C. Pérez, Source: http://litterature20.paris-sorbonne.fr/preface-vers-et-prose-page-1-perez-105.html 110 Symbolized by the huge influx of African-American expats and travelers living in Paris?artists and writers, but also African-American soldiers who stayed in France after fighting there in World War I?and migrants from the Caribbean and West Africa French colonies as well Le Paris Noir. Hazan, 2011. Other scholars such as Paul Gilroy, Michel Fabre Edwards, and Tracy Denean Sharpelly-Whiting have done extensive work on this The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double-Consciousness, Préface-Vers et Prose " . Littératures Françaises des XXe et XXIe siècles Paris Noir: African Americans in the City of Light, 1991.

M. Nye, M. Codes, . Honor-in-modern, and . France, Surrealist Masculinities: Gender Anxiety and the Aesthetics of Post-World War I Reconstruction in France (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2007); and Judith Surkis, Morality and Masculinity in France) focus on white French masculinity, while Jennifer Boittin's Colonial Metropolis, The Urban Grounds of Anti-Imperialism and Feminism in Interwar Paris (University of Nebraska, 2010) has a chapter Reverse Exoticism & Masculinity: The Cultural Polics of Race Relations, dealing with how black men living in Paris negotiated their masculinities among white women, pp.1870-1920, 1993.

J. Tumblety, R. The-male, and . Body, Masculinity and the uses of Physical Culture in Interwar and Vichy France Georges Vigarello Virilités sportives Le Seuil, Histoire de la virilité, 2011.

D. Péladan-"-l-'esthétique-du-muscle and . Strohl, Polémiques sur la beauté masculine, 1921.

G. Lerousseau, La culture Physique, 1920.

-. Mah, had entered into the Parisian scene through an American visiting Paris. She had been traveling in China and brought several sets of Mah-Jong with her to give to her friends

L. Mahjong, L'effondrement de l'ancien régime [China] et des multiples et subtiles traditions chinoises ont entrainé la vulgarisation de ces mystères nombreuse et charmants qui répandent un parfum d'Orient indéfinissable et suggestif, pp.44-45, 1924.

J. Ochsé, Le Miroir de Paris, 1924.

J. Ochsé, Le Miroir de Paris, 1924.

A. Appadurai, The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective Cambridge Cambridgeshire, Modernity at Large : Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, 1988.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511819582

N. Archer, Style Wars: Critical Reflections On The Power Of Style, 2016.

R. Bachollet, J. Debost, A. Lelieur, and M. Peyriere, Negripub? L'image des Noirs dans la publicité, 1994.

E. Badinter, XY, de l'identité masculine, Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1994.

R. Barthes and . Mythologies, Trans Annette Lavers, 1972.

C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, pp.1780-1914, 2003.

B. Beebe, M. Carl, and . Sunder, The Luxury Economy and Intellectual Property: Critical Reflections, 2015.

M. Berg and H. Clifford, Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe 1650-1850, 1999.

P. Bergé, Le luxe: essais sur la fabrique de l'ostentation. Edited by Olivier Assouly, 2011.

P. Blanchard, . Sandrin, and . Lemaire, Culture coloniale. La France conquise par son empire, 1871-1931, Collection Mémoires, 2003.

M. Bloch, The Historian's Craft, 1992.

P. Bloom, The Lure of Luxury, Boston Review, 2015.

J. Boittin and . Anne, Colonial Metropolis: The Urban Grounds of Anti-Imperialism and Feminism in Interwar Paris, 2010.

J. Bologne and . Claude, Histoire de la coquetterie masculine, 2011.

G. Boëtsch, P. Blanchard, S. Lemaire, and N. Bancel, Culture coloniale en France : De la Révolution française à nos jours, 2008.

P. Bourdieu and L. Distinction, Critique sociale du jugement, 1979.

K. Breazeale, In Spite of Women: "Esquire" Magazine and the Construction of the Male Consumer, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol.20, issue.1, pp.1-22, 1994.
DOI : 10.1086/494952

E. Briot, La parfumerie parisienne au XIX e siècle, naissance d'une industrie de luxe PhD dissFrom Industry to Luxury: French Perfume in the Nineteenth Century http://www .hbs.edu/businesshistory/Documents/from-industry-to-luxury.pdf Butler, Judith, Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of " Sex, La chimie des élégances Conservatoire National des Arts et MétiersGender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, 1993.

C. Charle, Le Temps Des Capitales Culturelles, 2009.

M. Charpy, http://plus.franceculture.fr/une-histoire-de-la-sapologie-africaine. --- " L'ordre des choses. Sur quelques traites de la culture matérielle bourgeoise parisienne, 1830-1914, pp.105-133, 2007.

F. Chenoune, Des modes et des hommes. -Deux siècles d'élégance masculine. Paris: Flammarion, 1993.

M. Chessel, From America to Europe: Educating Consumers Paris and the Spirit of 1919: Consumer Struggles, Transnationalism, and Revolution, Histoire de la consommation, pp.165-75, 2002.

A. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and WEst Africa, pp.1895-1930, 1997.

F. Cooper, What is the Concept of Globalization Good for? An African Historian's Perspective, African Affairs, vol.100, issue.399, pp.189-213, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/afraf/100.399.189

A. Corbin, J. Courtine, G. Vigarello, and C. , Histoire de la virilité : Tome 3, La virilité en crise ?, Le XXe-XXIe siècle. Paris: Seuil, Histoire du corps : Tome 3, Les mutations du regard, 2006.

F. Dano, E. Roux, S. Nyeck, L. Hommes, L. Apparence et al., Approche socio-sémiotique Décisions Marketing, pp.7-19, 2003.

R. Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: Publishing History of the Encyclopedie, 1775-1800, The Great Cat Massacre : And Other Episodes in French Cultural History. Basic Books, 1987.

D. Grazia and V. , Irresistible Empire: America's Advance Through Twentieth-Century Europe, 2005.

M. Fabre, From Harlem to Paris: Black American Writers in France, pp.1840-1980

G. Falconnet and N. Lefaucheur, La Fabrication des mâles, 1977.

F. Godart, The power structure of the fashion industry: Fashion capitals, globalization and creativity, International Journal of Fashion Studies, vol.1, issue.1, pp.39-55, 2014.
DOI : 10.1386/infs.1.1.39_1

P. T. Hoffman, Opening Our Eyes: History and the Social Sciences, The Journal of the Historical Society, vol.6, issue.1, pp.93-117, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00169.x

K. L. Hoganson, Consumers' Imperium: The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865-1920, 2010.

M. Jolly, Review of Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Conquest, Journal of the History, vol.7, issue.3, pp.444-492, 1997.

G. Jones and T. Khanna, Bringing history (back) into international business, Journal of International Business Studies, vol.41, issue.2, 2006.
DOI : 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400198

G. Jones, Globalization and beauty: a historical and firm perspective, Beauty imagined: A History of the Global Beauty Industry, 2010.
DOI : 10.4337/9781782548188.00009

C. Kennedy-karpat, Rogues, Romance, and Exoticism in French Cinema of the 1930s

G. Lehnert and G. Mentges, Fusion fashion: culture beyond orientalism and occidentalism. Frankfurt am Main, Allemagne: PL academic research, 2013.
DOI : 10.3726/978-3-653-03343-4

M. Martin, Les pionniers de la publicité: aventures etaventuriers de la publicité en France (1836-1939) Paris: Nouveau monde édition, 1992.
DOI : 10.14375/NP.9782847365672

R. Marcowitz, Nationale Identität und transnationale Einflüsse: Amerikanisierung, Europäisierung und Globalisierung in Frankreich nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, 2007.

J. Marseille, Empire colonial et capitalisme français: histoire d'un divorce, 1984.

M. Martin, Selling Beauty: Cosmetics, Commerce, and French Society, pp.1750-1830

K. Marx and E. Mandel, Capital: Volume 1: A Critique of Political Economy. Translated by Ben Fowkes, Y: Penguin Classics, 1992.

C. Maurel, Manuel d'histoire globale: Comprendre le « global turn » des sciences humaines, 2014.

S. Maza, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary, pp.1750-1850, 2005.

A. Mcclintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest, 1995.

H. Merrill, Esky : The Early Years at Esquire, 1995.

F. Moretti, The Bourgeois: Between History and Literature. 1 edition, 2013.

C. Méadel, Les ressources en histoire de la publicité Le Temps des médias, pp.273-75, 2004.

P. Nord, . By Tyler Stovall. New Studies in European History. Edited by Peter Baldwin et al.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. xii+342. $99.00 (cloth); $79.00 (Adobe e-Book Reader); $79.00 (Mobipocket e-Book)., The Journal of Modern History, vol.86, issue.2, pp.455-57, 2014.
DOI : 10.1086/675477

U. Okonkwo, Luxury Fashion Branding: Trends, Tactics, Techniques, 2007.
DOI : 10.1057/9780230590885

P. Ory, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France -PUF, 2008.

S. Ouattara, D. Konate, L. Millogo, and S. Sako, Gouvernance et libertés locales : Pour une renaissance de l'Afrique, 2007.

K. Peiss, Education the Eye of the Beholder?American Cosmetics Abroad, Daedalus, vol.131, pp.101-111, 2002.

. Peng and . Hsiao-yen, Dandyism and Transcultural Modernity: The Dandy, the Flaneur, and the Translator in 1930s Shanghai, 2015.

. Peng, I. Hsiao-yen, and . Rabut, Modern China and the West: Translation and Cultural Mediation, 2014.

M. Pinçon, M. Pinçon-charlot, and A. L. Secara, Grand Fortunes: Dynasties of Wealth in France, 1998.

U. Plass, Futures Past On the Semantics of Historical Time German Quarterly79, pp.140-181, 2006.

J. E. Pedersen and C. , Judith Surkis Sexing the Citizen: Morality and Masculinity in FranceSexing the Citizen: Morality and Masculinity in France, The Journal of Modern History, vol.80, issue.25 93, pp.1870-1920, 1870.

J. Rioux, Les élites en France au XXe siècle. Remarques historiographiques Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Moyen-Age, Temps modernes 95, Civilization without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France, pp.13-27, 1983.

K. Robson and J. Yee, France and Indochina: Cultural Representations, 2005.

K. Ross and F. Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the reordering of French Culture, 1995.

V. R. Schwartz, It's So French!: Hollywood, Paris, and the Making of Cosmopolitan Film Culture, 2007.

P. Scranton, Beauty and Business: Commerce, Gender, and Culture in Modern America, 2014.

P. Scranton and P. Fridenson, Reimagining Business History, 2013.

G. F. Sherayko, Selling the Modern: The New Consumerism in Weimar Germany, 1996.

D. Slater, Consumer Culture and Modernity, 1997.

M. Sicard, Luxe, mensonges et marketing, 2010.

M. Smith and . Stephen, The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800- 1930, 2006.

W. Stead, The Americanization of the World;or, The Trend of the Twentieth Century, 1902.

P. N. Stearns, Stages of Consumerism: Recent Work on the Issues of Periodization, The Journal of Modern History, vol.69, issue.1, pp.102-119, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/245442

V. Steele and J. S. Major, China Chic: East Meets WestParis Fashion: A Cultural History, pp.161-165, 1988.

A. Stoler and . Laura, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power, 2010.

J. Surkis, Sexing the Citizen: Morality and Masculinity in France, pp.1870-1920, 2006.

M. P. Steinberg, Cultural History or Cultural Studies: Can ???the Farmer and the Cowman??? be Friends?, Central European History, vol.28, issue.01, pp.81-85, 1995.
DOI : 10.1017/S0008938900011262

D. Thomas, Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Lustre, Penguin UK, 2015.

B. Traister, Academic Viagra: The Rise of American Masculinity Studies, American Quarterly, vol.52, issue.2, pp.274-304, 2000.
DOI : 10.1353/aq.2000.0025

F. Trentmann, The Making of the Consumer: Knowledge, Power and Identity in the Modern World, 2006.

J. Tumblety, Remaking the Male Body: Masculinity and the Uses of Physical Culture in Interwar and Vichy France, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695577.001.0001

G. Vigarello, Le propre et le sale: l'hygiène du corps depuis le Moyen Âge. Paris: Seuil, 2013, Histoire de la beauté. Paris: PointsUne Histoire culturelle du Sport. Techniques d'hier et d'aujourd'hui, 1988.

R. H. Williams, Dream Worlds: Mass Consumption in Late Nineteenth Century France, 1991.

S. Zdatny, Fashion, Work, and Politics in Modern France, 2006.
DOI : 10.1057/9781403984456