B. 1. Annemans, L. Spaepen, E. Gaskin, M. Bonnemaire, M. Malier et al., Gout in the UK and Germany: prevalence, comorbidities and management in general practice 2000-2005, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.67, issue.7, pp.960-966, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2007.076232

Y. Zhu, B. Pandya, and H. Choi, Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.16, issue.10, pp.3136-3177, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/art.30520

L. Ga, R. Bs, and I. Ic, Gout in the Maori, Ann Rheum Dis. juin, vol.19, pp.120-125, 1960.

I. Prior and B. Rose, Uric acid, gout and public health in the South Pacific, N Z Med J. mai, vol.65, issue.405, pp.295-300, 1966.

P. Klemp, S. Stansfield, B. Castle, and M. Robertson, Gout is on the increase in New Zealand, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.56, issue.1, pp.22-28, 1997.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.56.1.22

K. Wallace, A. Riedel, N. Joseph-ridge, and R. Wortmann, Increasing prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia over 10 years among older adults in a managed care population, J Rheumatol. août, vol.31, issue.8, pp.1582-1589, 2004.

R. Lawrence, C. Helmick, F. Arnett, R. Deyo, D. Felson et al., Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.42, issue.5, pp.778-99, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/1529-0131(199805)41:5<778::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-V

W. Currie, Prevalence and incidence of the diagnosis of gout in Great Britain., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.38, issue.2, pp.101-107, 1979.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.38.2.101

C. Kuo, M. Grainge, C. Mallen, W. Zhang, and M. Doherty, Rising burden of gout in the UK but continuing suboptimal management: a nationwide population study, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.20, issue.4, pp.661-668, 2015.
DOI : 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204463

E. Arromdee, C. Michet, C. Crowson, O. Fallon, W. Gabriel et al., Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising?, J Rheumatol. nov, vol.29, issue.11, pp.2403-2409, 2002.

A. Elliot, K. Cross, and D. Fleming, Seasonality and trends in the incidence and prevalence of gout in England and Wales 1994-2007, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.68, issue.11, pp.1728-1761, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2008.096693

W. Zhang, M. Doherty, E. Pascual, T. Bardin, V. Barskova et al., EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part I: Diagnosis, Report of a task force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT)

H. Ea, Mechanisms of gout inflammation]. Presse Médicale Paris Fr 1983, sept, vol.40, issue.9, pp.836-879, 2011.

L. Joosten, M. Netea, E. Mylona, M. Koenders, R. Malireddi et al., Engagement of fatty acids with toll-like receptor 2 drives interleukin-1?? production via the ASC/caspase 1 pathway in monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced gouty arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.96, issue.11, pp.3237-3285, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/art.27667

N. Dalbeth and D. Haskard, Mechanisms of inflammation in gout, Rheumatology, vol.44, issue.9, pp.1090-1096, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/keh640

F. Lioté and H. Ea, Recent developments in crystal-induced inflammation pathogenesis and management, Current Rheumatology Reports, vol.111, issue.3, pp.243-50, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11926-007-0039-5

F. Lioté, F. Prudhommeaux, C. Schiltz, R. Champy, A. Herbelin et al., Inhibition and prevention of monosodium urate monohydrate crystal???induced acute inflammation in vivo by transforming growth factor ??1, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.150, issue.7, pp.1192-1200, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/art.1780390718

Y. Shi, A. Mucsi, and G. Ng, Monosodium urate crystals in inflammation and immunity, Immunological Reviews, vol.101, issue.Suppl, pp.203-220, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00851.x

V. Pétrilli and F. Martinon, The inflammasome, autoinflammatory diseases, and gout, Joint Bone Spine, vol.74, issue.6, pp.571-577, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.04.004

F. Martinon, Mechanisms of uric acid crystal-mediated autoinflammation, Immunological Reviews, vol.172, issue.Suppl 1, pp.218-250, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00860.x

N. Dalbeth, B. Pool, G. Gamble, T. Smith, K. Callon et al., Cellular characterization of the gouty tophus: A quantitative analysis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.10, issue.Suppl, pp.1549-56, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/art.27356

N. Dalbeth, T. Smith, B. Nicolson, B. Clark, K. Callon et al., Enhanced osteoclastogenesis in patients with tophaceous gout: Urate crystals promote osteoclast development through interactions with stromal cells, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.168, issue.6, pp.1854-65, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/art.23488

L. Bouchard, R. De-médicis, A. Lussier, P. Naccache, and P. Poubelle, Inflammatory Microcrystals Alter the Functional Phenotype of Human Osteoblast-Like Cells In Vitro: Synergism with IL-1 to Overexpress Cyclooxygenase-2, The Journal of Immunology, vol.168, issue.10, pp.5310-5317, 1950.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5310

W. Zhang, M. Doherty, T. Bardin, E. Pascual, V. Barskova et al., EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee For International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT), Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.65, issue.10, pp.1312-1336, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2006.055269

K. Lin, H. Lin, and P. Chou, Community based epidemiological study on hyperuricemia and gout in Kin-Hu, Kinmen, J Rheumatol. avr, vol.27, issue.4, pp.1045-50, 2000.

E. Campion, R. Glynn, and L. Delabry, Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the normative aging study, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.82, issue.3, pp.421-427, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90441-4

V. Bhole, M. De-vera, M. Rahman, E. Krishnan, and H. Choi, Epidemiology of gout in women: Fifty-two-year followup of a prospective cohort, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.157, issue.Suppl, pp.1069-76, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/art.27338

J. Scott and A. Pollard, Uric acid excretion in the relatives of patients with gout., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.29, issue.4, pp.397-400, 1970.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.29.4.397

B. Emmerson, S. Nagel, D. Duffy, and N. Martin, Genetic control of the renal clearance of urate: a study of twins., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.51, issue.3, pp.375-382, 1992.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.51.3.375

J. Graessler, A. Graessler, S. Unger, S. Kopprasch, A. Tausche et al., Association of the human urate transporter 1 with reduced renal uric acid excretion and hyperuricemia in a German Caucasian population, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.279, issue.1, pp.292-300, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/art.21499

A. Dehghan, A. Köttgen, Q. Yang, S. Hwang, W. Kao et al., Association of three genetic loci with uric acid concentration and risk of gout: a genome-wide association study, The Lancet, vol.372, issue.9654, pp.1953-61, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61343-4

H. Choi, K. Atkinson, E. Karlson, and G. Curhan, Obesity, Weight Change, Hypertension, Diuretic Use, and Risk of Gout in Men, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.165, issue.7, pp.742-750, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.165.7.742

E. Roddy and M. Doherty, Epidemiology of Gout, Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, vol.40, issue.2, p.223, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.001

H. Choi, E. Ford, C. Li, and G. Curhan, Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.363, issue.1, pp.109-124, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/art.22466

P. Richette, T. Bardin, and . Gout, Gout, The Lancet, vol.375, issue.9711, pp.318-346, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01187430

R. Hull, POLYARTICULAR GOUT, The Lancet, vol.333, issue.8647, p.1142, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92422-7

D. Khanna, J. Fitzgerald, P. Khanna, S. Bae, M. Singh et al., 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia, Arthritis Care & Research, vol.59, issue.10, pp.1431-1477, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/acr.21772

D. Khanna, P. Khanna, J. Fitzgerald, M. Singh, S. Bae et al., 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: Therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis, Arthritis Care & Research, vol.64, issue.Suppl, pp.1447-61, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/acr.21773

H. Janssens, M. Janssen, E. Van-de-lisdonk, P. Van-riel, and C. Van-weel, Use of oral prednisolone or naproxen for the treatment of gout arthritis: a double-blind, randomised equivalence trial, The Lancet, vol.371, issue.9627, pp.1854-60, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60799-0

L. Laine, W. White, A. Rostom, and M. Hochberg, COX-2 Selective Inhibitors in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis, Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol.38, issue.3, pp.165-87, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2007.10.004

K. Jordan, J. Cameron, M. Snaith, W. Zhang, M. Doherty et al., British Society for Rheumatology and British Health Professionals in Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout, Rheumatology, vol.46, issue.8, pp.1372-1376, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/kem056a

B. Rubin, R. Burton, S. Navarra, J. Antigua, J. Londoño et al., Efficacy and safety profile of treatment with etoricoxib 120 mg once daily compared with indomethacin 50 mg three times daily in acute gout: A randomized controlled trial, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.63, issue.Suppl 1, pp.598-606, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/art.20007

R. Willburger, E. Mysler, J. Derbot, T. Jung, H. Thurston et al., Lumiracoxib 400 mg once daily is comparable to indomethacin 50 mg three times daily for the treatment of acute flares of gout, Rheumatology, vol.46, issue.7, pp.1126-1158, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/kem090

H. Schumacher, M. Berger, J. Li-yu, F. Perez-ruiz, R. Burgos-vargas et al., Efficacy and Tolerability of Celecoxib in the Treatment of Acute Gouty Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial, The Journal of Rheumatology, vol.39, issue.9, pp.1859-66, 2012.
DOI : 10.3899/jrheum.110916

N. Schlesinger, R. Schumacher, M. Catton, and L. Maxwell, Colchicine for acute gout, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.14, issue.12, p.6190, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD006190

R. Terkeltaub and . Colchicine-update, Colchicine Update: 2008, Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol.38, issue.6, pp.411-420, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2008.08.006

G. Nuki, Colchicine: Its mechanism of action and efficacy in crystal-induced inflammation, Current Rheumatology Reports, vol.21, issue.Suppl1, pp.218-245, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11926-008-0036-3

H. Janssens, P. Lucassen, F. Van-de-laar, M. Janssen, and E. Van-de-lisdonk, Systemic corticosteroids for acute gout, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.8, issue.3, p.5521, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD005521.pub2

A. Gaffo and K. Saag, Are glucocorticoids equivalent to NSAIDs for the treatment of gout flares?, Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, vol.295, issue.1, pp.12-15, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/ncprheum0962

N. Schlesinger, E. Mysler, H. Lin, D. Meulemeester, M. Rovensky et al., Canakinumab reduces the risk of acute gouty arthritis flares during initiation of allopurinol treatment: results of a double-blind, randomised study, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.70, issue.7, pp.1264-71, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2010.144063

H. Schumacher, . Jr, R. Evans, K. Saag, J. Clower et al., Rilonacept (interleukin-1 trap) for prevention of gout flares during initiation of uric acid-lowering therapy: Results from a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, confirmatory efficacy study, Arthritis Care & Research, vol.64, issue.Suppl 3, pp.1462-70, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/acr.21690

K. Rott, C. Agudelo, and . Gout, Gout, JAMA, vol.289, issue.21, pp.2857-60, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.289.21.2857

G. Wolfram and M. Colling, Gesamtpuringehalt in ausgew??hlten Lebensmitteln, Zeitschrift f??r Ern??hrungswissenschaft, vol.41, issue.4, pp.205-218, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02023808

M. Maclachlan and G. Rodnan, Effects of food, fast and alcohol on serum uric acid and acute attacks of gout, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.42, issue.1, pp.38-57, 1967.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90005-8

T. Gibson, A. Rodgers, H. Simmonds, F. Court-brown, E. Todd et al., A controlled study of diet in patients with gout Effect of weight-loss on plasma and urinary levels of uric acid, Ann Rheum Dis. avr, vol.422, issue.27789, pp.1223-1227, 1972.

P. Dessein, E. Shipton, A. Stanwix, B. Joffe, J. Ramokgadi et al., Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and increased proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: a pilot study, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.59, issue.7, pp.3-36, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.59.7.539

A. Markel, Allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome, Isr Med Assoc J IMAJ. oct, vol.7, issue.10, pp.656-60, 2005.

J. Roujeau, Clinical heterogeneity of drug hypersensitivity, Toxicology, vol.209, issue.2, pp.123-132, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tox.2004.12.022

F. Perez-ruiz, A. Alonso-ruiz, M. Calabozo, A. Herrero-beites, G. García-erauskin et al., Efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone for the control of hyperuricaemia. A pathogenic approach to the treatment of primary chronic gout, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.57, issue.9, pp.545-554, 1998.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.57.9.545

H. Schumacher, . Jr, M. Becker, R. Wortmann, P. Macdonald et al., Effects of febuxostat versus allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: A 28-week, phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.45, issue.11, pp.1540-1548, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/art.24209

M. Becker, H. Schumacher, . Jr, R. Wortmann, P. Macdonald et al., Febuxostat Compared with Allopurinol in Patients with Hyperuricemia and Gout, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.353, issue.23, pp.2450-61, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa050373

M. Becker, H. Schumacher, L. Espinoza, A. Wells, P. Macdonald et al., The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial, Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol.12, issue.2, p.63, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/ar2978

J. Sundy, N. Ganson, S. Kelly, E. Scarlett, C. Rehrig et al., Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous PEGylated recombinant mammalian urate oxidase in patients with refractory gout, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol.50, issue.3, pp.1021-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/art.22403

M. Sherman, M. Saifer, and F. Perez-ruiz, PEG-uricase in the management of treatment-resistant gout and hyperuricemia, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol.60, issue.1, pp.59-68, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.addr.2007.06.011

N. Schlesinger, U. Yasothan, P. Kirkpatrick, and . Pegloticase, Pegloticase, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.348, issue.1, pp.17-25, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nrd3349

D. Crittenden and M. Pillinger, New Therapies for Gout, Annual Review of Medicine, vol.64, issue.1, pp.325-362, 2013.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-med-080911-105830

E. Arromdee, C. Michet, C. Crowson, O. Fallon, W. Gabriel et al., Epidemiology of gout: is the incidence rising?, J Rheumatol. nov, vol.29, issue.11, pp.2403-2409, 2002.

E. Cottrell, V. Crabtree, J. Edwards, and E. Roddy, Improvement in the management of gout is vital and overdue: an audit from a UK primary care medical practice, BMC Family Practice, vol.60, issue.572, p.170, 2013.
DOI : 10.3399/bjgp10X483562

C. Man, I. Cheung, P. Cameron, and T. Rainer, Comparison of Oral Prednisolone/Paracetamol and Oral Indomethacin/Paracetamol Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Goutlike Arthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.49, issue.5, pp.670-677, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.11.014

R. Altman, S. Honig, J. Levin, and R. Lightfoot, Ketoprofen versus indomethacin in patients with acute gouty arthritis: a multicenter, double blind comparative study, J Rheumatol. sept, vol.15, issue.9, pp.1422-1428, 1988.

G. Weiner, S. White, R. Weitzner, H. Rubinstein, W. Taylor et al., Double-blind study of fenoprofen versus phenylbutazone in acute gouty arthritis Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol, Arthritis Rheum. avr Arthritis Rheum. août, vol.2264, issue.48, pp.2529-2565, 1979.

G. Lupton and R. Odom, The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol.1, issue.4, pp.365-74, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/S0190-9622(79)70031-4

S. Zykova, H. Storhaug, I. Toft, S. Chadban, T. Jenssen et al., Cross-sectional analysis of nutrition and serum uric acid in two Caucasian cohorts: the AusDiab Study and the Troms?? study, Nutrition Journal, vol.24, issue.283, p.49, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/ajcp/54.1.118

L. Harrold, K. Mazor, D. Peterson, N. Naz, C. Firneno et al., Patients??? knowledge and beliefs concerning gout and its treatment: a population based study, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, vol.72, issue.3, p.180, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/ard.2007.070755