10!(71)! 3!(60)! 4!(36)! 2!(50)! 15!(58)! pCO2!>!45!mmHg!!n!(%)! 13!(62)! 16!(80)! ! 2 How! is! mechanical!ventilation!employed!in!the!intensive!care!unit?!An!international!utilization! review.!Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med):145098.! 3.! Surveillance! des! infections! nosocomiales! en! réanimation! adulte,! Réseau! REA9 Raisin.! 4.! Lone! NI,! Walsh! TS.! Prolonged! mechanical! ventilation! in! critically! ill! patients:! epidemiology,!outcomes!and!modelling!the!potential!cost!consequences!of!establishing!a! regional!weaning!unit.!Crit!Care Characteristics! and! outcomes! in! adult! patients! receiving! mechanical! ventilation:! a! 289 day!international!study! Evolution! of! mortality! over! time! in! patients! receiving! mechanical! ventilation! Effect! of! a! protective9ventilation! strategy! on! mortality! in! the! acute! respiratory! distress!syndrome, 37)! 8!(62)! 5!(56)! 2!(50)! 8!(47)! 7!(58)! 5!(45)! 10!(45)! 18!(90)!, p.2209303479542736942113399, 1998. ,
!Clinical!and!economic!consequences!of! ventilator9associated! pneumonia:! a! systematic! review, ! Crit! Care! Med, vol.33, issue.10, p.2184993, 2005. ,
! Guidelines! for! the! management! of! adults! with! hospital9acquired,! ventilator9associated,! and! healthcare9 associated!pneumonia, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med.Feb!, vol.15171, issue.4, p.3889416, 2005. ,
! Ventilator9associated! pneumonia! and! its! prevention, !Curr!Opin!Infect!Dis, vol.25, issue.4, p.3959404, 2012. ,
Acute Paranasal Sinusitis in Critically Ill Patients: Guidelines for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.25, issue.6, p.144196, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1086/516155
!Transport!of!air!along!sheaths!of!pulmonic!blodd!vessels!from!alveoli! to!mediastinum, !Arch!Intern!Med.!, vol.64, p.913926, 1939. ,
! Ventilator9induced! lung! injury:! from! the! bench! to! the! bedside.!Intensive!Care!Med, pp.24933-84, 2006. ,
! Ventilator9induced! injury:! from! barotrauma! to! biotrauma, !Proc!Assoc!Am!Physicians, vol.110, issue.6, p.48298, 1998. ,
9354):332940.! 19.! Ventilation!with!lower!tidal!volumes!as!compared!with!traditional!tidal!volumes! for! acute! lung! injury! and! the! acute! respiratory! distress! syndrome.! The! Acute! Respiratory!Distress!Syndrome!Network, !N!Engl!J!Med, vol.361342, issue.18, p.130198, 2000. ,
! Effects! of! mechanical! ventilation! on! diaphragmatic! contractile! properties!in!rats, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med.!, vol.149, p.1539944, 1994. ,
! Effects! of! prolonged! controlled! mechanical! ventilation! on! diaphragmatic!functionin!healthy!baboons, !Crit!Care!Med.!, vol.25, p.1187990, 1997. ,
Mechanical ventilation results in progressive contractile dysfunction in the diaphragm, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.92, issue.5, p.185198, 1985. ,
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00881.2001
Rapidly! progressive! diaphragmatic! weakness! and! injury! during! mechanical! ventilation! in! humans, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med.Feb!, vol.1183, issue.3, p.364971, 2011. ,
Diaphragm dysfunction assessed by ultrasonography: Influence on weaning from mechanical ventilation*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.12, p.2627930, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182266408
! Diaphragm! and! peripheral! muscle! thickness! on! ultrasound:! intra9rater! reliability! and! variability! of! a! methodology! using! non9 standard!recumbent!positions.!Respirology, p.1136943, 2011. ,
Daily cost of an intensive care unit day: The contribution of mechanical ventilation*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.33, issue.6, p.1266971, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000164543.14619.00
Economics of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation, American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol.140, issue.2_pt_2, p.1498, 1989. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm/140.2_Pt_2.S14
!Weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation.!Crit!Care!Clin, p.263974, 2007. ,
Weaning from mechanical ventilation, European Respiratory Journal, vol.9, issue.9, p.1923931, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.96.09091923
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00388976
Evidence9 based! guidelines! for! weaning! and! discontinuing! ventilatory! support:! a! collective! task! force!Physicians;!the!American!Association! for! Respiratory! Care;! and! the! American! College! of! Critical! Care! Medicine, pp.375-995, 2001. ,
XXIème! conférence! de! consensus! en! réanimation! et! médecine! d'urgence, !Réanimation.!, vol.10, p.6999705, 2001. ,
Weaning from mechanical ventilation, European Respiratory Journal, vol.29, issue.5, p.1033956, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00010206
Effect of Unplanned Extubation on Outcome of Mechanical Ventilation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.161, issue.6, p.191296, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9908068
Efficacy! and! safety! of! a! paired! sedation! and! ventilator! weaning! protocol! for! mechanically!ventilated!patients!in!intensive!care!(Awakening!and!Breathing!Controlled! trial):!a!randomised!controlled!trial.!Lancet, p.126934, 2008. ,
!Sédation!et!sevrage!de!la!ventilation!mécanique.!Réanimation, !, vol.19, pp.4399-85, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.reaurg.2009.11.007
![Sedation! and!analgesia!in!intensive!care!(with!the!exception!of!new9born!babies).!French!Society! of!Anesthesia!and!Resuscitation.!French9speaking!Resuscitation!Society, Ann!Fr!Anesth! Reanim, vol.27, issue.798, p.541951, 2008. ,
Dexmedetomidine!vs!midazolam!for!sedation!of!critically!ill!patients:!a!randomized!trial, Feb!, vol.4301, issue.5, p.489999, 2009. ,
!Effect!of! a!nursing9implemented!sedation!protocol!on!the!duration!of!mechanical!ventilation, !Crit! Care!Med, vol.27, issue.12, p.2609915, 1999. ,
Post9 traumatic! stress! disorder! after! weaning! from! prolonged! mechanical! ventilation, Intensive!Care!Med, vol.36, issue.12, p.203097, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-010-1972-8
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982948
Preserving! spontaneous! breathing! during! mechanical! ventilatory!support:!an!old!yet!fascinating!story.!Crit!Care, p.1013, 2013. ,
DOI : 10.1186/cc13120
URL : http://doi.org/10.1186/cc13120
Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.150, issue.4, p.8969903, 1994. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921460
!Outcomes,! cost! and! long! term! survival! of! patients! referred! to! a! regional! weaning! centre.! Thorax, p.187992, 2005. ,
! Transthoracic!Echocardiography!with!Doppler!Tissue!Imaging!predicts!weaning!failure! from! mechanical! ventilation:! evolution! of! the! left! ventricle! relaxation! rate! during! a! spontaneous!breathing!trial!is!the!key!factor!in!weaning!outcome.!Crit!Care, p.81, 2012. ,
!Predictors!of! reintubation!in!critically!ill!patients.!Respir!Care.!2014!Feb, p.178985 ,
!The!use!of!a!weaning!and!extubation!protocol! to! facilitate! effective! weaning! and! extubation! from! mechanical! ventilation! in! patients! suffering! from! traumatic! injuries:! a! non9randomized! experimental! trial! comparing! a! prospective!to!retrospective!cohort.!Physiother!Theory!Pract, p.211921, 2013. ,
Liberation of neurosurgical patients from mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy in neurocritical care, Journal of Critical Care, vol.27, issue.4, pp.417-198, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.08.018
! Implications! of! extubation! delay! in! brain9injured! patients! meeting! standard! weaning! criteria, ! Am! J! Respir!Crit!Care!Med.!, vol.161, issue.5, p.153096, 2000. ,
!Predicting! extubation! failure! after! successful! completion! of! a! spontaneous! breathing! trial, ! Respir! Care, vol.52, issue.12, p.171097, 2007. ,
Predictors of Successful Extubation in Neurosurgical Patients, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.163, issue.3, p.658964, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.2003060
!Neurologic!status,! cough,!secretions!and!extubation!outcomes.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.133499, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-004-2231-7
! Role! of! non9invasive! ventilation! (NIV)! in! the! perioperative!period, !Best!Pract!Res!Clin!Anaesthesiol, vol.24, issue.2, pp.253965-86, 2010. ,
!Non9invasive!ventilation!in!postoperative! patients:!a!systematic!review.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.918929, 2011. ,
! Predictors! of! weaning! after! acute! respiratory! failure, !Minerva!Anestesiol, vol.78, issue.9, p.1046953, 2012. ,
Clinical Relevance of Classification According to Weaning Difficulty, Respiratory Care, vol.56, issue.5, p.583990, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.4187/respcare.00842
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00730832
Incidence and outcome of weaning from mechanical ventilation according to new categories, European Respiratory Journal, vol.35, issue.1, p.88994, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00056909
!Effect!of!failed!extubation!on!the!outcome!of! mechanical!ventilation.!Chest, p.186992, 1997. ,
Weaning! and! respiratory! muscle! dysfunction:! the! egg9chicken! dilemma.!Chest, p.48193, 2005. ,
!a!help!in!the!weaning!process, !Crit!Care.!, vol.14, issue.3, p.120, 2010. ,
! Mechanisms! of! neuromuscular! dysfonction! in! critical!illness, !Crit!Care!Clin.!, vol.24, issue.1, p.1659, 2008. ,
! Hypophosphatemia! as! a! cause! of! failed!weaning:!the!importance!of!metabolic!factors, !Crit!Care!Med.Feb, vol.12, issue.2, pp.1429-1432, 1984. ,
Prediction of extubation failure in medical intensive care unit patients, Journal of Critical Care, vol.27, issue.6, p.57197, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.01.010
! Nutrition! artificielle! en! réanimation.! Ann! Fr! Anesth! Reanim.! [Recommandations! formalisées! d'éxperts], !, vol.33, 2014. ,
Risk! factors! for! extubation! failure! in! patients! following! a! successful! spontaneous! breathing!trial.!Chest, p.1664971, 2006. ,
The association between fluid balance and outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage, Neurocritical Care, vol.49, issue.3, p.19198, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s12028-011-9573-0
!Weaning!readiness!and!fluid!balance!in!older!critically!ill! surgical!patients, Am!J!Crit!Care, vol.15, issue.1, p.54964, 2006. ,
! Clinical! review:! the! ABC! of! weaning! failure99a! structured!approach, !Crit!Care.!, vol.14, issue.6, p.245, 2010. ,
??volution des ventilateurs de r??animation, R??animation, vol.17, issue.1, p.12920, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.reaurg.2007.11.015
! Spontaneous! breathing! during!ventilatory!support!improves!ventilation9perfusion!distributions!in!patients!with! acute! respiratory! distress! syndrome, ! Am! J! Respir! Crit! Care! Med, vol.159, issue.4 1, p.124198, 1999. ,
Long9 term!effects!of!spontaneous!breathing!during!ventilatory!support!in!patients!with!acute! lung!injury, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med, vol.164, issue.1, p.4399, 2001. ,
! Patient9ventilator! asynchrony! during! assisted! mechanical! ventilation.! Intensive! Care! Med, pp.1515922-87, 2006. ,
Daily titration of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist using the diaphragm electrical activity, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.112, issue.7, p.1087994, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-011-2209-1
!Neurally! adjusted!ventilatory!assist!improves!patient9ventilator!interaction.!Intensive!Care!Med.! 2011!Feb, p.263971 ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-010-2052-9
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist vs pressure support ventilation in infants recovering from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: Nested study, Journal of Critical Care, vol.29, issue.2, pp.312-195, 2014. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.08.006
Comparison of 3 modes of automated weaning from mechanical ventilation: A bench study, Journal of Critical Care, vol.27, issue.6, pp.741-760, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.12.021
Prospective! randomized! crossover! study! of! a! new! closed9loop! control! system! versus! pressure! support! during! weaning! from! mechanical! ventilation.! Anesthesiology, p.631941, 2013. ,
! Ventilator! modes! used! in! weaning.! Chest, pp.474-483, 2001. ,
Extubation! outcome!after!spontaneous!breathing!trials!with!T9tube!or!pressure!support!ventilation.! The! Spanish! Lung! Failure! Collaborative! Group, ! Am! J! Respir! Crit! Care! Med, vol.156, issue.2, p.459965, 1997. ,
! Clinical! characteristics,! respiratory! functional! parameters,! and! outcome! of! a! two9hour! T9piece! trial!in!patients!weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation, !Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med, vol.158, issue.6, p.1855962, 1998. ,
! Inspiratory! pressure! support! compensates! for! the! additional! work! of! breathing! caused! by! the! endotracheal! tube.! Anesthesiology, p.739945, 1991. ,
Contribution of the Endotracheal Tube and the Upper Airway to Breathing Workload, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.157, issue.1, p.23930, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.96-10057
! Physiological! comparison! of! three! spontaneous! breathing! trials! in! difficult9to9wean! patients.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.117199, 2010. ,
!Prediction!of!minimal!pressure! support!during!weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation.!Chest, p.121599, 1993. ,
Prediction of extubation outcome: a randomised, controlled trial with automatic tube compensation vs. pressure support ventilation, Critical Care, vol.13, issue.1, p.21, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1186/cc7724
Comparisons! of! predictive! performance! of! breathing! pattern! variability! measured! during! T9piece,! automatic! tube! compensation,! and! pressure! support! ventilation! for! weaning! intensive! care!unit!patients!from!mechanical!ventilation.!Crit!Care!Med, p.2253962, 2011. ,
Breathing! pattern! variability:! a! weaning! predictor! in! postoperative! patients! recovering! from! systemic! inflammatory!response!syndrome, !Intensive!Care!Med.!Feb, vol.30, issue.2, p.24197, 2004. ,
!Ventilator!modes:!where!have!we!come!from!and!where!are!we!going?! Chest, p.125698, 2010. ,
! Spontaneous! breathing! trial! needs! to! be! prolonged! in! critically! ill! and! older! patients! requiring! mechanical! ventilation, !Journal!of!Critical!Care.!, vol.27, issue.3, pp.324-343, 2012. ,
!Effect!of!spontaneous! breathing!trial!duration!on!outcome!of!attempts!to!discontinue!mechanical!ventilation.! Spanish! Lung! Failure! Collaborative! Group, ! Am! J! Respir! Crit! Care! Med.! Feb, vol.159, issue.2, p.51298, 1999. ,
Acute! left! ventricular! dysfunction! during! unsuccessful! weaning! from! mechanical! ventilation.! Anesthesiology, p.17199, 1988. ,
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-198808000-00004
! The! effect! of! spontaneous!breathing!on!systemic!interleukin96!during!ventilator!weaning, !Eur!Respir! J, vol.39, issue.3, p.654960, 2012. ,
Bedside! criteria! for! discontinuation! of! mechanical! ventilation.!Chest, p.100295, 1973. ,
Use of weaning protocols for reducing duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ, vol.342, issue.jan13 2, p.7237, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.c7237
Effect!on!the! duration! of! mechanical! ventilation! of! identifying! patients! capable! of! breathing! spontaneously The! relationship! of! 26! clinical! factors! to! weaning! outcome, Am! J! Crit! Care, vol.33521, issue.251, p.5298, 1996. ,
! Discontinuing! mechanical! ventilatory! support.! Chest, p.1049956, 2007. ,
! A! prospective! study! of! indexes! predicting! the! outcome! of! trials!of!weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation, !N!Engl!J!Med, vol.324, issue.21, pp.14459-50, 1991. ,
!Meta9analysis!under!the!spotlight:!focused!on!a!meta9analysis! of!ventilator!weaning, !Crit!Care!Med, vol.36, issue.1, p.197, 2008. ,
Athis! F.! Occlusion! pressure! and! its! ratio! to! maximum! inspiratory! pressure! are! useful! predictors! for! successful! extubation!following!T9piece!weaning!trial.!Chest, p.48299, 1995. ,
Evolution of pattern of breathing during a spontaneous breathing trial predicts successful extubation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.107, issue.3, p.487995, 2010. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-009-1735-6
A prospective, blinded evaluation of indexes proposed to predict weaning from mechanical ventilation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.5, p.83096, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-004-2230-8
!Rapid!shallow!breathing!(frequency9 tidal!volume!ratio)!did!not!predict!extubation!outcome.!Chest.!1994!Feb, p.54093 ,
Airway Occlusion Pressure, ! J! Appl! Physiol!, vol.74, issue.4, p.1475983, 1985. ,
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-79154-3_20
A new integrative weaning index of discontinuation from mechanical ventilation, Critical Care, vol.13, issue.5, p.152, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1186/cc8051
Preliminary Evaluation of a New Index to Predict the Outcome of a Spontaneous Breathing Trial, Respiratory Care, vol.56, issue.10, p.150095, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.4187/respcare.00768
!Bedside!ultrasound! assessment! of! positive! end9expiratory! pressure9induced! lung! recruitment, ! Am! J! Respir! Crit!Care!Med.Feb!, vol.1183, issue.3, p.34197, 2011. ,
Ultrasound assessment of lung aeration loss during a successful weaning trial predicts postextubation distress*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.40, issue.7, p.2064972, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31824e68ae
Current role of emergency ultrasound of the chest*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.4, p.839945, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206d6b8
Sonographic evaluation of the diaphragm in critically ill patients. Technique and clinical applications, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.39, issue.5, p.801910, 2013. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-013-2823-1
Ultrasound evaluation of the paralyzed diaphragm., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.155, issue.5, p.157094, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154859
Failed Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation and Cardiac Dysfunction, Critical Care Research and Practice, vol.365, issue.9, p.173527, 2012. ,
DOI : 10.1161/hc0102.101391
URL : http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/173527
! Changes! in! B9type! natriuretic!peptide!improve!weaning!outcome!predicted!by!spontaneous!breathing!trial, ! Crit!Care!Med, vol.36, issue.5, p.142196, 2008. ,
B9type! natriuretic! peptide! and! weaning! from! mechanical! ventilation, Intensive! Care!Med, vol.32, issue.10, p.1529936, 2006. ,
! Diaphragm! electromyographic!activity!as!a!predictor!of!weaning!failure.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.2017925, 2012. ,
!Electrical!activity!of!the! diaphragm!(EAdi)!as!a!monitoring!parameter!in!difficult!weaning!from!respirator:!a!pilot! study.!Crit!Care, p.182, 2013. ,
Gastric intramucosal pH and intraluminal Pco2 during weaning from mechanical ventilation, Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.1, p.7096, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200101000-00017
Continuous Recordings of Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation during Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation and the Ramifications Thereof, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.158, issue.6, p.176399, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9804056
Post9 extubation! stridor! in! intensive! care! unit! patients.! Risk! factors! evaluation! and! importance!of!the!cuff9leak!test.!Intensive!Care!Med, p.69974, 2003. ,
Weaning! predictors!do!not!predict!extubation!failure!in!simple9to9wean!patients, !J!Crit!Care, vol.27, issue.2, pp.221-198, 2012. ,
! Noninvasive! positive9pressure! ventilation!as!a!weaning!strategy!for!intubated!adults!with!respiratory!failure, !Cochrane! Database!Syst!Rev.!, vol.12, p.4127, 2013. ,
!Effects!of!mechanical!insufflation9 exsufflation!in!preventing!respiratory!failure!after!extubation:!a!randomized!controlled! trial, !Crit!Care.!, vol.16, issue.2, p.48, 2012. ,
Inactivity! and! inflammation! in! the! critically! ill! patient.! Crit! Care! Clin, p.21934, 2007. ,
Management of early mobilisation (including electrostimulation) in adult and pediatric patients in the intensive care unit, R??animation, vol.363, issue.10Suppl, 2013. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s13546-013-0658-y
Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial, The Lancet, vol.373, issue.9678, p.1874982, 2009. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9
!What!is!the!optimal!rate!of!failed!extubation?!Crit! Care, !, vol.16, issue.1, p.111, 2012. ,
Protocolized!versus!non9protocolized!weaning!for!reducing!the!duration!of!mechanical! ventilation! in! critically! ill! adult! patients, ! Cochrane! Database! Syst! Rev.!, issue.5, p.2010 ,
!Mechanical!ventilation!weaning!in!intensive!care!unit:!a!trinomial?! Kinesither!Rev, !, vol.13, issue.143, p.2299, 2013. ,
Multidisciplinary Team Developed and Implemented Protocols to Assist Mechanical Ventilation Weaning: A Systematic Review of Literature, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, vol.16, issue.1, p.5199, 2011. ,
DOI : 10.1111/j.1741-6787.2010.00198.x
! The! Effect! of! a! Mechanical! Ventilation! Discontinuation! Protocol! in! Patients! with! Simple! and! Difficult! Weaning:!Impact!on!Clinical!Outcomes.!Respir!Care, 2013. ,
! Étude! de! faisabilité! d'un! score! kinésithérapique! pré9 extubation, !Kinesither!Rev.!, vol.14, issue.155, p.70976, 2014. ,
!Protocol!weaning! of! mechanical! ventilation! in! medical! and! surgical! patients! by! respiratory! care! practitioners!and!nurses:!effect!on!weaning!time!and!incidence!of!ventilator9associated! pneumonia.!Chest, p.459967, 2000. ,
!SmartCare?versus! non9automated!weaning!strategies!for! weaning! time! in! invasively! ventilated! critically! ill! adults, ! Cochrane! Database! Syst! Rev.!, issue.8, p.2010 ,
! Automated! weaning! and! spontaneous! breathing! trial! systems! versus! non9automated! weaning! strategies! for! discontinuation! time! in! invasively! ventilated! postoperative! adults, ! Cochrane! Database! Syst!Rev.!, vol.2, p.8639, 2014. ,
! protocol9directed!weaning!from!mechanical!ventilation!improves!clinical!outcomes!and! is!well!accepted!by!intensive!care!unit!physicians, !J!Crit!Care, vol.28, issue.4, p.433941, 2013. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.10.012
Respiratory!weakness!is!associated!with!limb!weakness!and!delayed!weaning!in!critical! illness, !Crit!Care!Med, vol.35, issue.9, pp.2007915-91, 2007. ,
Cough Peak Flows and Extubation Outcomes, Chest, vol.124, issue.1, p.26298, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1378/chest.124.1.262
! Variation! in! the! rapid! shallow! breathing! index! associated! with! common! measurement! techniques! and! conditions, ! Respir! Care.!, vol.54, issue.11, pp.1462-1468, 2009. ,
! Interest! of! an! objective! evaluation! of! cough! during! weaning! from! mechanical! ventilation.! Intensive! Care!Med, p.109093, 2009. ,
Noninvasive!positive9pressure!ventilation!for!respiratory!failure!after!extubation, !N!Engl! J!Med, vol.350, issue.24, p.2452960, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1056/nejmoa032736
Noninvasive! ventilation! to! prevent! respiratory! failure! after! extubation! in! high9risk! patients, !Crit!Care!Med, vol.33, issue.11, p.2465970, 2005. ,
! Early! noninvasive!ventilation!averts!extubation!failure!in!patients!at!risk:!a!randomized!trial, ! Am!J!Respir!Crit!Care!Med, vol.173, issue.2, p.164970, 2006. ,
Noninvasive! ventilation! after! early! extubation! in! patients! recovering! from! hypoxemic! acute! respiratory! failure:! a! single9centre! feasibility! study.! Intensive! Care! Med, p.15999606, 2012. ,
! Are! guidelines! for! non9invasive! ventilation!during!weaning!still!valid?!Minerva!Anestesiol, p.92196, 2011. ,
! Effect! of! early! application! of! biphasic! positive! airway! pressure! on! the! outcome! of! extubation! in! ventilator! weaning.! Respirology, p.16195, 1999. ,
! Noninvasive! positive9pressure! ventilation!for!postextubation!respiratory!distress:!a!randomized!controlled!trial, p.3238944, 2002. ,
Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in COPD patients with postextubation hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency, European Respiratory Journal, vol.11, issue.6, p.1349953, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.98.11061349
Prophylactic nasal continuous positive airway pressure after major vascular surgery: results of a prospective randomized trial, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, vol.387, issue.1, p.2196, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00423-002-0281-2
! Continuous! positive! airway! pressure! for! treatment! of! postoperative! hypoxemia:! a! randomized! controlled!trial, p.589995, 2002. ,
!Effects!of!conventional!physiotherapy,! continuous! positive! airway! pressure! and! non9invasive! ventilatory! support! with! bilevel! positive!airway!pressure!after!coronary!artery!bypass!grafting, !Acta!Anaesthesiol!Scand, vol.44, issue.1, p.75981, 2000. ,
!Prophylactic! nasal! continuous! positive! airway! pressure! following! cardiac! surgery! protects! from! postoperative! pulmonary! complications:! a! prospective,! randomized,! controlled! trial! in! 500!patients, p.125299, 2009. ,
!Noninvasive!ventilatory! support!after!lung!resectional!surgery.!Chest, pp.117921-92, 1997. ,
Prophylactic use of noninvasive ventilation in patients undergoing lung resectional surgery, Respiratory Medicine, vol.101, issue.7, p.157298, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.12.002
! Continuous! positive! airway! pressure! via! the! Boussignac! system! immediately! after! extubation! improves! lung! function! in! morbidly! obese! patients! with! obstructive! sleep! apnea!undergoing!laparoscopic!bariatric!surgery.!Anesthesiology, pp.8789-84, 2009. ,
CPAP! in! the! postoperative!period!in!morbidly!obese!patients.!Obes!Surg, p.45296, 2007. ,
Economic! Control! of! Quality! of! Manufactured! Products ,
Indicate! the! study's! design! with! a! commonly! used! term! in!the!title!or!the!abstract! (b)! Provide! in! the! abstract! an! informative! and! balanced! summary!of!what!was!done!and!what!was!found! Introduction! ! Background/rationale! 2! Explain! the! scientific! background! and! rationale! for! the! investigation!being!reported! Objectives! 3! State! specific! objectives,! including! any! prespecified! hypotheses! Methods! ! Study!design! 4! Present!key!elements!of!study!design!early!in!the!paper! Setting! 5! Describe!the!setting,!locations,!and!relevant!dates,!including! periods!of!recruitment,! exposure,!follow9up,!and!data!collection! Participants! 6! (a)!Give!the!eligibility!criteria,!and!the!sources!and!methods! of!selection!of!participants.!Describe!methods!of!follow9up! !(b)!For!matched!studies,!give!matching!criteria!and!number! of!exposed!and!unexposed! Variables! 7! Clearly!define!all!outcomes,!exposures,!predictors,!potential! confounders,!and!effect!modifiers.!Give!diagnostic!criteria,!if! applicable! Data!sources/measurement! ! 8*! For!each!variable!of!interest,!give!sources!of!data!and!details! of! methods! of! assessment! (measurement).! Describe! comparability! of! assessment! methods! if! there! is! more! than! one!group! Bias! 9! Describe!any!efforts!to!address!potential!sources!of!bias! Study!size! 10! Explain!how!the!study!size!was!arrived!at! Quantitative!variables! 11! Explain! how! quantitative! variables! were! handled! in! the! analyses.! If! applicable,! describe! which! groupings! were! chosen!and!why! Statistical!methods! 12! (a)! Describe! all! statistical! methods,! including! those! used! to! control!for!confounding! (b)! Describe! any! methods! used! to! examine! subgroups! and! interactions! (c)!Explain!how!missing!data!were!addressed! (d)! If! applicable,! explain! how! loss! to! follow9up! was! addressed! (e)!Describe!any!sensitivity!analyses! Résults! ! Participants ,
! sans! aucune! discrimination! selon! leur! état! ou! leurs! convictions.! J'interviendrai! pour! les! protéger! si! elles!sont!affaiblies ,
intimité!des!personnes,!je!tairai!les!secrets!qui!me!seront!confiés ,
indépendance! nécessaire! à! l'accomplissement! de! ma! mission.! Je! n'entreprendrai! rien! qui! dépasse! mes! compétences ,
! mes! confrères! m'accordent! leur! estime! si! je! suis! fidèle! à! mes! promesses!;!que!je!sois!déshonoré!et!méprisé!si!j'y!manque, 1996. ,