A. L. Steg, Urgence à l'hôpital. Rapport du Conseil économique et social, 1989.

A. Steg, La médicalisation des urgences. Rapports de la Commission nationale de restructuration des urgences, 1993.

G. Barrier, La prise en charge préhospitalière des urgences

D. Gass and L. Curry, Physicians' and nurses' retention of knowledge and skill after training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Can Med Assoc J, vol.128, issue.5, pp.550-551, 1983.

M. Galinski, N. Loubardi, M. Duchossoy, and M. Chauvin, [In-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: medical and paramedical theory skill assessment in an university hospital]. Ann Fr Anesthèsie Rèanimation, pp.179-82, 2003.

R. Hamilton, Nurses' knowledge and skill retention following cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a review of the literature, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol.5, issue.1, pp.288-97, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03491.x

R. Broomfield, A quasi-experimental research to investigate the retention of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills and knowledge by qualified nurses following a course in professional development, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol.18, issue.5, pp.1016-1039, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1996.tb00084.x

C. Madden, Undergraduate nursing students??? acquisition and retention of CPR knowledge and skills, Nurse Education Today, vol.26, issue.3, pp.218-245, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nedt.2005.10.003

J. Nyman and M. Sihvonen, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in nurses and nursing students, Resuscitation, vol.47, issue.2, pp.179-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-9572(00)00226-4

T. Jordan and P. Bradley, A survey of basic life support training in various undergraduate health care professions, Resuscitation, vol.47, issue.3, pp.321-324, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-9572(00)00308-7

E. Tan, K. Hekkert, A. Van-vugt, and J. Biert, First Aid and Basic Life Support: A Questionnaire Survey of Medical Schools in the Netherlands, Teaching and Learning in Medicine, vol.62, issue.2, pp.112-117, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.302.6777.626

M. Saucedo, C. Deneux-tharaux, and M. Bouvier-colle, ??pid??miologie de la mortalit?? maternelle en France, 2007???2009, Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.42, issue.7, pp.613-640, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.06.011

L. Leape and D. Berwick, Five Years After To Err Is Human, JAMA, vol.293, issue.19, pp.2384-90, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.293.19.2384

J. Aronson, Medication errors: definitions and classification, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.67, issue.6, pp.599-604, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03415.x

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723196

L. Ministère-de, . Santé, and . Des-solidarités, Arrêté du 3 mars 2006 relatif à l'attestation de formation aux gestes et soins d'urgence. Journal officiel de la République Française du 10 mars Arrêté du 21 avril, 2006.

D. Circulaire, relative à l'obligation d'obtenir l'attestation de formation aux gestes et soins d'urgence pour l'exercice de certaines professions de santé. 20. Décret n° 2012-565 du 24 avril 2012 relatif à la Commission nationale des formations aux soins d'urgence en situation sanitaire normale et exceptionnelle et aux centres d'enseignement des soins d'urgence, 2010.

D. Circulaire, . Sdo, and . Oa, 38 du 29 juillet 1992 relative au code de déontologie des sages-femmes Bulletin officiel du ministère chargé de la santé n° 92, pp.207-210

C. A. Boneau-granry, J. Moll, and M. , NJ 1998) pp. 51-64. 31. Craighead WE, Nemeroff CB. The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science 1128 p. 32. HAS -Evaluation et Amélioration des pratiques Rapport de la Haute Autorité de Santé. État de l'art (national et international) en matière de pratiques de simulation dans le domaine de la santé Development of simulators in medical education, Portraits of pioneers in psychology, 1991.

H. Barrows, An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. AAMC, Academic Medicine, vol.68, issue.6, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-199306000-00002

K. Hoffman and S. Abrahamson, The ???cost-effectiveness??? of Sim One, Academic Medicine, vol.50, issue.12, pp.1127-1135, 1975.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-197512000-00038

G. Chiniara, Simulation médicale pour acquisition des compétences en anesthésie In: Société française d'anesthésie et de réanimation, Congrès national d'anesthésie et de réanimation 2007. Conférences d'actualisation, pp.41-50, 2007.

A. Ziv, P. Wolpe, S. Small, and S. Glick, Simulation-Based Medical Education, Academic Medicine, vol.78, issue.8, pp.783-791, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-200308000-00006

D. M. Gaba and R. , Interrater Reliability of Performance Assessment Tools for the Management of Simulated Anesthetic Crisis, Anesthesiology, vol.81, issue.SUPPLEMENT, p.1278, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199409001-01277

D. Murray, Clinical Simulation, Anesthesiology, vol.89, issue.1, pp.1-2, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199807000-00002

D. Leclercq, M. Poumay, L. Flint, J. Billi, K. Kelly et al., The 8 Learning Events Model and its principles Release 2005-1 Education in adult basic life support training programs Effectiveness of a 30-min CPR self-instruction program for lay responders: a controlled randomized study. Resuscitation, Ann Emerg Med. Feb, vol.452267, issue.2 21, pp.468-74, 1993.

E. Einspruch, B. Lynch, T. Aufderheide, G. Nichol, and L. Becker, Retention of CPR skills learned in a traditional AHA Heartsaver course versus 30-min video selftraining: a controlled randomized study. Resuscitation, pp.476-86, 2007.

A. Blanié, Evaluation de la formation AFGSU

P. Loisel, AFGSU : que reste-t-il de l'enseignement de la prise en charge d'un ACR 2 ans après? XXVème Colloque national des Centres d'enseignement des soins d'Urgence, 2013.

A. N. , D. C. , F. A. Parnell, M. Larsen, and P. , Evaluation de la satisfaction des stagiaires d'une FGSU au CESU de Lille Poor quality teaching in lay person CPR courses. Resuscitation, pp.271-279, 2007.

I. Hutton, H. Kenealy, and C. Wong, Using simulation models to teach junior doctors how to insert chest tubes: a brief and effective teaching module, Internal Medicine Journal, vol.333, issue.Suppl, pp.887-91, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01586.x

R. Farah, E. Stiner, Z. Zohar, F. Zveibil, and A. Eisenman, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation surprise drills for assessing, improving and maintaining cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills of hospital personnel, European Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol.14, issue.6, pp.332-338, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/MEJ.0b013e328285d6d6

F. Hammond, M. Saba, T. Simes, and R. Cross, Advanced Life Support: retention of registered nurses??? knowledge 18 months after initial training, Australian Critical Care, vol.13, issue.3, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1036-7314(00)70632-1

K. Smith, D. Gilcreast, and K. Pierce, Evaluation of staff's retention of ACLS and BLS skills. Resuscitation, pp.59-65, 2008.

M. Jensen, F. Lippert, R. Hesselfeldt, M. Rasmussen, S. Mogensen et al., The significance of clinical experience on learning outcome from resuscitation training???A randomised controlled study, Resuscitation, vol.80, issue.2, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.10.026

D. Vanpee, M. Frenay, V. Godin, and D. Bédard, Ce que la perspective de l'apprentissage et de l'enseignement contextualisés authentiques peut apporter pour optimaliser la qualité pédagogique des stages d'externat. Pédagogie Médicale, der Vleuten CPM. Effectiveness of clinical rotations as a learning environment for achieving competences. Med Teach, pp.253-66, 2004.

R. Remmen, J. Denekens, A. Scherpbier, I. Hermann, C. Van-der-vleuten et al., An evaluation study of the didactic quality of clerkships, Medical Education, vol.73, issue.6, pp.460-464, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2923.1999.00467.x

D. Heerwegh and G. Loosveldt, Face-to-Face versus Web Surveying in a

R. Butori and B. Parguel, Les biais de réponse : impact du mode de collecte des données et de l'attractivité de l'enquêteur, 2012.

D. Leclercq, La connaissance partielle chez le patient : pourquoi et comment la mesurer. Educ Thérapeutique Patient -Ther Patient Educ, pp.201-212, 2009.

D. Bruttomesso, R. Gagnayre, D. Leclercq, D. Crazzolara, E. Busata et al., The use of degrees of certainty to evaluate knowledge, Patient Education and Counseling, vol.51, issue.1, pp.29-37, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00226-4

M. De-finetti-rosenberg and R. Foshay, The Ability of Different Response and Scoring Methods to Discriminate Levels of Partial Knowledge on a Test Item Strategies for delivering knowledge in the digital age. Perform Improv, pp.50-51, 2002.

M. Ortega, E. Burgun, A. , L. Duff, F. et al., Collaborative environment for clinical reasoning and distance learning sessions, International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol.70, issue.2-3, pp.345-51, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1386-5056(03)00042-X

T. Lison, S. Günther, Y. Ogurol, D. Pretschner, and M. Wischnesky, VISION2003: Virtual learning units for medical training and education, International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol.73, issue.2, pp.165-72, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2003.11.025