A. Médicamenteux, page 70) 1. les diurétiques (page 70) 2. les dérivés nitrés (page 72) 3. les inotropes positifs (page 73) 4. La morphine (page 75) 5. les nouveaux médicaments en perspective, p.75

R. 1. De-peretti, C. Pérel, C. Tuppin, P. Iliou, M. Juillière et al., Prevalence and functional status of coronary heart diseases and heart failure in the adult population in France: contribution of the " Disabilities and Health " cross-sectional surveys], Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire, pp.9-10172, 2014.

A. Gabet, A. Lamarche-vadel, F. Chin, Y. Juillière, C. De-peretti et al., Heart failure mortality in France, Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire, vol.2122, pp.386-394, 2000.

F. Follath, M. Yilmaz, J. Delgado, J. Parissis, R. Porcher et al., Clinical presentation, management and outcomes in the Acute Heart Failure Global Survey of Standard Treatment (ALARM-HF), Intensive Care Medicine, vol.138, issue.4, pp.619-626, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-010-2113-0

M. Gheorghiade and G. Filippatos, Reassessing treatment of acute heart failure syndromes: the ADHERE Registry, European Heart Journal Supplements, vol.7, issue.Suppl B, pp.13-19, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/sui008

C. Emerman, Treatment of the acute decompensation of heart failure: efficacy and pharmacoeconomics of early initiation of therapy in the emergency department, Rev Cardiovasc Med, vol.4, pp.13-20, 2003.

W. Peacock, C. Emerman, M. Costanzo, D. Diercks, M. Lopatin et al., Early Vasoactive Drugs Improve Heart Failure Outcomes, Congestive Heart Failure, vol.11, issue.6, pp.256-264, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2009.00112.x

A. Mebazaa, M. Yilmaz, P. Levy, P. Ponikowski, W. Peacock et al., Recommendations on pre-hospital and early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine ??? short version, European Heart Journal, vol.36, issue.30, pp.544-558, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv066

E. Platz, P. Jhund, R. Campbell, and J. Mcmurray, Assessment and prevalence of pulmonary oedema in contemporary acute heart failure trials: a systematic review, European Journal of Heart Failure, vol.294, issue.2 Suppl
DOI : 10.1002/ejhf.321

M. Chacornac, G. Baronne-rochette, M. Schmidt, D. Savary, D. Habold et al., Characteristics and management of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions occurring in ski resorts in the French Alps: Impact of an acute coronary care network, Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, vol.103, issue.8-9, pp.460-468, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.acvd.2010.09.002

J. Nappi, A retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of intravenous bumetanide and comparison of potency with furosemide, Pharmacy Practice (Internet), vol.11, issue.1, pp.44-50, 2013.
DOI : 10.4321/S1886-36552013000100008

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Référentiel des informations relatives au séjour et nécessaires à la continuité et à la sécurité des soins en sortie d'hospitalisation 2014, 2016.

H. Autorité and D. Santé, Comment organiser la sortie des patients hospitalisés pour insuffisance cardiaque ? 2015

M. Nieminen, D. Brutsaert, K. Dickstein, H. Drexler, F. Follath et al., EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population, European Heart Journal, vol.27, issue.22, pp.2725-2736, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl193

D. Logeart, R. Isnard, M. Resche-rigon, M. Seronde, P. De-groote et al., Current aspects of the spectrum of acute heart failure syndromes in a real-life setting: the OFICA study, European Journal of Heart Failure, vol.100, issue.4, pp.465-476, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs189

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00880093

S. Ang and P. Andrus, Lung Ultrasound in the Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure, Current Cardiology Reviews, vol.8, issue.2, pp.123-136, 2012.
DOI : 10.2174/157340312801784907

E. Pivetta, A. Goffi, E. Lupia, M. Tizzani, G. Porrino et al., Lung Ultrasound-Implemented Diagnosis of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in the ED, Chest, vol.148, issue.1, pp.202-210, 2015.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.14-2608

L. Ducros, D. Logeart, E. Vicaut, P. Henry, P. Plaisance et al., CPAP for acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema from out-of-hospital to cardiac intensive care unit: a randomised multicentre study, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.Suppl, pp.1501-1509, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-011-2311-4

P. Plaisance, R. Pirracchio, C. Berton, E. Vicaut, and D. Payen, A randomized study of out-of-hospital continuous positive airway pressure for acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: physiological and clinical effects, European Heart Journal, vol.28, issue.23, pp.2895-2901, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm502

J. Masip, M. Roque, B. Sanchez, R. Fernandez, M. Subirana et al., Noninvasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema, JAMA, vol.294, issue.24, pp.3124-3130, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.294.24.3124

J. Peter, J. Moran, J. Phillips-hughes, P. Graham, and A. Bersten, Effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a meta-analysis, The Lancet, vol.367, issue.9517, pp.1155-1163, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68506-1

J. Parissis, M. Nikolaou, A. Mebazaa, I. Ikonomidis, J. Delgado et al., Acute pulmonary oedema: clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and in-hospital management, European Journal of Heart Failure, vol.10, issue.suppl., pp.1193-1202, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq138

M. Voors, A. Nielsen, O. Zannad, F. Tavazzi, and L. , Heart Failure Association of ESC (HFA) EURObservational Research Programme: the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot), Eur J Heart Fail, vol.12, pp.1076-1084, 2010.

Y. Freund, S. Delerme, S. Castro, A. Arhan, V. Montout et al., Le dinitrate d???isosorbide en bolus est-il b??n??fique chez les patients de plus de 75ans admis pour ??d??me pulmonaire cardiog??nique???, Journal Europ??en des Urgences, vol.22, issue.2, p.96, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeur.2009.03.087

G. Cotter, E. Metzkor, E. Kaluski, Z. Faigenberg, R. Miller et al., Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema, The Lancet, vol.351, issue.9100, pp.389-393, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08417-1

A. Sharon, I. Shpirer, E. Kaluski, Y. Moshkovitz, O. Milovanov et al., High-dose intravenous isosorbide-dinitrate is safer and better than Bi-PAP ventilation combined with conventional treatment for severe pulmonary edema, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.832-837, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00785-3

URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00785-3

A. Wakai, A. Mccabe, R. Kidney, S. Brooks, R. Seupaul et al., Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.17, issue.4, p.5151, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD005151.pub2

J. Mcmurray, S. Adamopoulos, S. Anker, A. Auricchio, M. Bohm et al., ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012, Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC, pp.1787-1847, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.repce.2013.10.001

F. Gc, The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE): opportunities to improve care of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure, Rev Cardiovasc Med, vol.4, pp.21-30, 2002.

F. Zannad, A. Mebazaa, Y. Juillière, A. Cohen-solal, L. Guize et al., Clinical profile, contemporary management and one-year mortality in patients with severe acute heart failure syndromes: The EFICA study? Contemporary management of octogenarians hospitalized for heart failure in Europe: Euro Heart Failure Survey II, ):697?705. 3. Komajda M, pp.478-86, 2006.

N. Sato, K. Kajimoto, K. Asai, M. Mizuno, Y. Minami et al., Acute decompensated heart failure syndromes (ATTEND) registry. A prospective observational multicenter cohort study: Rationale, design, and preliminary data, American Heart Journal, vol.159, issue.6, pp.949-955, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.03.019

J. Mcmurray, S. Adamopoulos, S. Anker, A. Auricchio, M. Böhm et al., ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012, Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English Edition), vol.32, issue.7-8, pp.803-69, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.repce.2013.10.001

F. Delahaye, D. Gevigney, G. Gaillard, S. Cheneau, and E. , Épidémiologie et impact économique de l'insuffisance cardiaque en France, Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, vol.91, issue.11, pp.1307-1321, 1998.

T. Saudubray, C. Saudubray, C. Viboud, G. Jondeau, A. Valleron et al., Pr??valence et prise en charge de l'insuffisance cardiaque en France??: enqu??te nationale aupr??s des m??decins g??n??ralistes du r??seau Sentinelles, La Revue de M??decine Interne, vol.26, issue.11, pp.845-50, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.04.038

C. Pérel, F. Chin, P. Tuppin, D. Danchin, A. F. Juillière et al., Taux de patients hospitalisés pour insuffisance cardiaque en 2008 et évolutions en, France. Bull Épidémiologique Hebd, vol.41, pp.466-70, 2002.

J. Mcmurray and S. Stewart, Epidemiology, aetiology, and prognosis of heart failure

K. Ho, J. Pinsky, W. Kannel, D. Levy, and B. Pitt, The epidemiology of heart failure: The Framingham Study, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.22, issue.4, pp.21-222014, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90455-A

D. Farmakis, J. Parissis, J. Lekakis, G. Filippatos, M. Yilmaz et al., Acute heart failure: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention Clinical presentation, management and outcomes in the Acute Heart Failure Global Survey of Standard Treatment (ALARM-HF) Intensive Care Med. 6 janv Current aspects of the spectrum of acute heart failure syndromes in a real-life setting: the OFICA study, 245?8. 13. Follath F, pp.465-76, 2011.

P. Mckee, W. Castelli, P. Mcnamara, W. Kannel, K. Carlson et al., The Natural History of Congestive Heart Failure: The Framingham Study An analysis of physicians' reasons for prescribing long-term digitalis therapy in outpatientsAHA Guideline for the Management of Heart FailureA Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, 1441?6. 16, 1971.

J. Hurst, D. Morris, R. Alexander, V. Harjola, A. Mebazaa et al., The use of the New york heart association's classification of cardiovascular disease as part of the patient's complete problem list Contemporary management of acute right ventricular failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Association and the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function of the European Society of Cardiology al. Practical recommendations for prehospital and early in-hospital management of patients presenting with acute heart failure syndromes, ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult?Summary Article226?41. 22. Mebazaa A, Gheorghiade M, pp.129-139, 1999.

L. Ware and M. Matthay, Acute Pulmonary Edema, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.353, issue.26, pp.2788-96, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMcp052699

P. Ponikowski, A. Voors, S. Anker, H. Bueno, J. Cleland et al., 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure Utility of Bnatriuretic peptide as a rapid, point-of-care test for screening patients undergoing echocardiography to determine left ventricular dysfunction Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a biochemical marker of high left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in patients with symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, 2129?200. 25. Maisel AS,367?74. 26. Maeda K, pp.825-857, 1998.

J. Januzzi, R. Kimmenade, . Van, J. Lainchbury, A. Bayes-genis et al., NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients, 330?7. 28. Members AF, 2006.

H. Murray, B. Cload, C. Collier, M. Sivilotti, Y. Lefort et al., Potential impact of <span class=« italic »>N</span>-terminal pro-BNP testing on the emergency department evaluation of acute dyspnea Intérêt du dosage du peptide natriurétique de type-B en médecine d'urgence Bedside lung ultrasound in the assessment of alveolar-interstitial syndrome, Can J Emerg Med. juill Réanimation. Am J Emerg Med. oct, vol.81224, issue.476, pp.475-81, 2003.

S. Ang and P. Andrus, Lung Ultrasound in the Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure, Current Cardiology Reviews, vol.8, issue.2
DOI : 10.2174/157340312801784907

A. Deeb, M. Barbic, S. Featherstone, R. Dankoff, J. Barbic et al., Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients presenting with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocol Emergency echocardiography: the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging recommendations, 117?25. 35. Neskovic AN, pp.1-11, 2008.

R. Ferre, O. Chioncel, P. Pang, R. Lang, M. Gheorghiade et al., Acute heart failure: the role of focused emergency cardiopulmonary ultrasound in identification and early management, European Journal of Heart Failure, vol.48, issue.12
DOI : 10.1002/ejhf.421

J. Eur, S. Shah, S. Shah, R. Fils-aime, W. Desir et al., Focused cardiopulmonary ultrasound for assessment of dyspnea in a resource-limited setting, déc Crit Ultrasound J. déc, vol.178, issue.38, 2015.

S. Collins, C. Lindsell, A. Storrow, W. Abraham, R. Klein et al., ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee, Investigators and Study Group Prevalence of negative chest radiography results in the emergency department patient with decompensated heart failure Radiographic pulmonary congestion in end-stage congestive heart failure Recommendations on pre-hospital & early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine Renal and Extrarenal Hemodynamic Effects of Furosemide in Congestive Heart Failure after Acute Myocardial Infarction Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: Bolus injection versus continuous infusion, Management of suspected acute heart failure dyspnea in the emergency department: results from the French prospective multicenter DeFSSICA survey. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med544?58. 42. Dikshit K,1087?90. 43. Dictionnaire Vidal O. Editions du Vidal Diuretic Strategies in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure, pp.112-39376, 1973.

G. Cotter, E. Metzkor, E. Kaluski, Z. Faigenberg, R. Miller et al., Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema Le dinitrate d'isosorbide en bolus est-il bénéfique chez les patients de plus de 75 ans admis pour oedème pulmonaire cardiogénique, Lancet Lond Engl. 7 févr, vol.351, issue.47, p.216145, 1998.

J. Tartière, S. Benlolo, D. Logeart, A. Solal, A. Mebazaa et al., Traitement médical de l'insuffisance cardiaque aiguë décompensée A review of levosimendan in the treatment of heart failure Vasc Health Risk Manag Effect of Levosimendan on the Short-Term Clinical Course of Patients With Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial, 103?11. 51. Follath F, pp.136-182, 2002.

G. Aidonidis, I. Kanonidis, V. Koutsimanis, T. Neumann, R. Erbel et al., Efficiency and safety of prolonged levosimendan infusion in patients with acute heart failure Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST) Pt 1):78?86. 55 Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial Clinical Use of Inotropic Therapy for Heart Failure: Looking Backward or Forward? Part I: Inotropic Infusions During Hospitalization Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis A randomized multicenter study comparing the efficacy and safety of intravenous milrinone and intravenous nitroglycerin in patients with advanced heart failure, Levosimendan vs Dobutamine for Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: The SURVIVE Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2 mai196?202. 56. Stevenson LW367?72. 57. Peacock WF,114?21. 59. Felker GM RM, et al. Heart failure etiology and response to milrinone in decompensated heart failure: results from the OPTIME- CHF study):997?1003. 60. Publication Committee for the VMAC Investigators, pp.1883-91, 1999.

C. Acute, Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA. 27 mars, vol.287, issue.12, pp.1531-1571, 2002.

I. Nesiritide, J. Natriuretic-peptide-teerlink, G. Cotter, B. Davison, G. Felker et al., in the Treatment of Decompensated Congestive Heart Failure Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 246?53. 62, pp.29-39, 2000.

A. Hernandez, X. Sérélaxine-combes, P. Jabre, V. B. Carli, P. Ka et al., Ventilation non invasive en médecine d'urgence. Ann Fr Médecine Urgence The use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the emergency department: results of a randomized clinical trial Noninvasive ventilation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a multicenter randomized trial, Aperçus de ses effets hémodynamiques1432?7. 67. Díaz GG, Alcaraz AC, 1998.

S. Goodacre, D. Newby, M. Masson, F. Sampson, and J. Nicholl, Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in elderly cardiogenic pulmonary edema patients, 952?60. 68. Gray A142?51. 69. L'Her E, pp.882-890, 2004.

M. Hubble, M. Richards, R. Jarvis, T. Millikan, Y. D. Bolton et al., Effectiveness of prehospital continuous positive airway pressure in the management of acute pulmonary edema Non-invasive ventilation and continuous positive pressure ventilation in emergency departments: where are we now? The effect of positive pressure airway support on mortality and the need for intubation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a systematic review, 430?9. 711185?92. 73. L'Her E, Jaffrelot M. Faut-il encore mettre en route une ventilation non invasive en cas de détresse respiratoire sur un oedème pulmonaire cardiogénique, pp.720-725, 1998.

G. Regolisti, E. Fiaccadori, E. Fiaccadori, G. Regolisti, U. Maggiore et al., Ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure: friend or foe for the kidney? Ultrafiltration in heart failure Assistance cardiorespiratoire par extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 421?6. 75439?49. 76. Combes A, pp.402-413, 2001.

H. Thiele, U. Zeymer, F. Neumann, M. Ferenc, H. Olbrich et al., Intraaortic Balloon Support for Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock, 1287?96. 79. Bréchot N, pp.178-86, 2012.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1208410

URL : http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1181563/document.pdf