.. Descriptif-des-données-obstétricales-et-néonatales, 85 1.1.2.2 Examens complémentaires, p.86

F. Etude-du-paramètre, Longueur fémorale : quel seuil adopter et intérêt des courbes personnalisées, p.126

C. Et-limites-de-l-'étude and .. , Les données de notre population : une population à risque ?, p.129

C. Sureau and R. Henrion, Rapport du comité national technique de l'échographie de dépistage prénatal, 2005.

E. Simon, K. Perruche, C. Arthuis, V. Denais, and F. Perrotin, Combien d'échographies pour le suivi des grossesses à bas risque ? Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertil, pp.8-13, 2014.

J. Lansac, Rapport du comité national technique de l'échographie de dépistage prénatal Available from: URL: http

P. Bourgeot and Y. Robert, Échographie du premier trimestre. EMC -Radiol, Feb, vol.1, issue.1, pp.68-97, 2004.

B. Guerin-de-masgenêt, Etude de la croissance et de la vitalité foetale

B. Whitlow, I. Chatzipapas, and D. Economides, The effect of fetal neck position on nuchal translucency measurement, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol.103, issue.8, pp.872-878, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1996.08030192.x

B. Broussin and M. Sarramon, La clarté nucale : technique de mesure et signification, J Radiol, vol.83, pp.1891-1898, 2002.

A. Souka, R. Snijders, A. Novakov, W. Soares, and K. Nicolaides, Defects and syndromes in chromosomally normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency thickness at 10-14 weeks of gestation, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.11, issue.6, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1998.11060391.x

H. Cuckle and I. Sehmi, Calculating correct Down's syndrome risks, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol.14, issue.4, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1997.10060381.x

R. Snijders, P. Noble, N. Sebire, A. Souka, and K. Nicolaides, UK multicentre project on assessment of risk of trisomy 21 by maternal age and fetal nuchal-translucency thickness at 10???14 weeks of gestation, The Lancet, vol.352, issue.9125, pp.343-349, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11280-6

S. Kessler, Clarté nucale : technique de mesure. Imag Femme, pp.153-159, 2008.

R. Napolitano, J. Dhami, E. Ohuma, C. Ioannou, A. Conde-agudelo et al., Pregnancy dating by fetal crown-rump length: a systematic review of charts, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.38, issue.5, pp.556-65
DOI : 10.1111/1471-0528.12478

H. Robinson and J. Fleming, A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF SONAR "CROWN-RUMP LENGTH" MEASUREMENTS, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol.4, issue.9, pp.702-712, 1975.
DOI : 10.1002/aja.1000230206

J. Wisser, P. Dirschedl, and S. Krone, Estimation of gestational age by transvaginal sonographic measurement of greatest embryonic length in dated human embryos, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.4, issue.6, pp.457-62, 1994.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1994.04060457.x

V. Lavoué, C. Huchon, X. Deffieux, M. Voltzenlogel, L. Vandenbroucke et al., Recommandations fran??aises pour les crit??res diagnostiques d???arr??t de grossesse au premier trimestre et strat??gie de prise en charge des patientes pr??sentant une menace de fausse couche ou une grossesse arr??t??e (hors ??vacuation ut??rine), Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.43, issue.10, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgyn.2014.09.012

J. Queenan, O. Brien, G. Campbell, and S. , Ultrasound measurement of fetal limb bones, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.138, issue.3, pp.297-302, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9378(80)90252-5

D. Altman and L. Chitty, New charts for ultrasound dating of pregnancy, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.10, issue.3, pp.174-91, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1997.10030174.x

C. Hohler and T. Quetel, Fetal femur length: Equations for computer calculation of gestational age from ultrasound measurements, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.143, issue.4, pp.479-81, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90094-1

F. Hadlock, R. Harrist, R. Deter, and S. Park, Fetal femur length as a predictor of menstrual age: sonographically measured, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol.138, issue.5, pp.875-883, 1982.
DOI : 10.2214/ajr.138.5.875

J. Créquat, M. Duyme, and G. Brodaty, Fetal growth charts by the French College of fetal ultrasonography and the Inserm U 155]. Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertil, 2000.

T. Shipp, B. Bromley, M. Mascola, and B. Benacerraf, Variation in fetal femur length with respect to maternal race., Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol.20, issue.2, pp.141-145, 2001.
DOI : 10.7863/jum.2001.20.2.141

K. Ruvolo, R. Filly, and P. Callen, Evaluation of fetal femur length for prediction of gestational age in a racially mixed obstetric population., Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol.6, issue.8, 1987.
DOI : 10.7863/jum.1987.6.8.417

L. Salomon, M. Duyme, J. Crequat, G. Brodaty, C. Talmant et al., French fetal biometry: reference equations and comparison with other charts, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.57, issue.2, pp.193-201, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/uog.2733

S. Viaux-savelon, O. Rosenblum, P. Mazet, M. Dommergues, and D. Cohen, La surveillance ??chographique pr??natale des??grossesses ????suspicion de??malformation: ??tude du??retentissement sur??les??repr??sentations maternelles, Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, vol.55, issue.7, pp.413-436, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurenf.2007.07.022

O. Picone, F. Fuchs, M. Sénat, S. Brisset, G. Tachdjian et al., Évaluation de l'amniocentèse au troisième trimestre pour le dépistage des anomalies chromosomiques chez les patientes n'acceptant pas le risque de perte foetale. Rev Sage-Femme, pp.261-268, 2008.

M. Renna, Sonographic markers for early diagnosis of fetal malformations, World Journal of Radiology, vol.5, issue.10, p.356, 2013.
DOI : 10.4329/wjr.v5.i10.356

S. Saltvedt and H. Almström, Fetal loss rate after second trimester amniocentesis at different gestational age, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, vol.78, issue.1, pp.10-14, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/j.1600-0412.1999.780104.x

R. Levy, J. Arfi, and F. Daffos, Techniques de prélèvements foetaux. Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertil, pp.550-555, 2003.

A. Tabor, J. Philip, M. Madsen, J. Bang, E. Obel et al., RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF GENETIC AMNIOCENTESIS IN 4606 LOW-RISK WOMEN, The Lancet, vol.327, issue.8493, pp.1287-93, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91218-3

D. Jesus, I. Simon, E. Potin, J. Arlicot, C. Perrotin et al., Facteurs prédictifs de tolérance foetale à la cordocentèse : étude rétrospective monocentrique. Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertil, 2012.

C. Tangshewinsirikul, C. Wanapirak, W. Piyamongkol, S. Sirichotiyakul, and T. Tongsong, Effect of cord puncture site in cordocentesis at mid-pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol.11, issue.1, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/pd.2790

K. Goetzinger, A. Cahill, G. Macones, and A. Odibo, Isolated short femur length on secondtrimester sonography: a marker for fetal growth restriction and other adverse perinatal outcomes, J Ultrasound Med Off J Am Inst Ultrasound Med, vol.31, issue.12, pp.1935-1976, 2012.

N. Vermeer and M. Bekker, Association of isolated short fetal femur with intrauterine growth restriction, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol.65, issue.4, pp.365-70
DOI : 10.1002/pd.4068

A. Papageorghiou, N. Fratelli, K. Leslie, A. Bhide, and B. Thilaganathan, Outcome of fetuses with antenatally diagnosed short femur, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.285, issue.5, pp.507-518, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/uog.5265

J. Gardosi, A. Chang, and B. Kalyan, Customised antenatal growth charts, The Lancet, vol.339, issue.8788, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91342-6

G. Mandruzzato, A. Antsaklis, F. Botet, F. Chervenak, F. Figueras et al., Intrauterine restriction (IUGR), Journal of Perinatal Medicine, vol.36, issue.4, pp.277-81, 2008.
DOI : 10.1515/JPM.2008.050

J. Miller, S. Turan, and A. Baschat, Fetal Growth Restriction, Seminars in Perinatology, vol.32, issue.4, pp.274-80, 2008.
DOI : 10.1053/j.semperi.2008.04.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01351893

A. Ghidini and A. Locatelli, Monitoring of Fetal Well-Being: Role of Uterine Artery Doppler, Seminars in Perinatology, vol.32, issue.4, pp.258-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1053/j.semperi.2008.04.019

W. Ventura, J. Huaman, C. Nazario, J. Ingar, E. Huertas et al., Perinatal outcomes after sonographic detection of isolated short femur in the second trimester, Journal of Clinical Ultrasound, vol.80, issue.2, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/jcu.20889

B. Weisz, A. David, L. Chitty, D. Peebles, P. Pandya et al., Association of isolated short femur in the mid-trimester fetus with perinatal outcome, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.135, issue.5, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/uog.5349

L. Salomon and V. Malan, Bilan ??tiologique du retard de croissance intra-ut??rin (RCIU), Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.42, issue.8, pp.929-969, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.09.016

S. Chauhan, L. Gupta, N. Hendrix, and V. Berghella, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Intrauterine growth restriction: comparison of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists practice bulletin with other national guidelines, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2009.

K. Mar?ál, Obstetric management of intrauterine growth restriction, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.23, issue.6, pp.857-70, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.08.011

F. Figueras and J. Gardosi, Intrauterine growth restriction: new concepts in antenatal surveillance, diagnosis, and management, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.204, issue.4, pp.288-300, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.08.055

S. Cnattingius, B. Haglund, and M. Kramer, Differences in late fetal death rates in association with determinants of small for gestational age fetuses: population based cohort study, BMJ, vol.316, issue.7143, pp.1483-1490, 1998.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.316.7143.1483

B. Clausson, J. Gardosi, A. Francis, and S. Cnattingius, Perinatal outcome in SGA births defined by customised versus population-based birthweight standards, BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol, 2001.

L. Salomon and V. Malan, Bilan ??tiologique du retard de croissance intra-ut??rin (RCIU), Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.42, issue.8, pp.929-969, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.09.016

A. Superti-furga and S. Unger, Nosology Group of the International Skeletal Dysplasia Society. Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2006 revision, Am J Med Genet A, 2007.

P. Maroteaux, Les maladies osseuses de l'enfant, 3e éd, 1995.

P. Richette, T. Bardin, and C. L. Stheneur, L???achondroplasie??: du g??notype au ph??notype, Revue du Rhumatisme, vol.75, issue.5, pp.405-416, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rhum.2007.06.011

P. Modaff, V. Horton, and R. Pauli, ERRORS IN THE PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF CHILDREN WITH ACHONDROPLASIA, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol.60, issue.6, pp.525-555, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199606)16:6<525::AID-PD909>3.0.CO;2-N

Z. Vajo, C. Francomano, and D. Wilkin, The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Disorders: The Achondroplasia Family of Skeletal Dysplasias, Muenke Craniosynostosis, and Crouzon Syndrome with Acanthosis Nigricans, Endocrine Reviews, vol.21, issue.1, pp.23-39, 2000.
DOI : 10.1210/er.21.1.23

Y. Li, G. Page-christiaens, J. Gille, W. Holzgreve, and S. Hahn, Non-invasive prenatal detection of achondroplasia in size-fractionated cell-free DNA by MALDI-TOF MS assay, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol.131, issue.1, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/pd.1608

T. Trotter and J. Hall, Health Supervision for Children With Achondroplasia, PEDIATRICS, vol.116, issue.3, pp.771-83, 2005.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2005-1440

J. Morales-roselló, P. Llorens, and N. , Outcome of Fetuses with Diagnosis of Isolated Short Femur in the Second Half of Pregnancy, ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.177, issue.4, p.268218, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.a.31177

L. Orphanet and . Le, portail des maladies rares et des médicaments orphelins www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp

P. Rozenberg, Dépistage de la trisomie 21 par échographie. Immuno-Anal Biol Spéc, 2005.

N. Wald, H. Cukle, J. Densem, K. Nanchahal, P. Royston et al., Maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome in ea

J. Szabó and J. Gellén, Nuchal fluid accumulation in trisomy-21 detected by vaginosonography in first trimester, The Lancet, vol.336, issue.8723, p.1133, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92614-N

R. Gupta, R. Thomas, V. Sreenivas, S. Walter, and J. Puliyel, Ultrasonographic Femur-Tibial Length Ratio: A Marker of Down Syndrome from the Late Second Trimester, American Journal of Perinatology, vol.18, issue.04, 2001.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2001-15500

P. Viossat, C. Cans, D. Marchal-andré, M. Althuser, T. Tomasella et al., Quelle est la place des signes d???appels ??chographiques dits ?? mineurs ?? dans le d??pistage pr??natal de la trisomie 21 au 2e trimestre de la grossesse ?, Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.34, issue.3, pp.215-246, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0368-2315(05)82740-1

F. Muller, Dépistage de la trisomie 21 par les marqueurs sériques. EMC -Gynécologie- Obstétrique, pp.209-225, 2005.

I. Merkatz, H. Nitowsky, J. Macri, and W. Johnson, An association between low maternal serum ??-fetoprotein and fetal chromosomal abnormalities, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.148, issue.7, pp.886-94, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9378(84)90530-1

P. Rozenberg, L. Bussières, and L. Senat, D??pistage de??la??trisomie 21??en France: le??consensus??du??pire, Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.36, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgyn.2006.12.021

T. Rousseau, E. Amar, C. Ferdynus, C. Thauvin-robinet, J. Gouyon et al., Variations de pr??valence de la trisomie 21??en population fran??aise entre 1978??et 2005, Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.39, issue.4, pp.290-296, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgyn.2010.03.008

C. Cunningham, Families of children with Down syndrome, Down Syndrome Research and Practice, vol.4, issue.3, pp.87-95, 1996.
DOI : 10.3104/perspectives.66

R. Shojai, L. Boubli, and C. Ercole, Les fondements du pronostic en médecine prénatale : exemple de la trisomie 21. Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertil, pp.7-8514, 2005.

. Orphanet, le portail des maladies rares et des médicaments orphelins www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp

F. Vos, E. A. De-jong-pleij, M. Bakker, E. Tromp, G. Manten et al., Fetal facial profile markers in second and third trimester trisomy 18 fetuses, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol Off J Int Soc Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2014.

. Callen, Ultrasonography in obstetrics and Gynecology-5ème éditition-Saunders Elsevier, 2008.

J. Gekas, S. Langlois, V. Ravitsky, F. Audibert, D. Van-den-berg et al., Identification of trisomy 18, trisomy 13, and Down syndrome from maternal plasma, The Application of Clinical Genetics, vol.7, pp.127-158, 2014.
DOI : 10.2147/TACG.S35602

D. Gaillard and G. Alanio, Pathologie foetale et placentaire pratique ouvrage collectif de la société française de fo

B. Benacerraf, Uktrasound of foetal syndromes. Second édition, Chruchill Linvingston Elsvier, vol.495, p.490, 2008.

E. Hurley, S. Krishnan, L. Parton, and A. Dozor, Differences in perspective on prognosis and treatment of children with trisomy 18, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, vol.20, issue.10, pp.2551-2557, 2014.
DOI : 10.1002/ajmg.a.36687

A. Delbaere and Y. Englert, Syndrome de Turner et don d'ovocytes. Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertil, pp.970-978, 2002.

S. Cabrol and . Le-syndrome-de-turner, Le syndrome de??Turner??????Cet article est publi?? en??partenariat avec??Orphanet et??disponible sur??le??site www.orpha.net. ?? 2007 Orphanet. Publi?? par??Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits r??serv??s., Annales d'Endocrinologie, vol.68, issue.1, pp.2-9, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ando.2006.12.002

S. Cabrol, C. Saab, and M. Gourmelen, Syndrome de Turner: croissance staturopond??rale et maturation osseuse spontan??es, Archives de P??diatrie, vol.3, issue.4, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0929-693X(96)84683-5

M. Cement-jones, S. Schiller, and S. Rao, The short stature homeobax gene SHOX is involved in skeletal abnormalities

G. Conway, Considerations for transition from paediatric to adult endocrinology: women with Turner's syndrome, Growth Hormone & IGF Research, vol.14
DOI : 10.1016/j.ghir.2004.03.018

M. Elsheik, D. Dunger, and G. Conway, Turner's syndrome in the alduthood, Endocr Rev, vol.23, pp.120-160, 2002.

. Orphanet, le portail des maladies rares et des médicaments orphelins, www.opha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp

M. Albouy-llaty, O. Thiebaugeorges, and V. Goua, Inflence of fetal and parental factors on intrauterine growth measurmen

B. Pierce, E. Hancock, C. Kovac, P. Napolitano, R. Hume et al., Influence of gestational age and maternal height on fetal femur length calculations, Obstet Gynecol, vol.97, issue.5, pp.742-748, 2001.

D. Carvalho, A. Carvalho, J. Figueiredo, I. Velarde, L. Marchiori et al., Association of midtrimester short femur and short humerus with fetal growth restriction, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol.115, issue.2
DOI : 10.1002/pd.4020

A. Vimercati, M. Panzarino, I. Totaro, A. Chincoli, and L. Selvaggi, Increased nuchal translucency and short femur length as possible early signs of osteogenesis imperfecta type III, Journal of Prenatal Medicine, 2013.
DOI : 10.11138/jpm/2013.7.1.005

R. Kataguiri, M. , A. Júnior, E. , S. Bussamra et al., Influence of Second-Trimester Ultrasound Markers for Down Syndrome in Pregnant Women of Advanced Maternal Age, Journal of Pregnancy, vol.23, issue.7, p.785730, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.08.036

T. Özlü and T. Ozcan, Fetal isolated short femur in the second trimester and adverse pregnancy outcomes, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol.152, issue.11, pp.1063-1072, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/pd.4197

J. Gardosi, Customized Growth Curves, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.40, issue.4, pp.715-737, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00003081-199712000-00005

D. Altman and L. Chitty, Charts of fetal size: 1. Methodology, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol.10, issue.1, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13006.x

K. Sferlazzo, Mort foetale in utero et l'après mort foetale communication journée de techniques avancées, 2001.

E. Sheridan, J. Wright, N. Small, P. Corry, S. Oddie et al., Risk Factors for Congenital Anomaly in a Multiethnic Birth Cohort, Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, vol.69, issue.2, pp.1350-1359, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ogx.0000444677.89257.bb

A. Bittles, Consanguinity in context ( Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology), 2012.

P. Lavand-'homme, Anesthésie pour interruption médicale de grossesse. Prat En Anesth Réanimation, pp.315-324, 2011.

J. Laperrelle, M. Senat, O. Picone, H. Fernandez, and R. Frydman, ??valuation de la pratique de l???amniocent??se sur le r??seau sud-ouest francilien pendant l???ann??e 2003, Journal de Gyn??cologie Obst??trique et Biologie de la Reproduction, vol.37, issue.2, pp.135-177, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jgyn.2007.09.007

L. Kinlen and E. Acheson, Diagnostic irradiation, congenital malformations and spontaneous abortion, The British Journal of Radiology, vol.41, issue.489, pp.648-54, 1968.
DOI : 10.1259/0007-1285-41-489-648

P. Deruelle, J. Lepage, S. Depret, and E. Clouqueur, Mode de déclenchement du travail et conduite du travail en cas d'utérus cicatriciel. Rev Sage-Femme, Feb, vol.12, issue.1, pp.25-39, 2013.