A. Renkema, E. Sips, E. Bronkhorst, and A. Kuijpers-jagtman, A survey on orthodontic retention procedures in the Netherlands, The European Journal of Orthodontics, vol.31, issue.4, pp.432-439, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/ejo/cjn131

Z. Sari, T. Uysal, F. Ba?çiftçi, and O. Inan, Occlusal Contact Changes with Removable and Bonded Retainers in a 1-Year Retention Period, The Angle Orthodontist, vol.79, issue.5
DOI : 10.2319/101608-536.1

R. Little, R. Riedel, and J. Artun, An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from 10 to 20 years postretention, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.93, issue.5, pp.423-431, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0889-5406(88)90102-3

T. Siebert and F. Kalifa, Note de la commission de terminologie, Revue d'Orthop??die Dento-Faciale, vol.49, issue.4
DOI : 10.1051/odf/2015036

R. Moyers, Handbook of orthodontics. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1988.

E. Shapiro, Current orthodontic concepts and techniques, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.70, issue.5, pp.580-582, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(76)90285-2

M. Martin, Conditions requises pour la stabilité à long terme de nos traitements. Rev Orthopédie Dento-Faciale. 1 oct 2015, pp.325-63

J. Philippe, Histoire de l'orthodontie. SID, 2003.

H. Nance, The limitations of orthodontic treatment; diagnosis and treatment in the permanent dentition):253?301. 11. Tweed CH. Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedure, Am J Orthod. mai Am, vol.33, issue.5, 1947.

L. Andrews, The six keys to normal occlusion):296?309. 14. Anaes. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique: Les critères d'aboutissement du traitement d'orthopédie dento-faciale. 2003. 15. Béry A. Obligation de contention... ! Rev Orthopédie Dento-Faciale, Am J Orthod. 1 sept, vol.6246, issue.33, pp.347-60, 1972.

B. Zachrisson, Clinical experience with direct-bonded orthodontic retainers, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.71, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(77)90247-0

L. Graber, R. Jr, and K. Vig, Orthodontics, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.79, issue.1, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(81)90111-1

D. Bearn, Bonded orthodontic retainers: A review, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.108, issue.2, pp.207-220, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70085-4

J. Philippe, La récidive et la contention post-orthodontiques, 2000.

C. Chabre, Récidive et contention, EMC, vol.1, issue.10, 2007.

D. Bettinelli and L. Deblock, Effets du vieillissement sur les arcades dentaires adultes, 179?83. 22. Cretot M, Pujol J. Tendance évolutive des axes dentaires sagittaux entre, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/orthodfr/200475179

J. Philippe, R??cidive orthodontique et d??rive centrip??te, Revue d'Orthop??die Dento-Faciale, vol.23, issue.3
DOI : 10.1051/odf/1989021

. Faciale, 1 sept, pp.317-345, 1989.

J. Kohaut, Le guide ant??rieur???????mouvements et stabilit??, International Orthodontics, vol.12, issue.3, pp.281-90, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ortho.2014.06.012

M. Richardson, Lower arch crowding in the young adult, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.101, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/0889-5406(92)70004-T

D. Orthop, S. Février-bishara, J. Jakobsen, J. Treder, and M. Stasl, Changes in the maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship from early adolescence to early adulthood: A longitudinal study, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. janv, vol.10195, issue.21, pp.132-139, 1989.

P. Sinclair and R. Little, Dentofacial maturation of untreated normals, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.88, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(85)90239-8

G. Carter, M. Jr, and . Ja, Longitudinal dental arch changes in adults, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.114, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70243-4

J. Orthlieb, L. M. Gron, A. Lebret, L. Yen, P. Fröhlich et al., Influence de l'inclinaison sagittale des dents mandibulaires et de l'orientation du plan d'occlusion sur la dérive mésiale des arcades Growth studies of the dentition: a review, 287?94. 30. Moorrees CF, pp.600-616, 1969.

P. Sinclair and R. Little, Maturation of untreated normal occlusions, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.83, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9416(83)90296-8

. Orthod, S. Bishara, J. Treder, P. Damon, and M. Olsen, Changes in the dental arches and dentition between 25 and 45 years of age, 417?22. 33. Bishara SE, Treder JE, Jakobsen JR. Facial and dental changes in adulthood, pp.114-137, 1983.

T. Wallen and R. Riedel, Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment?first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics, 175?86. 34. Little RM, pp.349-65, 1981.

W. Dekock, Dental arch depth and width studied longitudinally from 12 years of age to adulthood):56?66. 36. Björk A, Skieller V. Facial development and tooth eruption. An implant study at the age of puberty, Am J Orthod. juill Am J Orthod. oct, vol.6262, issue.14, pp.339-83, 1972.

F. Schudy, The rotation of the mandible resulting from growth: its implications in orthodontic treatment Incisor uprighting: mechanism for late secondary crowding in the anterior segments of the dental arches, 36?50. 38. Siatkowski RE398?410. 39. Lautrou A. Argumentation du rapport «De la récidive». Orthod Fr. 1 avr, pp.109-120, 1965.

W. Proffit, Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth, 175?86. 41. Mills JR. The stability of the lower labial segment. A cephalometric survey, 1978.

J. Artun, O. Krogstad, and R. Little, Stability of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination: a study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism, Angle Orthod, vol.60, issue.2, pp.99-106, 1990.

C. Melrose and D. Millett, Toward a perspective on orthodontic retention?, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.113, issue.5
DOI : 10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70261-6

K. Reitan, Tissue Rearrangement During Retention Of Orthodontically Rotated Teeth*, Angle Orthod. avril, vol.29, issue.2, pp.105-118, 1959.

K. Reitan, Clinical and histologic observations on tooth movement during and after orthodontic treatment, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.53, issue.10, pp.721-766, 1967.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(67)90118-2

K. Reitan, Principles of retention and avoidance of posttreatment relapse, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.55, issue.6
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(69)90050-5

P. Shapiro, Mandibular dental arch form and dimension, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.66, issue.1, pp.58-70, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(74)90193-6

S. Gardner and S. Chaconas, Posttreatment and Postretention Changes Following Orthodontic Therapy, Angle Orthod. avril, vol.46, issue.2, pp.151-61, 1976.

D. Paquette, J. Beattie, L. Johnston, and L. Johnston, A long-term comparison of nonextraction and premolar extraction edgewise therapy in « borderline » Class II patients The effects of premolar-extraction: a longterm comparison of outcomes in « clear-cut » extraction and nonextraction Class II patients, 257?72. 51. Kahl-Nieke B, Fischbach H, Schwarze CW. Post-retention crowding and incisor irregularity: a long-term follow-up evaluation of stability and relapse, 1992.

J. Artun, J. Garol, and R. Little, Long-term stability of mandibular incisors following successful treatment of Class II, Division 1, malocclusions, Angle Orthod, vol.66, issue.3, pp.229-267, 1996.

M. Dewey, The third molars in relation to malocclusion Kahl-Nieke B, Fischbach H, Schwarze CW. Treatment and postretention changes in dental arch width dimensions?a long-term evaluation of influencing cofactors, Int J Orthod. 1 sept Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. avril, vol.3109, issue.544, pp.368-78, 1917.

B. Broadbent, Ontogenic Development of Occlusion, Angle Orthod. 1 oct, vol.11, issue.4, pp.223-264, 1941.

R. Kaplan, Mandibular third molars and postretention crowding, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.66, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(74)90050-5

A. Ades, D. Joondeph, R. Little, and M. Chapko, A long-term study of the relationship of third molars to changes in the mandibular dental arch, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.97, issue.4, pp.323-358, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0889-5406(90)70105-L

K. Zawawi and M. Melis, The Role of Mandibular Third Molars on Lower Anterior Teeth Crowding and Relapse after Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review, Sci World J. avr, p.6, 2014.

. Anaes, Indications et non-ondications de l'avulsion des troisièmes molaires mandibulaires. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique, 2003.

M. Blake and K. Bibby, Retention and stability: A review of the literature, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.114, issue.3
DOI : 10.1016/S0889-5406(98)70212-4

J. Philippe, De la contention, L'Orthodontie Fran??aise, vol.81, issue.3, pp.221-227, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/orthodfr/2010018

A. Shah, Postretention changes in mandibular crowding: a review of the literature, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.124, issue.3, pp.298-308, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0889-5406(03)00447-5

B. Zachrisson, Long-term experience with direct-bonded retainers: update and clinical advice, J Clin Orthod JCO. déc, vol.41, issue.12, pp.728-765, 2007.

C. Sadowsky, B. Schneider, E. Begole, and E. Tahir, Long-term stability after orthodontic treatment: Nonextraction with prolonged retention, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.106, issue.3, pp.243-252, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70043-5

C. Johnston and S. Littlewood, Retention in orthodontics, 119?22. 66. Graber TM, Vanarsdall, Vig. Orthodontics: current principles and techniques, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.47

J. Philippe, La contention. Rev Orthopédie Dento-Faciale. 1 sept 1993, pp.317-345

G. Lang, G. Alfter, G. Göz, and G. Lang, Retention and Stability ??? Taking Various Treatment Parameters into Account, Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthop??die, vol.63, issue.1, pp.26-41, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00056-002-0036-2

J. Philippe, Maintenir les effets du traitement orthodontique. Rev Orthopédie Dento-Faciale. 1 oct 2015, pp.313-336

G. Parker, Transseptal fibers and relapse following bodily retraction of teeth

A. Histologic-study and F. Bassigny, La contention collée en orthodontie. Rev Orthopédie Dento-Faciale. 1 juin):249?63. 72. Kapila S, Sachdeva R. Mechanical properties and clinical applications of orthodontic wires, 100?9. 73. Renkema A-M, 1972.

O. Mauchamp, Collage et contention, L'Orthodontie Fran??aise, vol.80, issue.2, pp.239-282, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/orthodfr/2009008

S. Ingram, D. Gipe, and R. Smith, Comparative range of orthodontic wires, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.90, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/0889-5406(86)90086-7

M. , R. A. Bronkhorst, E. Katsaros, and C. , Tensile test and interface retention forces between wires and composites in lingual fixed retainers Long-term effectiveness of canine-to-canine bonded flexible spiral wire lingual retainers, Int Orthod Collège Eur Orthod. juin Am J, vol.13, issue.2, 2015.

S. Axelsson and B. Zachrisson, Clinical experience with direct-bonded labial retainers, J Clin Orthod JCO. août, vol.26, issue.8, pp.480-90, 1992.

A. Ardeshna, M. Tacken, J. Cosyn, D. Wilde, P. Aerts et al., Clinical evaluation of fiber-reinforced-plastic bonded orthodontic retainers Glass fibre reinforced versus multistranded bonded orthodontic retainers: a 2 year prospective multi-centre study Failure evaluation after a 6-year retention period: a comparison between glass fiber-reinforced (GFR) and multistranded bonded retainers, 117?23. 81. Bolla E, pp.16-28, 2010.

S. Viennot and C. Pernier, La contention chez l'adulte. Orthod Fr. 1 mars, pp.145-54, 2011.

O. Amundsen and P. Wisth, ???the flossable fixed retainer, Journal of Orthodontics, vol.38, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/0889-5406(88)90102-3

E. Decrucq, T. Devisse, and O. Benhammadi, Les mat??riaux de collage et de scellement, L'Orthodontie Fran??aise, vol.80, issue.1, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/orthodfr/2008032

Y. Kang, J. Kim, J. Kim, P. Won, and J. Nam, Release of bisphenol A from resin composite used to bond orthodontic lingual retainers, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.140, issue.6, pp.779-89, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.04.022

E. Bovali, S. Kiliaridis, and M. Cornelis, Indirect vs direct bonding of mandibular fixed retainers in orthodontic patients: A single-center randomized controlled trial comparing placement time and failure over a 6-month period, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.146, issue.6, pp.701-709, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.08.015

C. Muller, L. Hitmi, F. Roussarie, and J. Attal, M??thode simple et rapide de contention indirecte, 233?8. 89. Edwards JG. A study of the periodontium during orthodontic rotation of teeth, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/orthodfr/2009006

T. Taner, B. Haydar, I. Kavuklu, and A. Korkmaz, Short-term effects of fiberotomy on relapse of anterior crowding, 93?125. 91, pp.617-640, 2000.
DOI : 10.1067/mod.2000.110637

S. Littlewood, D. Millett, B. Doubleday, D. Bearn, and H. Worthington, Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces

L. Boese, Fiberotomy and reproximation without lower retention, nine years in retrospect: part I, Angle Orthod. avr, vol.50, issue.2, pp.88-97, 1980.

R. Little, The Irregularity Index: A quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment, American Journal of Orthodontics, vol.68, issue.5, pp.554-63, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(75)90086-X

J. Årtun, A. Spadafora, P. Shapiro, J. Edelman, and W. Proffit, A 3-year follow-up study of various types of orthodontic canine-to-canine retainers):501?9. 96. Störmann I, Ehmer U. A Prospective Randomized Study of Different Retainer Types Twenty-year follow-up of patients with permanently bonded mandibular canine-to-canine retainers Five-year postretention outcomes of three retention methods--a randomized controlled trial, 70?6. 98. Edman Tynelius G, 1997.

J. Philippe, 50 ans de r??cidive, L'Orthodontie Fran??aise, vol.71, issue.2, pp.87-93, 2000.
DOI : 10.1051/orthodfr/200071087

W. Houston and R. Edler, Long-term stability of the lower labial segment relative to the A-Pog line, The European Journal of Orthodontics, vol.12, issue.3, pp.302-312, 1990.
DOI : 10.1093/ejo/12.3.302

A. Kaji, S. Sekino, H. Ito, and Y. Numabe, Influence of a mandibular fixed orthodontic retainer on periodontal health, Aust Orthod J. mai, vol.29, issue.1, pp.76-85, 2013.

M. Tacken, J. Cosyn, P. Wilde, J. Aerts, E. Govaerts et al., Glass fibre reinforced versus multistranded bonded orthodontic retainers: a 2 year prospective multi-centre study, The European Journal of Orthodontics, vol.32, issue.2, pp.117-140, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/ejo/cjp100

N. Pandis, K. Vlahopoulos, P. Madianos, and T. Eliades, Long-term periodontal status of patients with mandibular lingual fixed retention, The European Journal of Orthodontics, vol.29, issue.5, pp.471-477, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/ejo/cjm042

S. Littlewood, D. Millett, B. Doubleday, D. Bearn, and H. Worthington, Retention 98 procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces

F. Roussarie and G. Douady, Effet indésirable des fils de contention collés : le « syndrome du fil » : 1ère partie. Rev Orthopédie Dento-Faciale, pp.411-437, 2015.

C. Katsaros, C. Livas, and A. Renkema, Unexpected complications of bonded mandibular lingual retainers, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.132, issue.6, pp.838-879, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.07.011

I. Sifakakis, N. Pandis, T. Eliades, M. Makou, C. Katsaros et al., In-vitro assessment of the forces generated by lingual fixed retainers, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.139, issue.1, pp.44-52, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.02.029

S. Kiliaridis, A. Johansson, T. Haraldson, R. Omar, and G. Carlsson, Craniofacial morphology, occlusal traits, and bite force in persons with advanced occlusal tooth wear, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.107, issue.3, pp.286-92, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0889-5406(95)70144-3

S. Kiliaridis, H. Kjellberg, B. Wenneberg, and C. Engström, The relationship between maximal bite force, bite force endurance, and facial morphology during growth: A cross-sectional study, Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, vol.5, issue.5, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9416(80)90106-2

P. Pazera, P. Fudalej, and C. Katsaros, Severe complication of a bonded mandibular lingual retainer, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.142, issue.3, pp.406-415, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.01.019

M. Farret, M. Farret, L. Da, G. Vieira, J. Assaf et al., Orthodontic treatment of a mandibular incisor fenestration resulting from a broken retainer, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.148, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.04.027

F. Roussarie and F. Benkimoun, Collage en vision directe d'une contention indirecte. L'orthodontiste, pp.14-22, 2014.

K. Al-nimri, A. Habashneh, R. Obeidat, and M. , Gingival health and relapse tendency: a prospective study of two types of lower fixed retainers, Aust Orthod J. nov, vol.25, issue.2, pp.142-148, 2009.

T. Taner and M. Aksu, A prospective clinical evaluation of mandibular lingual retainer survival, The European Journal of Orthodontics, vol.34, issue.4, pp.470-474, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/ejo/cjr038

D. Foek, M. Özcan, G. Verkerke, A. Sandham, and P. Dijkstra, Survival of flexible, braided, bonded stainless steel lingual retainers: a historic cohort study

E. Rose, S. Frucht, and I. Jonas, Clinical comparison of a multistranded wire and a direct-bonded polyethylene ribbon-reinforced resin composite used for lingual retention, Quintessence Int Berl Ger sept, vol.33, issue.8, pp.579-83, 1985.

P. Salehi, Z. Najafi, H. Roeinpeikar, and S. , Comparison of survival time between two types of orthodontic fixed retainer: a prospective randomized clinical trial, Progress in Orthodontics, vol.14, issue.1, p.25, 2013.
DOI : 10.1186/2196-1042-14-25

A. Scribante, M. Sfondrini, S. Broggini, D. Allocco, M. Gandini et al., Efficacy of Esthetic Retainers: Clinical Comparison between Multistranded Wires and

M. Sfondrini, D. Fraticelli, L. Castellazzi, A. Scribante, and P. Gandini, Clinical evaluation of bond failures and survival between mandibular canine-to-canine retainers made of flexible spiral wire and fiber-reinforced composite, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, vol.6, issue.2, pp.145-154, 2014.
DOI : 10.4317/jced.51379

A. Iliadi, D. Kloukos, N. Gkantidis, C. Katsaros, and N. Pandis, Failure of fixed orthodontic retainers: A systematic review, Journal of Dentistry, vol.43, issue.8, pp.876-96, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.05.002

E. Liou, L. Chen, and C. Huang, Nickel-titanium mandibular bonded lingual 3-3 retainer: For permanent retention and solving relapse of mandibular anterior crowding, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol.119, issue.4, pp.443-452, 2001.
DOI : 10.1067/mod.2001.111397