K. Poole, P. Mayhew, C. Rose, J. Brown, P. Bearcroft et al., Changing structure of the femoral neck across the adult female lifespan, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.35, issue.3, pp.482-491, 2009.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.090734

B. Riggs, I. Melton, . Iii, R. Robb, J. Camp et al., Population-Based Study of Age and Sex Differences in Bone Volumetric Density, Size, Geometry, and Structure at Different Skeletal Sites, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.75, issue.12, pp.1945-1954, 2004.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.040916

T. Keaveny, D. Kopperdahl, L. Melton, . Iii, P. Hoffmann et al., Age-Dependence of Femoral Strength in White Women and Men, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.25, pp.994-1001, 2010.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.091033

D. Black, S. Greenspan, K. Ensrud, L. Palermo, J. Mcgowan et al., The Effects of Parathyroid Hormone and Alendronate Alone or in Combination in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.349, issue.13, pp.1207-1215, 2003.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa031975

R. Eastell, T. Lang, S. Boonen, S. Cummings, P. Delmas et al., Effect of once-yearly zoledronic acid on the spine and hip as measured by quantitative computed tomography: results of the HORIZON Pivotal Fracture Trial, Osteoporosis International, vol.40, issue.7, pp.1277-1285, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00198-009-1077-9

E. Lewiecki, T. Keaveny, D. Kopperdahl, H. Genant, K. Engelke et al., Once-Monthly Oral Ibandronate Improves Biomechanical Determinants of Bone Strength in Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.94, issue.1, pp.171-180, 2009.
DOI : 10.1210/jc.2008-1807

S. Amin, D. Kopperdhal, L. Melton, . Iii, S. Achenbach et al., Association of hip strength estimates by finite-element analysis with fractures in women and men, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.9, issue.7, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.347

F. Johannesdottir, K. Poole, J. Reeve, K. Siggeirsdottir, T. Aspelund et al., Distribution of cortical bone in the femoral neck and hip fracture: A prospective case-control analysis of 143 incident hip fractures; the AGES-REYKJAVIK Study, Bone, vol.48, issue.6, pp.1268-1276, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2011.03.776

D. Cody, G. Divine, K. Nahigian, and M. Kleerekoper, Bone density distribution and gender dominate femoral neck fracture risk predictors, Skeletal Radiology, vol.29, issue.3, pp.151-161, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002560050585

E. Orwoll, L. Marshall, C. Nielson, S. Cummings, J. Lapidus et al., Finite Element Analysis of the Proximal Femur and Hip Fracture Risk in Older Men, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.24, issue.3, pp.475-483, 2009.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.081201

D. Black, M. Bouxsein, L. Marshall, S. Cummings, T. Lang et al., Proximal Femoral Structure and the Prediction of Hip Fracture in Men: A Large Prospective Study Using QCT, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.21, issue.8, pp.1326-1333, 2008.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.080316

V. Bousson, J. Adams, K. Engelke, M. Aout, M. Cohen-solal et al., In vivo discrimination of hip fracture with quantitative computed tomography: results from the prospective European Femur Fracture Study (EFFECT) Journal of bone and mineral research, pp.881-893, 2011.

X. Cheng, J. Li, Y. Lu, J. Keyak, and T. Lang, Proximal femoral density and geometry measurements by quantitative computed tomography: Association with hip fracture, Bone, vol.40, issue.1, pp.169-174, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.018

P. Mayhew, C. Thomas, J. Clement, N. Loveridge, T. Beck et al., Relation between age, femoral neck cortical stability, and hip fracture risk, The Lancet, vol.366, issue.9480, pp.129-135, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66870-5

K. Poole, P. Mayhew, C. Rose, J. Brown, P. Bearcroft et al., Changing structure of the femoral neck across the adult female lifespan, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.35, issue.3, pp.482-491, 2009.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.090734

T. Thomas, J. Feron, P. Delmas, J. Kaufman, L. Tosi et al., Prise en charge optimale des patients pr??sentant une fracture de fragilit??, Revue de Chirurgie Orthop??dique et R??paratrice de l'Appareil Moteur, vol.92, issue.2, pp.165-174, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-1040(06)75702-6

H. Genant, M. Jergas, and L. Palermo, Comparison of semiquantitative visual and quantitative morphometric assessment of prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in osteoporosis, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.3, issue.3, pp.984-996, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.5650110716

K. Engelke, C. Libanati, T. Fuerst, P. Zysset, and H. Genant, Advanced CT based In Vivo Methods for the Assessment of Bone Density, Structure, and Strength, Current Osteoporosis Reports, vol.20, issue.7, pp.246-255, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s11914-013-0147-2

Y. Kang, K. Engelke, C. Fuchs, and W. Kalender, An anatomic coordinate system of the femoral neck for highly reproducible BMD measurements using 3D QCT, Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol.29, issue.7, pp.533-541, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2005.05.002

Y. Kang, K. Engelke, and W. Kalender, A new accurate and precise 3-D segmentation method for skeletal structures in volumetric CT data, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.22, issue.5, pp.586-598, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2003.812265

Y. Kang, K. Engelke, and W. Kalender, Interactive 3D editing tools for image segmentation, Medical Image Analysis, vol.8, issue.1, pp.35-46, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.media.2003.07.002

?. Lochmu, ?. Mu, . Kuhnv, and E. Lillca, Cannovelclinical densitometric techniques replace or improve DXA in predicting bone strength in osteoporosis at the hip and other skeletal sites?, J Bone Miner Res, vol.18, pp.906-912, 2003.

B. Cummingssr, Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures, The Lancet, vol.341, issue.8837, pp.72-75, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92555-8

D. Marshall, O. Johnell, and H. Wedel, Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures, BMJ, vol.312, issue.7041, pp.1254-1259, 1996.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1254

V. Bousson, J. Adams, K. Engelke, M. Aout, M. Cohen-solal et al., In vivo discrimination of hip fracture with quantitative computed tomography: results from the prospective European Femur Fracture Study (EFFECT) Journal of bone and mineral research, pp.881-893, 2011.

L. Yang, A. Burton, M. Bradburn, C. Nielson, E. Orwoll et al., Distribution of bone density in the proximal femur and its association with hip fracture risk in older men: the MrOS Study Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the, pp.2314-2324, 2012.

B. Riggs, Postmenopausal and Senile Osteoporosis: Current Concepts of Etiology and Treatment, Endocrinologia Japonica, vol.26, issue.Supplement, pp.31-41, 1979.
DOI : 10.1507/endocrj1954.26.Supplement_31

K. Poole, P. Mayhew, C. Rose, J. Brown, P. Bearcroft et al., Changing structure of the femoral neck across the adult female lifespan, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.35, issue.3, pp.482-491, 2009.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.090734

B. Riggs, I. Melton, . Iii, R. Robb, J. Camp et al., Population-Based Study of Age and Sex Differences in Bone Volumetric Density, Size, Geometry, and Structure at Different Skeletal Sites, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.75, issue.12, pp.1945-1954, 2004.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.040916

T. Thomas, J. Feron, P. Delmas, J. Kaufman, L. Tosi et al., Prise en charge optimale des patients pr??sentant une fracture de fragilit??, Revue de Chirurgie Orthop??dique et R??paratrice de l'Appareil Moteur, vol.92, issue.2, pp.165-174, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-1040(06)75702-6

D. Cody, G. Divine, K. Nahigian, and M. Kleerekoper, Bone density distribution and gender dominate femoral neck fracture risk predictors, Skeletal Radiology, vol.29, issue.3, pp.151-161, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002560050585

E. Orwoll, L. Marshall, C. Nielson, S. Cummings, J. Lapidus et al., Finite Element Analysis of the Proximal Femur and Hip Fracture Risk in Older Men, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.24, issue.3, pp.475-483, 2009.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.081201

D. Black, M. Bouxsein, L. Marshall, S. Cummings, T. Lang et al., Proximal Femoral Structure and the Prediction of Hip Fracture in Men: A Large Prospective Study Using QCT, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.21, issue.8, pp.1326-1333, 2008.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.080316

V. Bousson, J. Adams, K. Engelke, M. Aout, M. Cohen-solal et al., In vivo discrimination of hip fracture with quantitative computed tomography: results from the prospective European Femur Fracture Study (EFFECT) Journal of bone and mineral research, pp.881-893, 2011.

X. Cheng, J. Li, Y. Lu, J. Keyak, and T. Lang, Proximal femoral density and geometry measurements by quantitative computed tomography: Association with hip fracture, Bone, vol.40, issue.1, pp.169-174, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.018

J. Reeve, Femoral Neck Trabecular Bone: Loss with Ageing and Role in Preventing Fracture, J Bone Miner Res, 2009.

V. Bousson, B. Le, F. Roqueplan, Y. Kang, D. Mitton et al., Volumetric quantitative computed tomography of the proximal femur: relationships linking geometric and densitometric variables to bone strength. Role for compact bone, Osteoporosis International, vol.217, issue.4, pp.855-864, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00198-006-0074-5

J. Lotz, E. Cheal, and W. Hayes, Stress distributions within the proximal femur during gait and falls: Implications for osteoporotic fracture, Osteoporosis International, vol.27, issue.59A, pp.252-261, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01774015

E. Verhulp, R. Van, and R. Huiskes, Load distribution in the healthy and osteoporotic human proximal femur during a fall to the side, Bone, vol.42, issue.1, pp.30-35, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2007.08.039

G. Holzer, S. Von, L. Holzer, and W. Pichl, Hip Fractures and the Contribution of Cortical Versus Trabecular Bone to Femoral Neck Strength, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.24, issue.3, pp.468-474, 2009.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.081108

K. Poole, P. Mayhew, C. Rose, J. Brown, P. Bearcroft et al., Changing structure of the femoral neck across the adult female lifespan, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.35, issue.3, pp.482-491, 2009.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.090734

K. Bell, N. Loveridge, J. Power, N. Garrahan, M. Stanton et al., Structure of the Femoral Neck in Hip Fracture: Cortical Bone Loss in the Inferoanterior to Superoposterior Axis, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.21, issue.Suppl, pp.111-119, 1999.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.1.111

K. Bell, N. Loveridge, J. Power, N. Garrahan, B. Meggitt et al., Regional differences in cortical porosity in the fractured femoral neck, Bone, vol.24, issue.1, pp.57-64, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00143-4

K. Engelke, V. Bousson, J. Laredo, W. Skalli, J. Adams et al., A new semianthropometric phantom for QCT and DXA of the hip -The European Proximal Femur Phantom (EPFP) Results from the EFFECT study 15th International Bone Densitometry Workshop, 2006.

T. Hangartner and V. Gilsanz, Evaluation of cortical bone by computed tomography, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.198, issue.10, pp.1518-1525, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/jbmr.5650111019

S. Prevrhal, J. Fox, J. Shepherd, and H. Genant, Accuracy of CT-based thickness measurement of thin structures: Modeling of limited spatial resolution in all three dimensions, Medical Physics, vol.15, issue.1
DOI : 10.1118/1.1521940

D. Black, M. Bouxsein, and L. Marshall, Proximal Femoral Structure and the Prediction of Hip Fracture in Men: A Large Prospective Study Using QCT, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.21, issue.8, pp.1326-1333, 2008.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.080316

V. Bousson, L. Bras, A. Roqueplan, and F. , Volumetric quantitative computed tomography of the proximal femur: relationships linking geometric and densitometric variables to bone strength. Role for compact bone, Osteoporosis International, vol.217, issue.4, pp.855-864, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00198-006-0074-5

X. Cheng, G. Lowet, and S. Boonen, Assessment of the strength of proximal femur in vitro: Relationship to femoral bone mineral density and femoral geometry, Bone, vol.20, issue.3, pp.213-218, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(96)00383-3

I. F+, IMO F-(n = 34 valeur p valeur p a FEMUR DMO col (g/cm2) 0