C. O. Arnate, Inside the OAU: Pan-Africanism in Practice, 1986.

C. Awuondo, 0., Life in the Balance: Ecological Sociology of the Turkana Nomads, 1990.

O. Ayiemba, The Refugee Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa, African population and Environmental Institute, 1995.

H. Christensen, Refugees and Pioneers, 1979.

H. Christensen, Survival Strategies For and By Camp Refugees. Geneva: UN Research Institute for Social Development, 1982.

J. F. Clark, The African Stakes of the Congo war, 2002.
DOI : 10.1057/9781403982445

T. Couloumbis and J. H. Wolfe, Introduction to International Relations: Power and Justice, 1990.

. Doombos, Beyond Conflict in the Horn: The Prospects of Peace, Recovery & Development in Ethiopia The Institute of Social Studies The Hague, 1992.

K. W. Deutsch, The Analysis of International Relations, 3 rd Edition, 1968.

. East-african and T. Standard, :R12; Radoll's article, Government to close all Refugee Camps at the Coast, The Standard, 1994.

G. F. Elizabeth, Beyond Borders: Refugees, Migrants and Human Rights in the Post ? Cold War Era Ten Years of Assistance to African Refugees through International Cooperation, World Council of Churches Publications, 1972.

M. J. Ghalib, The Cost of Dictatorship: The Somalia Experience, 1995.

G. S. Goodwin-gill, The Refugee in International Law, 1996.

F. R. Gorman, Refugee Aid and Development: Theory and Practice, 1993.

A. Grahl-madsen, Refugees and Refugee Law in a World in Transition, in Michigan Year Book of International Legal Studies, 1986.

W. Heinrich, Building the Peace: Experiences of collaborative Peacebuilding in Somalia 1993-1996, Life and Peace Institute, 1997.

S. Hamrell, Refugee Problems in Africa, African Studies, 1967.

R. I. Harding and J. G. Looney, Problem of southeast Asian Children in a Refugee Camp, American Journal of Psychiatry, p.137, 1977.

L. W. Holborn, Refugees: A Problem of our Time, pp.1951-1972, 1975.

K. J. Holsti, International Politics: A framework for Analysis, 3 rd edn, 1988.

I. Final and C. , Proposal 8'01 to International Rescue Committee ?New, York Journal for Refugee Studies, vol.13, issue.2, p.209, 2000.

B. T. Kabwegyere, Social Economic Transformation in East Africa: The Growth of Trading Centres in Rural Kenya, 1976.

C. B. Keely, Global Refugee Policy: The case for A Development-Oriented Strategy, 1981.

C. Kerven, Customary Commerce; a Historical reassessment of pastoral livestock marketing in Africa, Overseas Development Institute, Occassional Paper No

C. Kessides, The contributions of infrastructure to Economic Development; A Review of Experience and Policy Implications, 1993.

. Kioko, (art) The People Daily, 15 th, 2002.

J. Lind, Scarcity and Surfeit: The Ecology of African Conflicts, 2002.

W. T. Liu, Transition to Nowhere: Vietnamese Refugees in America, 1979.

G. Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis, 1993.

G. Loescher, The Global Refugee Crisis, 1994.

N. Lowe, Mastering Modern World History, Palgrave Master Series, vol.3, 1997.

C. Macharia, The OAU Convention and the Evolving Legal and Institutional Refugee Problems in, Africa, 1999.

M. Macharia, OAU Refugee Convention in the 21 st Century: A Retrospective, 1999.

P. Malcom, European Refugees 1930-1952: A Study in Forced Population Movement, 1957.

J. A. Mayotte, Disposable People?. The plight of Refugees, Obis Books, 1999.

K. H. Meier-braun, Duetschland (Germany) No. 3, 12/93, The New Mass MigrationWhen people nolonger know why they should Stay

K. Montelos, Refugee camps or Cities? The socio-economic Dynamics of the Dadaab and Kakuma Camps in Northern Kenya, Journal of Refugee Studies, vol.13, issue.2, 2000.

G. S. Morrison and F. Moos, Halfway to Nowhere: Vietnamese Refugees on Guam Involuntary Migration and Resettlement, 1982.

M. Mwagiru, The Refugee Crisis, Diplomacy and Foreign policy in the Horn of Africa: Contextualising the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention, 1999.

. Ndege, Refugees in Law and in Fact: A Review of the Literature and Research Agenda in Kenya, Occasional Paper Series, vol.1, issue.1, 2002.

B. C. Nindi, Africa's Refugee Crisis in a Historical Perspective, Trans-African Journal of History, vol.15, 1986.

P. Nobel, Refugees and Development in Africa, African Studies ? Seminar proceedings No, vol.19, 1987.

A. A. Nunow, Pastoralists and Markets: livestock commercialization and food security in northeastern Kenya, African Research Centre, 2000.

G. Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis:History of Genocide, 1994.

G. Ritzer, Refugees-The Dynamics of Displacement, Zed books Sociological Theories, 3'd edn, 1986.

S. Simmonds and M. Gabaudan, Refugee Camp Health Care: Selected Annotated References, London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1982.

E. B. Sheldon and W. E. Moore, Indicators of Social Change: Concepts and Measurements, Russell Sage Foundation, 1968.

W. R. Symser, Refugees: Extended Exile, 1987.

J. Tumusiime, Uganda 30 Years, 1962.

Y. Unhcr-statistical, Refugees, Asylum ? seekers and Other Persons of Concern ? Trends in Displacement, Protection and Solutions, 2001.

S. Vago, Social Change, 3 rd edn, 1996.

K. Van-der-jagt and B. E. Whitaker, SymbolicStructures in Turkana Religion, Journal of Refugee Studies Kalcuma Report, vol.15, issue.4, 1989.

F. Zaal, Pastoralism in a Global Age. Livestock Marketing and Pastoral Commercial Activities in Kenya and Bukina Faso, 1998.

I. Zatman, Ripe for Solution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa, A Council of Foreign Relations Book, 1989.

. Mr, Odulo Centre for Ref. Studies, Moi University 13

R. Kikwao and M. , Of Home Affairs-Refugee Secretariat 16

H. Ibrahim and E. , Co-ordinator 23