylactic use of noninvasive ventilation in patients undergoing lung resectional surgery, Respiratory Medicine, vol.101, issue.7, p.157298, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.12.002

!. Neligan, !. Pj, !. Malhotra, !. G. Fraser, !. M. Williams et al., ! Continuous! positive! airway! pressure! via! the! Boussignac! system! immediately! after! extubation! improves! lung! function! in! morbidly! obese! patients! with! obstructive! sleep! apnea!undergoing!laparoscopic!bariatric!surgery.!Anesthesiology, pp.8789-84, 2009.

!. Gaszynski, !. T. , !. Tokarz, !. A. Piotrowski, !. D. et al., CPAP! in! the! postoperative!period!in!morbidly!obese!patients.!Obes!Surg, p.45296, 2007.

!. Shewhart and !. W. , Economic! Control! of! Quality! of! Manufactured! Products

!. Annexe, !. Critères, !. Strobe-'statement, !. Strobe, !. Statement?checklist et al., Indicate! the! study's! design! with! a! commonly! used! term! in!the!title!or!the!abstract! (b)! Provide! in! the! abstract! an! informative! and! balanced! summary!of!what!was!done!and!what!was!found! Introduction! ! Background/rationale! 2! Explain! the! scientific! background! and! rationale! for! the! investigation!being!reported! Objectives! 3! State! specific! objectives,! including! any! prespecified! hypotheses! Methods! ! Study!design! 4! Present!key!elements!of!study!design!early!in!the!paper! Setting! 5! Describe!the!setting,!locations,!and!relevant!dates,!including! periods!of!recruitment,! exposure,!follow9up,!and!data!collection! Participants! 6! (a)!Give!the!eligibility!criteria,!and!the!sources!and!methods! of!selection!of!participants.!Describe!methods!of!follow9up! !(b)!For!matched!studies,!give!matching!criteria!and!number! of!exposed!and!unexposed! Variables! 7! Clearly!define!all!outcomes,!exposures,!predictors,!potential! confounders,!and!effect!modifiers.!Give!diagnostic!criteria,!if! applicable! Data!sources/measurement! ! 8*! For!each!variable!of!interest,!give!sources!of!data!and!details! of! methods! of! assessment! (measurement).! Describe! comparability! of! assessment! methods! if! there! is! more! than! one!group! Bias! 9! Describe!any!efforts!to!address!potential!sources!of!bias! Study!size! 10! Explain!how!the!study!size!was!arrived!at! Quantitative!variables! 11! Explain! how! quantitative! variables! were! handled! in! the! analyses.! If! applicable,! describe! which! groupings! were! chosen!and!why! Statistical!methods! 12! (a)! Describe! all! statistical! methods,! including! those! used! to! control!for!confounding! (b)! Describe! any! methods! used! to! examine! subgroups! and! interactions! (c)!Explain!how!missing!data!were!addressed! (d)! If! applicable,! explain! how! loss! to! follow9up! was! addressed! (e)!Describe!any!sensitivity!analyses! Résults! ! Participants

!. Je, !. , !. , !. , and !. Volonté, ! sans! aucune! discrimination! selon! leur! état! ou! leurs! convictions.! J'interviendrai! pour! les! protéger! si! elles!sont!affaiblies

!. Admis, intimité!des!personnes,!je!tairai!les!secrets!qui!me!seront!confiés

!. Je, indépendance! nécessaire! à! l'accomplissement! de! ma! mission.! Je! n'entreprendrai! rien! qui! dépasse! mes! compétences

!. Que, !. , and !. , ! mes! confrères! m'accordent! leur! estime! si! je! suis! fidèle! à! mes! promesses!;!que!je!sois!déshonoré!et!méprisé!si!j'y!manque, 1996.