K. , D. Kna, D. /. , D. /. Nn-kna, and D. , Political Records: Historical and Customs, PRIMARY SOURCES a) Archival Documents KNA, DC/EN 1/1 Elgon Nyanza District Annual Report Elgon Nyanza District Annual Report Elgon Nyanza District Annual Report DC/NN 1/2 North Kavirondo District Annual Report DC/NN 1/3 North Kavirondo District Annual Report DC/NN 1/4 North Kavirondo District Annual Report, 1917.

K. , D. Kna, D. Kna, D. /. Nn-kna, D. Kna et al., 1 North Nyanza Handing over Reports North Nyanza I-landing over Reports, DC/NN 2/2 North Nyanza Handing over Reports DC/NN 2/7 North Nyanza Handing over Reports DC/NN 2/11 North Nyanza Handing over Reports14 North Nyanza Handing over Reports16 North Nyanza Handing over Reports Political Records: Notes on some Customs and Shackleton, D.O, 1931.

K. and D. /. Nn, 2-20 Political Records: Local Native Council 1925-1931 KNA, DC, Political Records: North Kavirondo Historical Customs of Kakalewa Location, vol.32, issue.1, pp.1908-1916

K. , D. Kna, and D. /. Nn, The African Soldier Speaks1 Religions, Sects and Political Associations 1926-1940 KNA, DC/NN 101115 Dini Ya Msambwa, 1946-1949 KNA, DC/TN 3/1 Dini Ya Msambwa and its Customs, NZA 1/16 Nyanza Province Annual Report, p.255, 1908.

K. Republic, Bungoma District Development Plan: Government Printer, 1997 "A Political Economy of Buluyia, 1900.

D. Berg-schlosser, The Social and Economic Bases of Politics in Kenya

B. J. Berman, Administration and Politics in Colonial Kenya, 1974.

F. C. Bode, Leadership and Politics Among the Baluyia of Kenya, pp.1894-1963, 1978.

E. C. Burt, Towards an Art History of the Baluyia of Western Kenya, 1980.

J. M. Chikati, The Biography of Chief Musa Namutala 1930-1973, 1988.

J. N. Crowley, Colonial Policy and Nationalism in Kenya 1952-1963, Ph.D Dissertation, 1967.

J. R. Dealing, Politics in Wanga, Kenya C.1650 to 1914, Ph.D Dissertation, 1974.

D. Wolf and J. L. , Religious Innovation and Social Change Among the Bukusu, Ph.D Dissertation, 1971.

E. A. Gimode, Culture and History: The Religious Experience of the Avalogoli, C. 1850-1945, 1993.

S. Kay, The Southern Abaluyia, the Friends' African Mission and the Development of Educaiton in Western Kenya, 1902-1965, 1973.

K. Kinyanjui, The Political Economy of Educational Inequality: A Study of the Roots of Educational Inequality in colonial and Post-colonial Kenya, 1979.

K. P. Lohrentz, The Politics of Educational Development in Central and Southern North Nyanza, 1904.

J. M. Lonsdale, A Political History of Nyanza, 1883-1945, 1964.

M. J. Merrit, a Study of Change in the Circumcision Rituals AmOng the Abaluyia of Bungorna and Kakamega Districts of Western Kenya Since 1910 A.D, 1976.

J. K. Momanyi, Politics and Nationalism in Colonial Kenya: The case of the Abagusii C. 1939-1963, 1996.

G. R. Murunga, The Evolution of Mumias into an Urban Centre to circa, 1940.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/dumas-01302363

M. Nabiswa and . Wasike, The Role of the Friends Africa Mission in the Development of Secondary Education in Western Kenya: The Case of Friends School Karnusinga, 1950.

K. A. Nangulu, Resistance to the Imposition of Colonial Rule in Bungoma District: A Case Study of the Lumboka-Chetambe War in 1894-1896, B.A. Dissertation, 1986.

R. Nasirniyu, the Participation of Women in the Political Economy of Kenya: A Case Study of Bukusu Women in Bungoma District, 1902-1963, 1984.

P. H. Ogula, A Biography of Ex-Senior Chief Mukudi of Samia and Bunyala, pp.1-1969, 1972.

S. H. Ominde, Land and Population in the Western Kenyan Districts of Nyanza Province, 1963.

G. L. Sakwa-m-'sake, A History of the Political Organization of Wanga, C. 1880-1926, 1971.

P. M. Shilaro, Kabras Culture Under Colonial Rule: A Study of the Impact of Christianity and Western Education, 1991.

S. Wandibba, The Bukusu Forts, B.A. Dissertation University of Nairobi, 1972.

S. Wafula, Colonial Land Policy and the North Kavirondo African Reserve to, 1940.

P. Wafula, Imperialism and Collaboration in Colonial Kenya: A Case Study of Ex- Chief Sudi Namachanja of South Bukusu Location, 1907.

P. T. Zeleza, Dependent Capitalism and the Making of the Kenyan Working Class during the Colonial Period, 1982.

E. M. Aseka, Ethnicity, Governance and Prevention of Conflict: State of the Issue and Research Perspectives, Africa Development, vol.24, issue.3, 1997.
DOI : 10.4314/ad.v24i3.22127

B. Berman and J. Lonsdale, Accumulation and Control: The Making of the Colonial State in Kenya, 1888-1929" Paper Presented at A, 1978.

F. C. Bode, Reactions to the Imposition of Colonial Rule Among the Abaluyia, C. 1894- 1.920, 1972.

D. Wolf and J. , Politics and Religion Among the Bukusu, Universities Social Sciences Council Conference, 1971.

P. W. Kakai, The Northern Luyia Anti-Colonial Resistance: The Lumboka-Chetambe War, 1997.

B. E. Kipkorir, The Kalenjin Phenomenon and the Misri Legends, Seminar Paper No. XII, 1970.

F. E. Makila, Significance of Chetambe Fort in Bukusu History, 1982.

G. R. Murunga, Anthropology in Africa: What Future for the Historian, 1998.

H. W. Mutoro, The Abaluyia Reactions to Colonial Rule, 1880-1930, p.76, 1975.

R. Nasimiyu, The Tradition of Resistance Among the Babukusu, Staff Seminar Paper, vol.80, issue.7, 1979.

M. A. Ndeda, A Luo Prophet: Yohana Owalo and the Rise of the Nomiya Luo Church, 1900-1912, 1985.

M. A. Ogutu, Agriculture and the History of Markets of Western Province of Kenya 1920-1970, Historical Association of Kenya, Annual Conference, 1975.

J. N. Osogo, The Dismantling of the Wanga Kingdom During the British Administration 1895-1926, Historical Association of Kenya, Annual conference, 1971.

R. T. Scully, Two Accounts of the Chetambe War of 1895, Hartwick College Oneanta
DOI : 10.2307/217255

O. J. Shiroya, The Evolution of Territorial Nationalism in KenyaThe Supra-ethnic Nationalism in Colonial Kenya: Attempts, Reversals and Frustrations, 1-listorical Association of Kenya Annual Conference Proceedings, pp.1974-75, 1971.

D. N. Sifuna, Indigenous Education in Western Kenya, A Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the Western Kenya Cultural Festival Symposium, 1985.

V. G. Simiyu, The Emergence of the Luyia Nation: A Research Agenda, A Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the Western Kenya Cultural Festival Symposium, 1985.

J. A. Ajayi, Colonialism: An Episode in African History, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, 1981.

A. A. Boahen, Colonial era: Conquest and Independence, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, 1981.

F. C. Bode, Anti-Colonial Politics Within a Tribe: The Case of the Abaluyia of Western Kenya, Politics and Leadership in Africa, 1984.

D. L. Cohen, Class and the analysis of African Politics: Problems and Prospects, Political Economy of Africa: Selected Readings, 1981.

C. A. Diop, Origin of the Ancient Egyptians, General History of Africa UNESCO, vol.II, 1981.

B. E. Kipkorir, Kolloa Affray, Trans-African journal of History, vol.2, issue.2, 1950.

J. M. Lonsdale, Some Origins of Nationalism in East AfricaPolitical Association in Western Kenya, Protest and Power in Black Africa, 1968.

W. Maloba, Nationalism and Decolonisation A Modern History of, 1895.

G. Muriuki, Background to Politics and Nationalism in Central Kenya: The Traditional Social and Political Systems of Kenya People, Hadith 4:Politics and Nationalism in Colonial Kenya, 1972.

W. R. Ochieng-', Kenya and the End of Empire: 1945-1963, Themes in Kenyan History, 1990.

B. A. Ogot, British Administration in Central Nyanza District of Kenya, Kenya Under the British Zaniani: A Survey of East African History, 1900.

J. E. Otiende, Education Since the Early Times, Themes in Kenyan History, 1990.

T. O. Ranger, Connexions between ???Primary Resistance??? Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism In East and Central Africa. Part I, The Journal of African History, vol.9, issue.03
DOI : 10.1017/S0021853700008665

D. Robotham, Post Colonialities: The Challenge of New Modernities, International Social science Journal, vol.153, issue.3, 1997.

A. I. Salim, Early Arab-Swahili Political Protest in Colonial Kenya Hadith 4: Politics and Nationalism in Colonial Kenya, 1972.

D. Slater, Challenging western visions of the global: The geopolitics of theory and north-south relations, The European Journal of Development Research, vol.7, issue.2, 1995.
DOI : 10.1080/09578819508426644

D. N. Sifuna, The Mill Hill Fathers and the Establishment of Western Education in Western Kenya 1900-1924: Some Reflections, in Trans-African Journal of History, vol.6, pp.1-977

V. G. Simiyu, The Emergence of a Sub-Nation: A History of Babukusu to 1990, Transafrican Journal of History, vol.20, 1991.

S. Wandibba, Notes on the Oral History of Abatachoni History and Culture in Western Kenya: The People of Bugorna District Through Time, 1985.

W. Muyila, Leadership from the Graves: The Case of the Bukusu Traditional Society, Journal of the Institute of African Studies University of Nairobi 'V, 1997.

G. S. Were, Dini Ya Msambwa: A Reassessment, University of E.A. Social Science Proceedings, 1966.

R. Wesonga, The Pre-colonial Military Organization of the Bukusu History and Culture in Western Kenya, Wandibba S, 1985.

A. Wipper, Elijah Masinde -A Folk Hero, 1971.

P. T. Zeleza, African Studies and the Disintegrating Paradigms, African Development, 1994.

C. Ake, A Political Economy of Africa, 1981.

J. Ben-jochannan, Africa:Mother of "Westerm Civilization

A. A. Boahen, African Perspectives on Colonialism, 1987.

S. N. Bogonko and . Kenya, A Study in African National Movements, 1945.

D. Silvia and S. B. , The Political Economy of Underdevelopment, 1982.

H. Fearn, An African Economy: A Study of the Economy of the Nyanza Province of Kenya, 1903.

R. Frost, Race Against Time: Human Relations and Politics in Kenya Before Independence, 1978.

C. N. Hobley, Kenya From Chartered Company to Crown Colony: Thirty years of Exploration and Administration in British East Africa, 1970.

T. Hodgkin, Nationalism in Colonial Africa, 1957.

B. Kaggia, The Roots of Freedom, 1975.

F. E. Makila, An Outline History of the Babukusu, 1978.

A. Mazrui and M. Tidy, Nationalism and New States in Africa, from 1933 to the Present, 1984.

C. K. Meek, Land Law and Customs in the Colonies, 1946.

M. Mungeam, British Rule in Kenya 1895-1921, 1966.

'. W. Ochieng, An Outline History of Nyanza up to, More Essays in Kenyan History, 1914.

J. P. Ocitti, African Indigenous Education as Practised by the Acholi of Uganda, 1973.

B. A. Ogot, A History of the Southern Luo Migrations and Settlement 1500- 1900 Zamani: A Survey of East African Histo, 1967.

B. Onimonde, An Introduction to Marxist Political Economy, 1985.

G. K. Osei, Fifty Unknown Facts About the Africa, p.56, 1964.

J. Osogo, A History ofBaluyia, 1966.

P. Bitek, African Religions in Western Scholarship, 1970.

C. B. Peter, A Guide to Academic Writing, Eldoret; Zapf Chancery, 1990.

S. L. Popkin, The rational peasant, Theory and Society, vol.9, issue.3, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00158397

E. Richards, Fifty Years in Nyanza, 1906-1956: The History of the Church Missionary and the Anglican Church in Nyanza, 1956.

C. G. Rosberg and J. Nottingham, The Myth of Mau Mau: The Origin of Nationalism in Kenya, 1966.

C. Scott and . James, The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in South East Asia, 1976.

N. Sithole, African Nationalism, 1968.

A. D. Smith, Theories of Nationalism, 1971.

M. Staniland, What is Political Economy? A Study of Social Theory and Underdevelopment, 1985.

G. Wagner, The Bantu of North Kavirondo with Special Reference to the Vugusu and Logoli, 1949.

G. S. Were, History of the Abaluyia of Western Kenya C.1500-1930, 1967.

A. Wipper, Rural Rebels: A Study of Two Protest Movements in Kenya, 1977.

R. M. Zwanenberg, . Van, A. King, . Guideline, . One et al., APPENDIX 1: QUESTION, 1800.

C. Khachonga and W. , years; Interviewed on 10th May 1999 at Lumboka Sublocation

N. Manguliechi, 68 years; Interviewed on 21, at Miruli Sublocation, kirnilii Division, 1999.

. Nabutola, John 72 years; Interviewed on 27, at Mateka Sublocation, 1999.

L. Namulala, ong'o; 91 years; Interviewed on, 1999.

Y. Namuli, 65 years; Interviewed on at Musese Sublocation, Chwele Location, 1999.

W. Nyongesa and . Sindani, years; Interviewed on th1, 1999.

J. Situma and . Wekesa, years; Interviewed on l0, 1999.

. Watima-protus and . Saratuki, years; Interviewed on 15t1 April, 1999 at Chesikaki Location, Mt Elgon District