. Le-tabagisme-actif-est-un-facteur-de-risque-démontré, Sorenson et al souligne que l'arrêt de la consommation de tabac 1 mois avant une intervention chirurgicale réduit la fréquence d'infection du site opératoire

L. 'immunodépression-est-identifiée and . Grammatico, Debarge et al comme responsable d'une augmentation significative du risque d'infection [11,14] Neuf pour [1] Ministère de la Santé et des Sports Reconnaissance interrégionale de centre de référence pour la prise en charge des infections ostéo-articulaires 2008. [2] la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française. Infection ostéoarticulaire sur matériel, 2008.

P. Giannoudis, Management of bone infections in adults: the surgeon's and microbiologist's perspectives, Injury, vol.424, issue.11, pp.18-23, 2011.

P. Arnold, P. Yugueros, and A. Hanssen, Muscle Flaps in Osteomyelitis of the Lower Extremity: A 20-Year Account, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.104, issue.1, pp.107-117, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-199907000-00016

F. Ankle, L. Harris, R. Richards, W. Calderon, N. Chang et al., Staphylococci and implant surfaces: a review Comparison of the effect of bacterial inoculation in musculocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps, Injury Injury Plast Reconstr Surg, vol.413777, issue.2, pp.285-93785, 1986.

G. Hallock, Utility of Both Muscle and Fascia Flaps in Severe Lower Extremity Trauma, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.48, issue.5, pp.913-920, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-200005000-00016

S. Yazar, C. Lin, Y. Lin, A. Ulusal, and F. Wei, Outcome Comparison between Free Muscle and Free Fasciocutaneous Flaps for Reconstruction of Distal Third and Ankle Traumatic Open Tibial Fractures, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.117, issue.7, pp.2468-75, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.prs.0000224304.56885.c2

C. Salgado, S. Mardini, A. Jamali, J. Ortiz, R. Gonzales et al., Muscle versus Nonmuscle Flaps in the Reconstruction of Chronic Osteomyelitis Defects, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.118, issue.6, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.prs.0000239579.37760.92

F. Lecuire, D. Gontier, J. Carrere, N. Giordano, J. Rubini et al., Ten-year surveillance of nosocomial surgical site infections in an orthopedic surgery department, Rev Chir Orthopédique Réparatrice Appar Mot, vol.89, pp.479-86, 2003.

R. Debarge, M. Nicolle, A. Pinaroli, A. S. Selmi, T. Neyret et al., Surgical site infection after total knee arthroplasty: a monocenter analysis of 923 first-intention implantations

D. Hackett, A. Rothenberg, A. Chen, C. Gutowski, D. Jaekel et al., The Economic Significance of Orthopaedic Infections, Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, vol.23, 2015.
DOI : 10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00394

L. Jacques and B. , Impacts clinique et médico-économique des infections ostéoarticulaires sur une série rétrospective de 150 fractures et luxations ouvertes stade 2 et 3

A. Georgescu and O. Ivan, Emergency free flaps, Microsurgery, vol.13, issue.3, pp.206-222, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/micr.10128

L. Bellidenty, R. Chastel, I. Pluvy, J. Pauchot, and Y. Tropet, Reconstruction des pertes de substance de membres inf??rieurs par lambeau libre en urgence. ?? propos de 35ans d???exp??rience, Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth??tique, vol.59, issue.1, pp.35-41, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anplas.2013.08.004

L. Ministère-de, . Santé, and E. Des-sport, Lettre DHOS E2/73 du 13 juin 2008 sur la reconnaissance interrégionale de centres de référence pour la prise en charge des infections ostéo-articulaires, 2008.

T. Burns, D. Stinner, A. Mack, B. Potter, R. Beer et al., Microbiology and injury characteristics in severe open tibia fractures from combat, The Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care, vol.72, issue.4, pp.1062-1069, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/TA.0b013e318241f534

H. Roger, Epidémiologie bactérienne et étude des prescriptions antibiotiques des infections ostéo-articulaires dans une série rétrospective de 150 fractures et

J. Phillips, T. Crane, M. Noy, T. Elliott, and R. Grimer, The incidence of deep prosthetic infections in a specialist orthopaedic hospital: A 15-YEAR PROSPECTIVE SURVEY, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, vol.88, issue.7, pp.943-951, 2006.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.88B7.17150

S. Akm and K. Durak, One-stage treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the proximal tibia using a pedicled vascularised double-barrel fibular flap together with a muscle flap, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, vol.55, issue.6
DOI : 10.1054/bjps.2002.3893

M. Föhn, H. Bannasch, and G. Stark, Single step fibula-pro-tibia transfer and soft tissue coverage with free myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap after extensive osteomyelitis and soft tissue necrosis ??? a 3 year follow up, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.62, issue.11, pp.466-70, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.03.059

G. Cierny, Surgical Treatment of Osteomyelitis, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.127, p.190, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182025070

N. Tajsi?, R. Winkel, R. Hoffmann, and H. Husum, Sural perforator flap for reconstructive surgery in the lower leg and the foot: a clinical study of 86 patients with post-traumatic osteomyelitis, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.62, issue.12, pp.1701-1709, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.06.091

S. Asko-seljavaara, P. Slätis, M. Kannisto, and B. Sundell, Management of infected fractures of the tibia with associated soft tissue loss: experience with external fixation, bone grafting and soft tissue reconstruction using pedicle muscle flaps or microvascular composite tissue grafts, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, vol.38, issue.4, pp.546-55, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0007-1226(85)90019-0

M. Gokalp, S. Guner, M. Ceylan, A. Do?an, and A. Sebik, Results of treatment of chronic osteomyelitis by ???gutter procedure and muscle flap transposition operation???, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.188, issue.6, pp.415-424, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s00590-013-1196-z

I. Smith, O. Austin, and A. Batchelor, The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis: A 10

G. Park and H. Kim, Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis using the medial sural perforator flap, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.63, issue.1, pp.153-162, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.07.018

J. Hong, H. Shin, J. Kim, F. Wei, and Y. Chung, The use of anterolateral thigh perforator flaps in chronic osteomyelitis of the lower extremity, Plast Reconstr Surg, vol.115, pp.142-149, 2005.

N. Rao, B. Ziran, and B. Lipsky, Treating Osteomyelitis: Antibiotics and Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.127, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182001f0f

C. Rubino, A. Figus, M. Mazzocchi, L. Dessy, and A. Martano, The propeller flap for chronic osteomyelitis of the lower extremities: a case report, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.62, issue.10, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.053

L. Fodor, Z. Horesh, A. Lerner, Y. Ramon, I. Peled et al., The Distally Based Sural Musculoneurocutaneous Flap for Treatment of Distal Tibial Osteomyelitis, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.119, issue.7, pp.2127-2163, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.prs.0000260596.43001.05

K. Erdinger, C. Windhofer, and C. Papp, Osteomuscular Latissimus Dorsi Scapula Flap to Repair Chronic, Posttraumatic Osteomyelitis of the Lower Leg, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.107, issue.6, pp.1430-1435, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-200105000-00017

H. Chim, J. Sontich, and B. Kaufman, Free Tissue Transfer with Distraction Osteogenesis Is Effective for Limb Salvage of the Infected Traumatized Lower Extremity, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.127, issue.6
DOI : 10.1097/PRS.0b013e318213a141

M. Revol, J. Binder, A. Danino, P. May, and J. Servant, Manuel de chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et esthétique. Sauramps Medical, 2012.

S. Mathes and F. Nahai, Classification of the Vascular Anatomy of Muscles, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.67, issue.2, pp.177-87, 1981.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-198167020-00007

M. Kawakatsu, K. Ishikawa, and A. Sumiya, Free latissimus dorsi musclocutaneous flap transfer for chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia: 16-year follow-up, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.63, issue.9, pp.691-695, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.04.001

M. Wagels, D. Rowe, S. Senewiratne, T. Read, and D. Theile, Soft tissue reconstruction after compound tibial fracture: 235 cases over 12 years, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.68, issue.9, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.05.017

L. Heller and L. Levin, Lower Extremity Microsurgical Reconstruction, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.108, issue.4, pp.1029-1070, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-200109150-00036

L. Nen, D. Fabre, A. Dubrana, and F. , Réparations tissulaires à la jambe. De l'os.... à la peau, 2012.

L. Nen, D. Rizzo, C. Hu, W. Gérard, R. Oana et al., The island hemisoleus flap on distal vascular pedicle: anatomical bases and clinical applications, Surg Radiol

B. Pontén, The fasciocutaneous flap: its use in soft tissue defects of the lower leg, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, vol.34, issue.2, pp.215-235, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-1226(81)80097-5

R. Khouri and W. Shaw, Reconstruction of the Lower Extremity with Microvascular Free Flaps, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.29, issue.8, pp.1086-94, 1989.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-198908000-00005

Z. Li, K. Liu, Y. Lin, and L. Li, Lateral sural cutaneous artery island flap in the treatment of soft tissue defects at the knee, Br J Plast Surg, vol.43, pp.546-50, 1990.

S. Raveendran, D. Perera, T. Happuharachchi, and V. Yoganathan, Superficial sural artery flap???a study in 40 cases, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, vol.57, issue.3, pp.266-275, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2003.12.005

Y. Kuo, S. Jeng, M. Kuo, M. Huang, Y. Liu et al., Free Anterolateral Thigh Flap for Extremity Reconstruction: Clinical Experience and Functional Assessment of Donor Site, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol.107, issue.7, pp.1766-71, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00006534-200106000-00019

O. Heymans, S. Peters, D. Vanzele, J. Gielen, and J. Fissette, Les lambeaux adiposofasciaux de la face ant??ro-interne de jambe : une alternative aux lambeaux libres pour la couverture des pertes de substance cutan??e du genou au talon. ?? propos d'une exp??rience clinique de 17 cas, Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth??tique, vol.46, issue.6, pp.629-665, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0294-1260(01)00070-X

M. Pignatti, M. Pasqualini, M. Governa, M. Bruti, and G. Rigotti, Propeller flaps for leg reconstruction, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.61, issue.7, pp.777-83, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.077

C. Rubino, V. Coscia, A. Cavazzuti, and V. Canu, Haemodynamic enhancement in perforator flaps: The inversion phenomenon and its clinical significance. A study of the relation of blood velocity and flow between pedicle and perforator vessels in perforator flaps, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.59, issue.6, pp.636-679, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2005.07.010

G. Taylor and J. Palmer, Angiosome theory, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, vol.45, issue.4, pp.327-335, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0007-1226(92)90063-4

B. Ayestaray, R. Ogawa, S. Ono, and H. Hyakusoku, Propeller flaps: Classification and clinical applications, Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth??tique, vol.56, issue.2, pp.90-98, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anplas.2010.11.004

H. Hyakusoku, T. Yamamoto, and M. Fumiiri, The propeller flap method, British Journal of Plastic Surgery, vol.44, issue.1, pp.53-57, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0007-1226(91)90179-N

M. Ismaïl, F. Boucher, J. Chauvel-picard, H. Shipkov, F. Braye et al., S??quelles du pr??l??vement du lambeau de grand dorsal et ses d??riv??s???????Revue de la litt??rature, Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth??tique, vol.59, issue.5, pp.348-54, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anplas.2014.05.002

P. Moullot, C. Philandrianos, and . Aix-, Fractures ouvertes de la jambe et du pied: étude rétrospective comparative de la couverture par lambeau libre : latissimus dorsi versus anterolateral de cuisse, p.2014, 2012.

J. Kim, K. Kim, and C. Yoon, Reconstruction of Moderate-Sized Distal Limb Defects using a Superthin Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery Perforator Flap, Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery, vol.31, issue.09, pp.10-1055, 2015.
DOI : 10.1055/s-0035-1558959

C. Kunin, T. Tupasi, and W. Craig, Use of Antibiotics, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.79, issue.4, pp.555-60, 1973.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-79-4-555

I. Gyssens, P. Van-den-broek, B. Kullberg, Y. Hekster, and J. Van-der-meer, Optimizing antimicrobial therapy. A method for antimicrobial drug me evaluation, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.30, issue.5, pp.724-731, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/30.5.724

J. Van-der-meer and I. Gyssens, Quality of antimicrobial drug prescription in hospital

J. Truntzer, B. Vopat, M. Feldstein, and A. Matityahu, Smoking cessation and bone healing: optimal cessation timing, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.78, issue.6, pp.211-216, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s00590-014-1488-y

L. Sørensen, Wound Healing and Infection in Surgery, Archives of Surgery, vol.147, issue.4, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/archsurg.2012.5

M. Dowsey and P. Choong, Obesity is a Major Risk Factor for Prosthetic Infection after Primary Hip Arthroplasty, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.78, issue.suppl 2, pp.153-161, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11999-007-0016-3

E. Kilgore, Hand infections, The Journal of Hand Surgery, vol.8, issue.5, pp.723-729, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/S0363-5023(83)80255-X

Y. Allieu and B. Fassio, Valve of an external fixation device in the treatment of osteoarticular infections of the hand and fingers, Ann Chir, vol.28, pp.271-277, 1974.

A. Danino, M. Gras, E. Coeugniet, A. Jebrane, and P. Harris, Le muscle est-il la meilleure couverture pour les fractures ouvertes de jambe Gustillo??IIIb???, Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth??tique, vol.53, issue.6, pp.473-482, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anplas.2008.04.005

U. Kneser, S. Brockmann, M. Leffler, L. Haeberle, J. Beier et al., Comparison between distally based peroneus brevis and sural flaps for reconstruction of foot, ankle and distal lower leg: An analysis of donor-site morbidity and clinical outcome, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.64, issue.5, pp.656-62, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.09.013

R. Wettstein, R. Schürch, A. Banic, D. Erni, and Y. Harder, Review of 197 consecutive free flap reconstructions in the lower extremity, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.61, issue.7, pp.772-778, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.11.037

L. Mathieu, F. Mottier, A. Bertani, J. Danis, F. Rongiéras et al., Management of neglected open extremity fractures in low-resource settings: Experience of the French Army Medical Service in Chad, Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, vol.100, issue.7, pp.815-835, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.06.017

Q. Qassemyar and R. Sinna, Le lambeau perforant en h??lice, Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esth??tique, vol.55, issue.3, pp.204-214, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anplas.2009.06.002

C. Rubino, A. Figus, M. Mazzocchi, L. Dessy, and A. Martano, The propeller flap for chronic osteomyelitis of the lower extremities: a case report, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol.62, issue.10, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.053

A. Gravvanis, D. Tsoutsos, D. Karakitsos, T. Iconomou, and O. Papadopoulos, Blood Perfusion of the Free Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Flap: Its Beneficial Effect in the Reconstruction of Infected Wounds in the Lower Extremity, World Journal of Surgery, vol.34, issue.1, pp.11-19, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00268-006-0298-8

W. Faisham, S. Nordin, and M. Aidura, Bacteriological study and its role in the management of open tibial fracture, Med J Malaysia, vol.56, pp.201-207, 2001.

W. Chan, R. Li, J. Ling, A. Cheng, and J. Schentag, Markedly different rates and resistance profiles exhibited by seven commonly used and newer ??-lactams on the selection of resistant variants of Enterobacter cloacae, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.43, issue.1, pp.55-60, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/43.1.55

P. Roger, B. Garo, F. Roblot, and E. Bernard, Implication of antibiotic referents in complex bone and joint infections, M??decine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.43, issue.4, pp.159-62, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.02.003