J. Barthold and R. González, The Epidemiology of Congenital Cryptorchidism, Testicular Ascent and Orchiopexy, The Journal of Urology, vol.170, issue.6, pp.2396-401, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ju.0000095793.04232.d8

C. Foresta, D. Zuccarello, A. Garolla, and A. Ferlin, Role of Hormones, Genes, and Environment in Human Cryptorchidism, Endocrine Reviews, vol.29, issue.5, pp.560-80, 2008.
DOI : 10.1210/er.2007-0042

H. Virtanen and J. Toppari, Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism, Human Reproduction Update, vol.14, issue.1, pp.49-58, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/humupd/dmm027

G. Robin, F. Boitrelle, F. Marcelli, C. P. Leroy-martin, B. Mitchell et al., Cryptorchidie??: de la physiopathologie ?? l???infertilit??, Gyn??cologie Obst??trique & Fertilit??, vol.38, issue.10, pp.588-99, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2010.08.015

R. Sharpe and N. Skakkebaek, Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?, The Lancet, vol.341, issue.8857, pp.1392-1397, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90953-E

N. Skakkebaek, E. Meyts, and K. Main, Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome, Hormone Research in Paediatrics, vol.60, issue.3, pp.972-980, 2001.
DOI : 10.1159/000074499

D. Wenzler, D. Bloom, and J. Park, What is the Rate of Spontaneous Testicular Descent in Infants With Cryptorchidism?, The Journal of Urology, vol.171, issue.2, pp.849-51, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ju.0000106100.21225.d7

E. Ritzén, A. Bergh, R. Bjerknes, P. Christiansen, D. Cortes et al., Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes, Acta Paediatrica, vol.69, issue.5, pp.638-681, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/61.3.263

T. Kolon, C. Herndon, L. Baker, L. Baskin, C. Baxter et al., Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism: AUA Guideline, The Journal of Urology, vol.192, issue.2, pp.337-382, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.005

T. Merrot, Prise en charge des testicules non descendus, Progr??s en Urologie, vol.19, issue.4, pp.265-273, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.purol.2008.10.028

M. Averous and C. Lopez, La cryptorchidie??: le point de vue de l'urologue p??diatre, Gyn??cologie Obst??trique & Fertilit??, vol.32, issue.9, pp.813-820, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1297-9589(04)00229-2

P. Lee and M. Coughlin, Fertility after Bilateral Cryptorchidism, Hormone Research in Paediatrics, vol.55, issue.1, pp.28-32, 2001.
DOI : 10.1159/000049960

D. Cortes, J. Thorup, S. Lindenberg, and J. Visfeldt, Infertility despite surgery for cryptorchidism in childhood can be classified by patients with normal or elevated follicle-stimulating hormone and identified at orchidopexy, BJU International, vol.24, issue.Suppl., pp.670-674, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04177.x

J. Jarow, M. Espeland, and L. Lipshultz, Evaluation of the azoospermic patient, J Urol, vol.142, issue.1, pp.62-67, 1989.

K. Matsumiya, M. Namiki, S. Takahara, N. Kondoh, S. Takada et al., Clinical study of azoospermia, International Journal of Andrology, vol.39, issue.3, pp.140-142, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01131497

G. Palermo, H. Joris, P. Devroey, V. Steirteghem, and A. , Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte, The Lancet, vol.340, issue.8810, pp.17-25, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-F

R. Schoysman, P. Vanderzwalmen, M. Nijs, G. Segal-bertin, and M. Van-de-casseye, Successful fertilization by testicular spermatozoa in an in-vitro fertilization programme, Human Reproduction, vol.8, issue.8, pp.1339-1379, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138254

G. Willott, Frequency of azoospermia, Forensic Science International, vol.20, issue.1, pp.9-10, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0379-0738(82)90099-8

S. Bhasin, Approach to the infertile man, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.92, issue.6, 2007.

E. Huyghe, V. Izard, J. Rigot, J. Pariente, and J. Tostain, ??valuation de l???homme infertile??: recommandations AFU 2007, Progr??s en Urologie, vol.18, issue.2, pp.95-101, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.purol.2007.12.002

G. Robin, F. Boitrelle, X. Leroy, M. Peers, F. Marcelli et al., Bilan d???une azoospermie et ??valuation histologique de la spermatogen??se, Annales de Pathologie, vol.30, issue.3, pp.182-95, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annpat.2010.03.015

D. Shin and P. Turek, Sperm retrieval techniques, Nature Reviews Urology, vol.172, issue.12, pp.723-753, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nrurol.2013.262

J. Nicopoullos, C. Gilling-smith, P. Almeida, J. Norman-taylor, I. Grace et al., Use of surgical sperm retrieval in azoospermic men: A meta-analysis, Fertility and Sterility, vol.82, issue.3, pp.691-701, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.116

H. Tournaye, G. Verheyen, P. Nagy, F. Ubaldi, A. Goossens et al., Are there any predictive factors for successful testicular sperm recovery in azoospermic patients?, Human Reproduction, vol.12, issue.1, pp.80-86, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/12.1.80

R. Haimov-kochman, D. Prus, M. Farchat, Y. Bdolah, and A. Hurwitz, Reproductive outcome of men with azoospermia due to cryptorchidism using assisted techniques, International Journal of Andrology, vol.14, issue.4 Pt 1, pp.139-182, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00977.x

V. Vernaeve, Outcome of testicular sperm recovery and ICSI in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia with a history of orchidopexy, Human Reproduction, vol.19, issue.10, pp.2307-2319, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/deh394

J. Raman, Testicular Sperm Extraction with Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection is Successful for the Treatment of Nonobstructive Azoospermia Associated with Cryptorchidism, The Journal of Urology, vol.170, issue.4, pp.1287-90, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ju.0000080707.75753.ec

A. Wiser, G. Raviv, R. Weissenberg, S. Elizur, J. Levron et al., Does age at orchidopexy impact on the results of testicular sperm extraction?, Reproductive BioMedicine Online, vol.19, issue.6, pp.778-83, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.09.031

L. Negri, Testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic men submitted to bilateral orchidopexy, Human Reproduction, vol.18, issue.12, pp.2534-2543, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/deg497

T. Ishikawa, Surgical recovery of sperm in non-obstructive azoospermia, Asian Journal of Andrology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.109-124, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/aja.2011.61

P. Donoso, H. Tournaye, and P. Devroey, Which is the best sperm retrieval technique for non-obstructive azoospermia? A systematic review, Human Reproduction Update, vol.13, issue.6, pp.539-588, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/humupd/dmm029

S. Esteves, R. Miyaoka, J. Orosz, and A. Agarwal, An update on sperm retrieval techniques for azoospermic males, Clinics, vol.68, issue.S1, pp.99-110, 2013.
DOI : 10.6061/clinics/2013(Sup01)11

V. Vloeberghs, G. Verheyen, P. Haentjens, A. Goossens, N. Polyzos et al., How successful is TESE-ICSI in couples with non-obstructive azoospermia?, Human Reproduction, vol.30, issue.8, pp.1790-1796, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/dev139

A. Bernie, D. Mata, R. Ramasamy, and P. Schlegel, Comparison of microdissection testicular sperm extraction, conventional testicular sperm extraction, and testicular sperm aspiration for nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, ):1099?103.e1?3, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1136

J. Seo and W. Ko, Predictive factors of successful testicular sperm recovery in non-obstructive azoospermia patients, International Journal of Andrology, vol.11, issue.5, pp.306-316, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/12.1.80

J. Weedin, R. Bennett, D. Fenig, D. Lamb, and L. Lipshultz, Early Versus Late Maturation Arrest: Reproductive Outcomes of Testicular Failure, The Journal of Urology, vol.186, issue.2, pp.621-627, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.156

T. Aydin, M. Sofikerim, B. Yucel, M. Karadag, and F. Tokat, Effects of testicular histopathology on sperm retrieval rates and ICSI results in non-obstructive azoospermia, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol.88, issue.8, pp.829-860, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.156

B. Trsinar and U. Muravec, Fertility potential after unilateral and bilateral orchidopexy for cryptorchidism, World Journal of Urology, vol.82, issue.5, pp.513-522, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00345-009-0406-0

E. Chung and G. Brock, Cryptorchidism and its impact on male fertility: a state of art review of current literature, Canadian Urological Association Journal, vol.5, issue.3, pp.210-214, 2011.
DOI : 10.5489/cuaj.645

F. Hadziselimovic and B. Herzog, The importance of both an early orchidopexy and germ cell maturation for fertility, The Lancet, vol.358, issue.9288, pp.1156-1163, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06274-2

F. Murphy, T. Paran, and P. Puri, Orchidopexy and its impact on fertility, Pediatric Surgery International, vol.55, issue.Suppl, pp.625-657, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00383-007-1900-3

U. Joensen, N. Jørgensen, E. Meyts, and N. Skakkebaek, Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and Leydig Cell Function, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, vol.148, issue.2, pp.155-61, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00197.x

J. Toppari, H. Virtanen, N. Skakkebaek, and K. Main, Environmental effects on hormonal regulation of testicular descent, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.102, issue.1-5, pp.1-5184, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.09.020

P. Heiskanen, H. Billig, J. Toppari, M. Kaleva, A. Arsalo et al., Apoptotic Cell Death in the Normal and Cryptorchid Human Testis: The Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Testicular Cell Survival, Pediatric Research, vol.2, issue.2, pp.351-357, 1996.
DOI : 10.1203/00006450-199608000-00026

L. Dunkel, S. Taskinen, O. Hovatta, J. Tilly, and S. Wikström, Germ cell apoptosis after treatment of cryptorchidism with human chorionic gonadotropin is associated with impaired reproductive function in the adult., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.100, issue.9, pp.2341-2347, 1997.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI119773

Q. Bu, Z. Pan, S. Jiang, A. Wang, and H. Cheng, The Effectiveness of hCG and LHRH in Boys with Cryptorchidism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol.48, issue.05, pp.318-342, 2016.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0042-104059

T. Kolon, C. Herndon, L. Baker, L. Baskin, C. Baxter et al., Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism: AUA Guideline, The Journal of Urology, vol.192, issue.2, pp.337-382, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.005

F. Hadziselimovic, B. Hocht, B. Herzog, and M. Buser, Infertility in Cryptorchidism Is Linked to the Stage of Germ Cell Development at Orchidopexy, Hormone Research in Paediatrics, vol.68, issue.1, pp.46-52, 2007.
DOI : 10.1159/000100874

F. Hadziselimovic and B. Herzog, The importance of both an early orchidopexy and germ cell maturation for fertility, The Lancet, vol.358, issue.9288, pp.1156-1163, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06274-2

F. Hadziselimovic, D. Zivkovic, D. Bica, and L. Emmons, The importance of minipuberty for fertility in cryptorchidism, J Urol, vol.174, issue.4, 2005.

F. Hadziselimovic, L. Emmons, and M. Buser, A diminished postnatal surge of Ad spermatogonia in cryptorchid infants is additional evidence for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Swiss Med Wkly, vol.134, pp.25-26381, 2004.

A. Andersson, J. Toppari, A. Haavisto, J. Petersen, T. Simell et al., Longitudinal Reproductive Hormone Profiles in Infants: Peak of Inhibin B Levels in Infant Boys Exceeds Levels in Adult Men, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.83, issue.2, pp.675-81, 1998.
DOI : 10.1210/jc.83.2.675

M. Zitzmann, V. Nordhoff, V. Schönfeld, V. Nordsiek-mengede, A. Kliesch et al., Elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels and the chances for azoospermic men to become fathers after retrieval of elongated spermatids from cryopreserved testicular tissue, Fertility and Sterility, vol.86, issue.2, pp.339-386, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.12.058

F. Boitrelle, R. G. Marcelli, F. Albert, M. Leroy-martin, B. Dewailly et al., A predictive score for testicular sperm extraction quality and surgical ICSI outcome in non-obstructive azoospermia: a retrospective study, Human Reproduction, vol.26, issue.12, pp.3215-3236, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/der314

J. Ballescá, J. Balasch, J. Calafell, R. Alvarez, F. Fábregues et al., Serum inhibin B determination is predictive of successful testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia, Human Reproduction, vol.15, issue.8, pp.1734-1742, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/15.8.1734

A. Tsujimura, K. Matsumiya, Y. Miyagawa, T. Takao, K. Fujita et al., PREDICTION OF SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME OF MICRODISSECTION TESTICULAR SPERM EXTRACTION IN MEN WITH IDIOPATHIC NONOBSTRUCTIVE AZOOSPERMIA, The Journal of Urology, vol.172, issue.5, pp.1944-1951, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ju.0000142885.20116.60

V. Mitchell, G. Robin, F. Boitrelle, P. Massart, C. Marchetti et al., Correlation between testicular sperm extraction outcomes and clinical, endocrine and testicular histology parameters in 120 azoospermic men with normal serum FSH levels, International Journal of Andrology, vol.86, issue.4pt1, pp.299-305, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01094.x

A. Bernie, R. Ramasamy, and P. Schlegel, Predictive factors of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction, Basic and Clinical Andrology, vol.23, issue.1, p.5, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11203.x

M. Mollaeian, V. Mehrabi, and B. Elahi, Significance of epididymal and ductal anomalies associated with undescended testis: Study in 652 cases, Urology, vol.43, issue.6, pp.857-60, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0090-4295(94)90152-X

D. Cortes, J. Thorup, and B. Beck, Quantitative Histology of Germ Cells in the Undescended Testes of Human Fetuses, Neonates and Infants, The Journal of Urology, vol.154, issue.3, pp.1188-92, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)67029-0

R. Ramasamy, W. Padilla, E. Osterberg, A. Srivastava, J. Reifsnyder et al., A Comparison of Models for Predicting Sperm Retrieval Before Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction in Men with Nonobstructive Azoospermia, The Journal of Urology, vol.189, issue.2, pp.638-680, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.038

D. Cortes, J. Thorup, and J. Visfeldt, Cryptorchidism: Aspects of Fertility and Neoplasms, Hormone Research in Paediatrics, vol.55, issue.1, pp.21-28, 2001.
DOI : 10.1159/000049959

J. Thorup, R. Mclachlan, D. Cortes, T. Nation, A. Balic et al., What is new in cryptorchidism and hypospadias???a critical review on the testicular dysgenesis hypothesis, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, vol.45, issue.10, pp.2074-86, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.07.030

A. Pettersson, L. Richiardi, A. Nordenskjold, M. Kaijser, and O. Akre, Age at Surgery for Undescended Testis and Risk of Testicular Cancer, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.356, issue.18, pp.1835-1876, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa067588

P. Devroey, J. Liu, Z. Nagy, A. Goossens, H. Tournaye et al., Pregnancies after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in non-obstructive azoospermia, Human Reproduction, vol.10, issue.6, pp.1457-60, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/HUMREP/10.6.1457

URL : http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/10/6/1457

P. Schlegel, Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision, Human Reproduction, vol.14, issue.1, pp.131-136, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/14.1.131

URL : http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/131

M. Amer, A. Ateyah, R. Hany, and W. Zohdy, Prospective comparative study between microsurgical and conventional testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia: follow-up by serial ultrasound examinations, Human Reproduction, vol.15, issue.3, pp.653-659, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/15.3.653

R. Ramasamy, N. Yagan, and P. Schlegel, Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction, Urology, vol.65, issue.6, pp.1190-1194, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.urology.2004.12.059

H. Okada, M. Dobashi, T. Yamazaki, I. Hara, M. Fujisawa et al., Conventional Versus Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction for Nonobstructive Azoospermia, The Journal of Urology, vol.168, issue.3, pp.1063-1070, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64575-2

S. Ohlander, J. Hotaling, E. Kirshenbaum, C. Niederberger, and M. Eisenberg, Impact of fresh versus cryopreserved testicular sperm upon intracytoplasmic sperm injection pregnancy outcomes in men with azoospermia due to spermatogenic dysfunction: a meta-analysis, Fertility and Sterility, vol.101, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.012