O. Mondiale-de and L. Santé, Aide-mémoire n°360: VIH/sida. Line [Internet] Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre, 2014.

F. Palella, R. Baker, A. Moorman, J. Chmiel, K. Wood et al., Mortality in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.43, issue.1, pp.27-34, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/01.qai.0000233310.90484.16

O. Søgaard, J. Reekie, M. Ristola, D. Jevtovic, I. Karpov et al., Severe bacterial non-aids infections in HIV-positive persons: Incidence rates and risk factors, Journal of Infection, vol.66, issue.5, pp.439-485, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.12.012

S. Deeks and A. Phillips, HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity, BMJ, vol.338, issue.jan26 2, p.3172, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.a3172

A. Kumar, K. Kilaru, S. Sandiford, and S. Forde, Trends in the HIV related hospital admissions in the HAART era in Barbados, 2004???2006, AIDS Research and Therapy, vol.4, issue.1, p.4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1186/1742-6405-4-4

M. Hessamfar, C. Colin, M. Bruyand, M. Decoin, F. Bonnet et al., Severe Morbidity According to Sex in the Era of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy: The ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort, PLoS ONE, vol.54, issue.7, p.102671, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0102671.s001

. Unité-mixte-de-recherche-en-santé-n°943 and . Fhdh-anrs-co4, Retour d'Informations Clinico-Epidémiologiques [Internet] Available from, 2011.

P. Luz, M. Bruyand, S. Ribeiro, F. Bonnet, R. Moreira et al., AIDS and non-AIDS severe morbidity associated with hospitalizations among HIV-infected patients in two regions with universal access to care and antiretroviral therapy, France and Brazil, 2000???2008: hospital-based cohort studies, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.17, issue.3, p.278, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.10.024

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00995889

A. Grulich, M. Van-leeuwen, M. Falster, and C. Vajdic, Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis, The Lancet, vol.370, issue.9581, pp.59-67, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61050-2

R. Weber, C. Sabin, N. Friis-møller, P. Reiss, W. El-sadr et al., Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: the D:A:D study, Arch Intern Med, vol.166, issue.15, pp.1632-1673, 2006.

A. Mocroft, P. Reiss, J. Gasiorowski, B. Ledergerber, J. Kowalska et al., Serious Fatal and Nonfatal Non-AIDS-Defining Illnesses in Europe, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.55, issue.2, pp.262-70, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181e9be6b

V. Musiime, A. Cook, S. Bakeera-kitaka, T. Vhembo, J. Lutakome et al., Bacteremia, Causative Agents and Antimicrobial Susceptibility among HIV-1 Infected Children on Antiretroviral Therapy in Uganda and Zimbabwe, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/INF.0b013e31828c3991

M. Ortega, M. Almela, A. Soriano, F. Marco, J. Martínez et al., Bloodstream infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adult patients: epidemiology and risk factors for mortality, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.4, issue.10, pp.969-76, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-008-0531-5

B. Yehia, J. Fleishman, L. Wilson, P. Hicks, T. Gborkorquellie et al., Incidence of and risk factors for bacteraemia in HIV-infected adults in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV Medicine, vol.17, issue.51(Suppl 2), pp.535-578, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00919.x

R. Kohli, Y. Lo, P. Homel, T. Flanigan, L. Gardner et al., Bacterial pneumonia, HIV therapy, and disease progression among HIV-infected women in the HIV epidemiologic research (HER) study. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am, pp.90-98, 2006.

O. Sogaard, N. Lohse, J. Gerstoft, G. Kronborg, L. Ostergaard et al., Hospitalization for Pneumonia among Individuals With and Without HIV Infection, 1995???2007: A Danish Population???Based, Nationwide Cohort Study, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.47, issue.10, pp.1345-53, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/592692

P. Domingo, I. Suarez-lozano, F. Torres, V. Pomar, E. Ribera et al., Bacterial Meningitis in HIV-1-Infected Patients in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.51, issue.5, pp.582-589, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181adcb01

I. Grau, R. Pallares, F. Tubau, M. Schulze, F. Llopis et al., Epidemiologic Changes in Bacteremic Pneumococcal Disease in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.165, issue.13, pp.1533-1573, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.165.13.1533

S. Kim, Bacterial infection after liver transplantation, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.20, issue.20, pp.6211-6231, 2014.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6211

S. Burguete, D. Maselli, J. Fernandez, and S. Levine, Lung transplant infection. Respirol Carlton Vic, pp.22-38, 2013.

L. Ministère-de, . Santé, and . Des-sports, Arrêté du 28 mai 2010 fixant les conditions de réalisation du diagnostic biologique de l'infection à virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH 1 et 2) et les conditions de réalisation di test rapide d'orientation diagnostique dans les situations d'urgence. J Off Répub Fr, p.10572, 2010.

P. Morlat, Prise en charge médicale des patients vivant avec le VIH Recommandations du groupe d'experts, 2015.

C. Lewden, V. Bouteloup, D. Wit, S. Sabin, C. Mocroft et al., All-cause mortality in treated HIV-infected adults with CD4 ?500/mm3 compared with the general population: evidence from a large European observational cohort collaboration, Int J Epidemiol, vol.41, issue.2, pp.2012433-2012478

H. Collaboration, L. Cain, R. Logan, J. Robins, J. Sterne et al., When to initiate combined antiretroviral therapy to reduce mortality and AIDS-defining illness in HIV-infected persons in developed countries: an observational study, Ann Intern Med, vol.154, issue.8, pp.509-524, 2011.

P. Morlat, Prise en charge médicale des personnes vivant avec le VIH Actualisation 2014 du rapport 2013, 2015.

K. Smith, P. Patel, D. Fine, N. Bellos, L. Sloan et al., Randomized, double-blind, placebo-matched, multicenter trial of abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with lopinavir/ritonavir for initial HIV treatment, AIDS, vol.23, issue.12, pp.1547-56, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832cbcc2

C. Saout, Pour une politique nationale d'éducation thérapeutique du patient [Internet] Available from, 2008.

F. Cazein, L. Strat, Y. Sarr, A. Ramus, C. Bouche et al., Dépistage de l'infection par le VIH en France, Bull Epidémiologique Hebd, pp.32-33534, 2003.

M. Tai, T. Liu, and R. Merchant, Hospitalizations in the United States among HIV-Infected Individuals in Short-Stay Hospitals, 1982 to 2010, Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), vol.6, issue.39, 2015.
DOI : 10.1177/2325957415570742

G. Vallecillo, S. Mojal, M. Torrens, and R. Muga, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Use, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 RNA Suppression, and Medical Causes of Hospitalization Among HIV-Infected Intravenous Drug Users in the Late ART Era. Open Forum Infect Dis, p.10, 2014.

C. Mayaud, A. Parrot, and J. Cadranel, Pyogenic bacterial lower respiratory tract infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, European Respiratory Journal, vol.20, issue.Supplement 36, pp.28-39, 1936.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.02.00400602

N. Benito, A. Moreno, J. Miro, and A. Torres, Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century, European Respiratory Journal, vol.39, issue.3, pp.730-775, 2012.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00200210

L. Segal, B. Methe, A. Nolan, Y. Hoshino, W. Rom et al., HIV-1 and Bacterial Pneumonia in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, vol.8, issue.3, pp.282-289, 2011.
DOI : 10.1513/pats.201006-044WR

M. Kyaw, C. Rose, A. Fry, J. Singleton, Z. Moore et al., The Influence of Chronic Illnesses on the Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Adults, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.192, issue.3, pp.377-86, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/431521

M. Huson, S. Stolp, T. Poll, . Van-der, and M. Grobusch, Community-Acquired Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in HIV-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.58, issue.1, pp.79-92, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cit596

M. Tumbarello, E. Tacconelli, K. Donati, R. Citton, F. Leone et al., HIVassociated bacteremia: how it has changed in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Feb, vol.123, issue.2, pp.145-51, 1999.

K. Popovich, R. Weinstein, A. Aroutcheva, T. Rice, and B. Hota, and HIV: Intersecting Epidemics, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.50, issue.7, pp.979-87, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/651076

G. and C. Aquitaine, La contamination par le virus de l'immunodéfience humaine en Aquitaine en 2012 [Internet]. 2013 Available from: http://www.orsaquitaine .org/upload/publications, 2013.

A. Jahn, S. Floyd, A. Crampin, F. Mwaungulu, H. Mvula et al., Population-level effect of HIV on adult mortality and early evidence of reversal after introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Malawi, The Lancet, vol.371, issue.9624, pp.1603-1614, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60693-5

Y. Abo, A. Minga, H. Menan, C. Danel, T. Ouassa et al., Incidence of serious morbidity in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in a West African care centre, 2003-2008, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.19, issue.18, p.607, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000194808.20035.c1

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00923722

C. Roussillon, S. Hénard, L. Hardel, E. Rosenthal, A. Aouba et al., Causes of death among HIV-infected patients in France en 2010. ANRS EN20 Mortalité, Survey. Bull Epidémiologique Hebd, pp.46-47541, 2010.

K. Tadesse, F. Haile, and N. Hiruy, Predictors of Mortality among Patients Enrolled on Antiretroviral Therapy in Aksum Hospital, Northern Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study, PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.1, p.87392, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0087392.t004

P. Streatfield, W. Khan, A. Bhuiya, N. Alam, A. Sié et al., Cause-specific mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites, Global Health Action, vol.346, issue.1, p.25362, 2014.
DOI : 10.3402/gha.v7.25362

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-01404464

C. Kabudula, S. Tollman, P. Mee, S. Ngobeni, B. Silaule et al., Two decades of mortality change in rural northeast South Africa, Global Health Action, vol.35, issue.69, p.25596, 2014.
DOI : 10.3402/gha.v7.25596

S. Française-de-microbiologie, Comité de l'antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie Available from: http://www.sfmmicrobiologie .org, CASFM_EUCAST_V1_2015.pdf consulté le 17/05, 2015.

G. , C. Aquitaine, A. Cohorte, and . Aquitaine, Système d'information GECSA ? DMI2. Rapport d'activité N°22. Septembre, p.5, 2011.

C. Godet, G. Beraud, and J. Cadranel, Bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients (excluding mycobacterial infection) Rev Mal Respir, pp.1058-66, 2012.

T. Ikegami, K. Shirabe, R. Matono, T. Yoshizumi, Y. Soejima et al., Etiologies, risk factors, and outcomes of bacterial pneumonia after living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transplant Off Publ Am Assoc Study Liver Dis Int Liver Transplant Soc, pp.1060-1068, 2012.

C. Shih, D. Tarng, W. Yang, and C. Yang, Immunosuppressant dose reduction and long-term rejection risk in renal transplant recipients with severe bacterial pneumonia, Singapore Medical Journal, vol.55, issue.7, pp.372-379
DOI : 10.11622/smedj.2014089

W. Krüger, B. Rüssmann, N. Kröger, C. Salomon, N. Ekopf et al., Early infections in patients undergoing bone marrow or blood stem cell transplantation ??? a 7 year single centre investigation of 409 cases, Bone Marrow Transplantation, vol.23, issue.6, pp.589-97, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701614

M. Dettenkofer, S. Wenzler-röttele, R. Babikir, H. Bertz, W. Ebner et al., Surveillance of Nosocomial Sepsis and Pneumonia in Patients with a Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant: A Multicenter Project, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.40, issue.7, pp.926-957, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/428046

J. Meynard, F. Barbut, L. Blum, M. Guiguet, C. Chouaid et al., Risk Factors for Isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Decreased Susceptibility to Penicillin G from Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.22, issue.3, pp.437-477, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/22.3.437

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00597381

Q. Jordano, V. Falcó, B. Almirante, A. Planes, O. Del-valle et al., Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Patients Infected with HIV: Still a Threat in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.38, issue.11, pp.1623-1631, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/420933

M. Hamel, C. Greene, T. Chiller, P. Ouma, C. Polyak et al., Does cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV-associated opportunistic infections select for resistant pathogens in Kenyan adults?, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.79, issue.3, pp.320-350, 2008.

E. Sibanda, I. Weller, J. Hakim, and F. Cowan, Does Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis for HIV Induce Bacterial Resistance to Other Antibiotic Classes?: Results of a Systematic Review, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.52, issue.9, pp.1184-94, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cir067

D. Kumar, A. Humar, A. Plevneshi, K. Green, G. Prasad et al., Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients?10-Year Prospective Population Surveillance, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.173, issue.5, pp.1209-1223, 2007.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2004-2312

D. Kumar, A. Humar, A. Plevneshi, D. Siegal, N. Franke et al., Invasive pneumococcal disease in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a decade of prospective population-based surveillance, Bone Marrow Transplantation, vol.277, issue.8, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705964

E. Varon, C. Janoir, and G. L. Cnrp, Rapport d'activité 2013, 2015.

O. Mondiale-de and L. Santé, Bulletin de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Les antibiotiques sont-ils encore " automatiques " en France? [Internet] Available from: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes, Jan. Report, vol.89891, issue.17, pp.11-03011105, 2011.

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Commission de transparence Available from, 2015.

A. Bénard, P. Mercié, A. Alioum, F. Bonnet, E. Lazaro et al., Bacterial Pneumonia among HIV-Infected Patients: Decreased Risk After Tobacco Smoking Cessation. ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort, 2000???2007, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.1, p.8896, 2000.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0008896.t002

S. Schönwald, J. Begovac, and V. Skerk, Urinary tract infections in HIV disease, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.11, issue.3-4, pp.309-320, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00036-9

S. Debalke, W. Cheneke, H. Tassew, and M. Awol, Urinary Tract Infection among Antiretroviral Therapy Users and Nonusers in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia, International Journal of Microbiology, vol.46, issue.3, p.968716, 2014.
DOI : 10.5580/63e

J. Rice and N. Safdar, Urinary Tract Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.147, issue.Suppl 15, pp.267-72, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02919.x

V. Cattoir and M. Dowzicky, A longitudinal assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility among important pathogens collected as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.) in France between 2004 and 2012, Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, vol.3, issue.1, p.36, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-012-1623-9

W. Abebe, M. Endris, M. Tiruneh, and F. Moges, Prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococci and associated risk factors among clients with and without HIV in Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study, BMC Public Health, vol.123, issue.5, p.185, 2014.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.123.5_suppl.504S

P. Simner, H. Adam, M. Baxter, M. Mccracken, G. Golding et al., Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) in Canadian Hospitals: CANWARD 2007-2013, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015.

A. Moreno, C. Cervera, J. Gavaldá, M. Rovira, R. De-la-cámara et al., Bloodstream Infections Among Transplant Recipients: Results of a Nationwide Surveillance in Spain, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.70, issue.11, pp.2579-86, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00293.x

D. Wininger and R. Fass, Impact of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis on Etiology and Susceptibilities of Pathogens Causing Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Bacteremia, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.46, issue.2, pp.594-601, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.46.2.594-597.2002

M. Tumbarello, K. De-gaetano-donati, E. Tacconelli, R. Citton, T. Spanu et al., Risk factors and predictors of mortality of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in HIV-infected patients, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.50, issue.3, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkf126

M. Cotton, E. Wasserman, J. Smit, A. Whitelaw, and H. Zar, High incidence of antimicrobial resistant organisms including extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusin nasopharyngeal and blood isolates of HIV-infected children from Cape Town, South Africa, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.44, issue.Suppl S2, p.40, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00447-06

M. Larsen, Z. Harboe, S. Ladelund, R. Skov, J. Gerstoft et al., Major but differential decline in the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in HIVinfected individuals from 1995 to 2007: a nationwide cohort study, HIV Med, vol.13, issue.1, pp.45-53, 2012.

J. Mcneil, Staphylococcus aureus – antimicrobial resistance and the immunocompromised child, Infection and Drug Resistance, vol.7, pp.117-144, 2014.
DOI : 10.2147/IDR.S39639

S. Benoit, K. Ellingson, S. Waterman, and M. Pearson, Antimicrobial resistance in eight US hospitals along the US-Mexico border, Epidemiol Infect, p.2014, 2000.

M. Al-hasan, R. Razonable, J. Eckel-passow, and L. Baddour, Incidence Rate and Outcome of Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.55, issue.4, pp.835-878, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02559.x

P. Lister, D. Wolter, and N. Hanson, Antibacterial-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Impact and Complex Regulation of Chromosomally Encoded Resistance Mechanisms, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.22, issue.4, pp.582-610, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00040-09

S. Pneumopathie, 0 Abcès + oedème du pharynx et rhino- pharynx J41