J. Louis, P. , and A. Bonnet, Apport de la psychanalyse à la question de l'addiction, 1985.

S. Peele, Drug use by U.S. Army enlisted men in Vietnam : A follow-up on their return home Natural recovery from opiate addiction : some social-psychological of untreated recovery, Addiction American Journal of Epidemiology Journal of Drug Issues, vol.99, issue.13, pp.235-249, 1974.

]. R. Blum, Cultural differences in rates of alcoholism, Clark, Public drinking contexts : bars and taverns, pp.480-499, 1946.

N. Zinberg, Drug, set and setting : the basis for controlled intoxicant use, 1984.

S. Schachter and J. E. Singer, Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state, Psychological Review, vol.69, pp.378-399, 1962.

J. L. Falk, Drug dependence: Myth or motive?, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol.19, issue.3, pp.385-391, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90106-5

C. E. Johanson and E. H. Uhlenhuth, Drug preference and mood in humans: Repeated assessment of d-amphetamine, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol.14, issue.2, pp.159-163, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90237-9

L. N. Robins, J. E. Helzer, and D. H. Davis, Narcotic Use in Southeast Asia and Afterward, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.32, issue.8, pp.955-961, 1975.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760260019001

R. L. Solomon, The evolution of non-medical opiate use in canada II : 1930-1970, Drug Forum, vol.6, pp.1-25, 1977.

R. E. Meyer and A. M. Mirin, The heroin stimulus : implications for a theory of addiction, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4684-3426-2

I. Chein, D. L. Gerard, R. S. Lee, and E. Rosenfeld, The road to H. basic books, 1964.

A. R. Lang, Addictive personality : a viable construct, 1983.

A. Goodman, Addiction: definition and implications, Addiction, vol.85, issue.11, pp.1403-1408, 1990.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01620.x

E. Griffith and &. Co, The alcohol dependence syndrome: a concept as stimulus to enquiry, Br J Addict, vol.81, pp.171-83, 1986.

A. Radzimminski, D. Comparison, and D. , IV and ICD-10 substance use disorders diagnoses in1922 men and women subjects in the COGA study, Addiction, vol.89, pp.1629-1638, 1994.

C. O. Brien, Addiction and dependence in DSM-V, Addiction, vol.10, issue.5, pp.866-873, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03144.x

C. O-'brien, N. Volkow, and T. Li, What's in a word ? Addiction versus dependence in DSM-V, Am J Psychiatry, vol.163, issue.5, pp.764-769, 2006.

E. Bosc, M. Falséas, J. Alexandre, and M. Auriacombe, Similitudes et diff??rences entre le jeu pathologique et la d??pendance aux substances??: qu???en est-il???, L'Enc??phale, vol.38, issue.5, pp.433-442, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.encep.2012.02.004

L. Mewton, T. Slade, O. Mcbride, and M. Teeson, An evaluation of the proposed DSM-5 alcohol use disorder criteria using Australian national data, Addiction, vol.33, issue.5, pp.941-50, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03340.x

C. Martin, K. Sher, and R. Caetano, A letter to the DSM-5 substance related disorders work group: low reliability of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder, 2012.

J. B. Richard, C. Palle, R. Guignard, V. Nguyen-thanh, F. Beck et al., La consommation d, 2014.

B. Roques, La dangerosité des drogues : rapport au secrétariat d'État à la santé, p.318, 1999.

S. Guérin, A. Laplanche, and C. Hill, Mortalité attribuable à l'alcool en France en, BEH, vol.2013, pp.16-17, 2009.

H. Klingemann, L'alcool et ses conséquences sociales : la dimension oubliée, Copenhague : OMS, p.16, 2001.

R. Herring, V. Kerridge, B. Thom, and J. Bellido-blascox, Binge drinking: an exploration of a confused concept, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.62, issue.6, pp.476-479, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2006.056721

F. Beck, R. Guignard, and J. Richard, Usages de drogues et pratiques addictives en France. Paris : la Documentation française, p.256, 2014.

J. Richard, F. Beck, and S. Spilka, La consommation d'alcool des 18-25 ans en 2010 en France: spécificités et évolutions depuis, pp.17-18, 2005.

J. Holmes, Y. Meng, P. S. Meier, A. Brennan, C. Angus et al., Effects of minimum unit pricing for alcohol on different income and socioeconomic groups: a modelling study, The Lancet, vol.383, issue.9929, pp.9929-1655, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62417-4

J. Guillemont, J. Clément, C. Cogordan, and B. Lamboy, Interventions validées ou prometteuses en prévention de la consommation d'alcool chez les jeunes : synthèse de la littérature. Santé publique, pp.37-45, 2013.

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Recommandations de bonnes pratiques : prise en charge des consommateurs de cocaïne, 2010.

L. Karila, A. Petit, and W. , Diagnosis and Consequences of Cocaine Addiction, Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol.19, issue.33, pp.5612-5618, 2012.
DOI : 10.2174/092986712803988839

G. Koob and N. Volkow, Neurocircuitry of Addiction, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.16, issue.1, pp.217-238, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01070-2

Y. Landry and J. P. Gies, Pharmacologie Des cibles vers l'indication thérapeutique, 2009.

B. Dunlop and C. Nemeroff, The Role of Dopamine in the Pathophysiology of Depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.64, issue.3, pp.327-364, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.327

Y. Landry and J. P. Gies, Pharmacologie Des cibles vers l'indication thérapeutique, 2009.

J. Olds and P. Milner, Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain., Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, vol.47, issue.6, pp.419-427, 1954.
DOI : 10.1037/h0058775

B. Katzung, S. Masters, and A. Trevor, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2009.

B. Balleine, M. Delgado, and O. Hikosaka, The Role of the Dorsal Striatum in Reward and Decision-Making, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.27, issue.31, pp.8161-8165, 2007.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1554-07.2007

J. Kauer and R. Malenka, Synaptic plasticity and addiction, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol.30, issue.11, pp.844-858, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrn2234

A. Barr and A. Phillips, Withdrawal following repeated exposure to damphetamine decreases responding for a sucrose solution as measured by a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, Psychopharmacology, vol.59, issue.141, pp.99-106, 1999.

Z. Sarnyai, Y. Shaham, and S. Heinrichs, The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in drug addiction, Pharmacol Rev, vol.53, pp.209-243, 2001.

S. Tiffany, B. Carter, and E. Singleton, Challenges in the manipulation, assessment and interpretation of craving relevant variables, Addiction, vol.95, issue.8s2, pp.177-187, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.7.x

T. Robinson and K. Berridge, The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, Brain Research Reviews, vol.18, issue.3, pp.247-291, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-P

M. Srisurapanont and N. Jarusuraisin, Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, Cochrane Review), 2004.

N. Cooney, M. Litt, and P. Morse, Alcohol cue reactivity, negative-mood reactivity, and relapse in treated alcoholic men., Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol.106, issue.2, pp.243-250, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/0021-843X.106.2.243

P. De-witte, E. Pinto, and M. Ansseau, Alcohol and withdrawal: from animal research to clinical issues, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol.27, issue.3, pp.189-197, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00030-7

X. Noël, M. Van-der-linden, and R. Sferrazza, Supervisory Attentional System in Nonamnesic Alcoholic Men, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.58, issue.12, pp.1152-1158, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.58.12.1152

A. Harrison, B. Everitt, and T. Robbins, Central 5-HT depletion enhances impulsive responding without affecting the accuracy of attentional performance: interactions with dopaminergic mechanisms, Psychopharmacology, vol.133, issue.4, pp.329-342, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s002130050410

D. Doudet, D. Hommer, and J. Higley, Cerebral glucose metabolism, CSF 5- HIAA levels, and aggressive behavior in rhesus monkeys, Am J Psychiatry, vol.152, pp.1782-1787, 1995.

J. Ratsma, O. Van-der, W. Stelt, and . Gunning, NEUROCHEMICAL MARKERS OF ALCOHOLISM VULNERABILITY IN HUMANS, Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol.37, issue.6, pp.522-533, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/alcalc/37.6.522

W. Ooteman, R. Verheul, and M. Naassila, Patient???treatment matching with anti???craving medications in alcohol???dependent patients: A review on phenotypic, endophenotypic and genetic indicators, Journal of Substance Use, vol.97, issue.2, pp.75-96, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/14659890500038764

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00116579

W. Miller and S. Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing, 1991.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412950534.n109

W. Miller and S. Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing, 2002.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412950534.n109

W. Miller and S. Rollnick, What is motivational interviewing ? Beha-vioural and Cognitive, Psychotherapy, vol.23, issue.4, pp.325-334, 1995.

P. Amrhein, W. Miller, C. Yahne, M. Palmer, L. Itchoum et al., Client commitment language during motivational interviewing predicts drug use outcomes., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.71, issue.5, pp.862-878, 2003.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-006X.71.5.862

P. Michaud and J. , Abesdris, Diffusion de la pratique de l'intervention brève : méthodes de formation et de mobilisation des acteurs de soins de premier recours, Médecine et Hygiène, vol.61, pp.1817-1822, 2003.

E. Edens and A. , Novel Pharmacological Approaches to Drug Abuse Treatment, Curr Topics Behav Neurosci, vol.3, pp.343-386, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/7854_2009_29

D. Raistrick, N. Heather, and C. Godfrey, Review of the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems, p.212, 2006.

S. Française-d-'alcoologie, Sevrage simple en alcool, référentiel de bonnes pratiques cliniques, Paris : SFA, 2006.

J. B. Daeppen, P. Gache, U. Landry, E. Sekera, V. Schweizer et al., Symptom-Triggered vs Fixed-Schedule Doses of Benzodiazepine for Alcohol Withdrawal, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.162, issue.10, 2002.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.162.10.1117

P. Haber, Department of Health and Ageing. Guidelines for treatment of alcohol problems, 2009.

K. Mann, A. Bladström, L. Torup, A. Gual, W. Van-den et al., Extending the Treatment Options in Alcohol Dependence: A Randomized Controlled Study of As-Needed Nalmefene, Biological Psychiatry, vol.73, issue.8, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.020

G. Addolorato, L. Leggio, A. Ferrulli, S. Cardone, L. Vonghia et al., Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence inalcohol-dependent patients with livers cirrhosis : randomized, double-blind controlled trial, 2010.

R. De-beaurepaire, Suppression of Alcohol Dependence Using Baclofen: A 2-Year Observational Study of 100 Patients, Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol.3, 2012.
DOI : 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00103

C. Gazel, M. Fatséas, and M. Auriacombe, Quels changements pour les addictions dans le DSM-5, La Lettre du Psychiatre, p.84, 2014.

. Afssaps, Etats des lieux de la consommation des benzodiazépines en France

I. Pavlov, Article « Le réflexe conditionnel in OEuvres choisies, reprise et traduction d'un article de Pavlov dans la Grande Encyclopédie médicale (1934) [92] https, pp.258-284

J. Scuvée-moreau, Neurobiologie de l'addiction, Rev Med Liège, vol.68, pp.5-6, 2013.

H. Heit and D. Gourlay, DSM-V and the Definitions: Time to Get It Right: Table 1, Pain Medicine, vol.10, issue.5, pp.784-790, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00654.x