E. Bromet, L. Andrade, I. Hwang, N. Sampson, A. J. De-girolamo et al., Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode, BMC Medicine, vol.106, issue.1-2, p.90, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.023

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00617550

C. Mathers, D. Fat, and J. Boerma, Global Burden of Disease, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00175-2

J. Guelfi and F. Rouillon, Manuel de psychiatrie. Issy-les-Moulineaux, 2012.

S. Stahl, Psychopharmacologie essentielle : Bases neuroscientifiques et applications pratiques. 2e édition, 2010.

E. Paykel, R. Ramana, Z. Cooper, H. Hayhurst, J. Kerr et al., Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression, Psychological Medicine, vol.165, issue.06, p.11711180, 1995.
DOI : 10.1080/02699938808410927

L. Judd, H. Akiskal, J. Maser, P. Zeller, J. Endicott et al., Major depressive disorder: A prospective study of residual subthreshold depressive symptoms as predictor of rapid relapse, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.50, issue.2-3, pp.2-397108, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00138-4

D. Warden, A. Rush, M. Trivedi, M. Fava, and S. Wisniewski, The STAR*D project results: A comprehensive review of findings, Current Psychiatry Reports, vol.5, issue.Suppl16, p.44959, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11920-007-0061-3

D. Gourion, Antidepressants and their onset of action: a major clinical, methodological and pronostical issue], Encephale. janv, vol.34, issue.1, p.7381, 2008.

P. White, W. Way, and A. Trevor, Ketamine???Its Pharmacology and Therapeutic Uses, Anesthesiology, vol.56, issue.2, p.119136, 1982.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-198202000-00007

E. Domino, Taming the Ketamine Tiger, Anesthesiology, vol.113, issue.3, p.678684, 1965.
DOI : 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181ed09a2

R. Strayer and L. Nelson, Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol.26, issue.9
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005

T. R. De-la, . Commentary, and . Morgan, ketamine abuse: first medical evidence of harms we should confront, Addict Abingdon Engl. janv, vol.105, issue.1, p.134135, 2010.

R. Layer, P. Popik, T. Olds, and P. Skolnick, Antidepressant-like actions of the polyamine site NMDA antagonist, eliprodil (SL-82.0715), Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol.52, issue.3, p.621627, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0091-3057(95)00155-P

G. Nowak, R. Trullas, R. Layer, P. Skolnick, and I. Paul, Adaptive changes in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex after chronic treatment with imipramine and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, J Pharmacol Exp Ther. juin, vol.265, issue.3, p.13801386, 1993.

R. Berman, A. Cappiello, A. Anand, D. Oren, G. Heninger et al., Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients, Biological Psychiatry, vol.47, issue.4, p.351354, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00230-9

C. Zarate, . Jr, J. Singh, P. Carlson, N. Brutsche et al., A Randomized Trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate Antagonist in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.63, issue.8, p.856864, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.856

A. Het-rot, M. Zarate, C. Jr, D. Charney, and S. Mathew, Ketamine for depression: where do we go from here? Biol Psychiatry, p.537547, 2012.

R. Price, M. Nock, D. Charney, and S. Mathew, Effects of Intravenous Ketamine on Explicit and Implicit Measures of Suicidality in Treatment-Resistant Depression, Biological Psychiatry, vol.66, issue.5, p.522526, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.029

N. Diazgranados, L. Ibrahim, N. Brutsche, R. Ameli, I. Henter et al., -Aspartate Antagonist in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.71, issue.12, p.16051611, 2010.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.09m05327blu

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00591663

A. Kudoh, Y. Takahira, H. Katagai, and T. Takazawa, Small-Dose Ketamine Improves the Postoperative State of Depressed Patients, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol.95, issue.1, p.1148, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00000539-200207000-00020

R. Ostroff, M. Gonzales, and G. Sanacora, Antidepressant Effect of Ketamine During ECT, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.162, issue.7, p.13851386, 2005.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1385

H. Goforth and T. Holsinger, Rapid Relief of Severe Major Depressive Disorder by Use of Preoperative Ketamine and Electroconvulsive Therapy, The Journal of ECT, vol.23, issue.1, p.2325, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/01.yct.0000263257.44539.23

S. Yalcin, H. Aydo?an, S. Selek, A. Kucuk, H. Yuce et al., Ketofol in electroconvulsive therapy anesthesia: two stones for one bird, Journal of Anesthesia, vol.17, issue.4, p.562567, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00540-012-1378-6

C. Abdallah, M. Fasula, B. Kelmendi, G. Sanacora, and R. Ostroff, Rapid Antidepressant Effect of Ketamine in the Electroconvulsive Therapy Setting, The Journal of ECT, vol.28, issue.3, p.157161, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/YCT.0b013e31824f8296

J. Murrough, A. Perez, S. Pillemer, J. Stern, M. Parides et al., Rapid and Longer-Term Antidepressant Effects of Repeated Ketamine Infusions in Treatment-Resistant Major Depression, Biological Psychiatry, vol.74, issue.4, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.022

L. Ibrahim, N. Diazgranados, J. Franco-chaves, N. Brutsche, I. Henter et al., Course of Improvement in Depressive Symptoms to a Single Intravenous Infusion of Ketamine vs Add-on Riluzole: Results from a 4-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.63, issue.6, p.15261533, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/npp.2011.338

R. Kollmar, K. Markovic, N. Thürauf, H. Schmitt, and J. Kornhuber, Ketamine followed by memantine for the treatment of major depression, Aust N Z J Psychiatry. févr, vol.42, issue.2, p.170, 2008.

N. Anis, S. Berry, N. Burton, and D. Lodge, The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N-methylaspartate, Br J Pharmacol. juin, vol.79, issue.2, p.565575, 1983.

R. Machado-vieira, H. Manji, and C. Zarate, The Role of the Tripartite Glutamatergic Synapse in the Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Mood Disorders, The Neuroscientist, vol.36, issue.13, p.525539, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/1073858409336093

G. Sanacora, C. Zarate, J. Krystal, and H. Manji, Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.265, issue.5, p.426437, 2008.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.153

A. Sheldon and M. Robinson, The role of glutamate transporters in neurodegenerative diseases and potential opportunities for intervention, Neurochemistry International, vol.51, issue.6-7, pp.6-7333355, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.03.012

A. Pilc, J. Wiero?ska, and P. Skolnick, Glutamate-Based Antidepressants: Preclinical Psychopharmacology, Biological Psychiatry, vol.73, issue.12, p.11251132, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.021

J. Krystal, G. Sanacora, and R. Duman, Rapid-Acting Glutamatergic Antidepressants: The Path to Ketamine and Beyond, Biological Psychiatry, vol.73, issue.12, p.11331141, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.026

N. Li, B. Lee, R. Liu, M. Banasr, J. Dwyer et al., mTOR-Dependent Synapse Formation Underlies the Rapid Antidepressant Effects of NMDA Antagonists, Science, vol.329, issue.5994, p.959964, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1190287

R. Liu, F. Lee, X. Li, F. Bambico, R. Duman et al., Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Allele Impairs Basal and Ketamine-Stimulated Synaptogenesis in Prefrontal Cortex, Biological Psychiatry, vol.71, issue.11, p.9961005, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.030

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290730

A. Autry, M. Adachi, E. Nosyreva, E. Na, M. Los et al., NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses, Nature, vol.96, issue.7354, p.9195, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10130

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3172695

L. Monteggia, E. Gideons, and E. Kavalali, The Role of Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 Kinase in Rapid Antidepressant Action of Ketamine, Biological Psychiatry, vol.73, issue.12, p.11991203, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.006

M. Adachi, M. Barrot, A. Autry, D. Theobald, and L. Monteggia, Selective Loss of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Dentate Gyrus Attenuates Antidepressant Efficacy, Biological Psychiatry, vol.63, issue.7
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.019

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00343691

L. Monteggia, M. Barrot, C. Powell, O. Berton, V. Galanis et al., Essential role of brainderived neurotrophic factor in adult hippocampal function, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 20 juill, vol.101, issue.29, p.1082710832, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00142913

R. Duman and G. Aghajanian, Synaptic Dysfunction in Depression: Potential Therapeutic Targets, Science, vol.338, issue.6103, p.6872, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1222939

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424898

S. Maeng, C. Zarate, . Jr, J. Du, R. Schloesser et al., Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine: Role of ??-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methylisoxazole-4-Propionic Acid Receptors, Biological Psychiatry, vol.63, issue.4, p.349352, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.028

E. Wassermann, C. Epstein, and U. Ziemann, The Oxford handbook of transcranial stimulation. Oxford, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.001.0001

P. Croarkin, P. Nakonezny, M. Husain, T. Melton, J. Buyukdura et al., Evidence for Increased Glutamatergic Cortical Facilitation in Children and Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder, JAMA Psychiatry, vol.70, issue.3, p.291299, 2013.
DOI : 10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.24

T. Kujirai, M. Caramia, J. Rothwell, B. Day, P. Thompson et al., Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex., The Journal of Physiology, vol.471, issue.1, p.501519, 1993.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019912

D. Mccormick, GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in human cerebral cortex, J Neurophysiol. nov, vol.62, issue.5, p.10181027, 1989.

U. Ziemann, Intracortical inhibition and facilitation in the conventional paired TMS paradigm, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, vol.51, p.127136, 1999.

T. Ilic, A. Korchounov, and U. Ziemann, Complex modulation of human motor cortex excitability by the specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitor sertraline, Neuroscience Letters, vol.319, issue.2, p.116120, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02563-0

U. Ziemann, Pharmacology of TMS, Suppl Clin Neurophysiol, vol.56, p.226231, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0013

A. Münchau, J. Langosch, W. Gerschlager, J. Rothwell, M. Orth et al., Mirtazapine increases cortical excitability in healthy controls and epilepsy patients with major depression, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.76, issue.4, p.527533, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2004.037010

U. Ziemann, R. Chen, L. Cohen, and M. Hallett, Dextromethorphan decreases the excitability of the human motor cortex, Neurology, vol.51, issue.5, p.13201324, 1998.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.51.5.1320

D. Lazzaro, V. Oliviero, A. Profice, P. Pennisi, M. Pilato et al., Ketamine Increases Human Motor Cortex Excitability to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, The Journal of Physiology, vol.109, issue.2, p.485496, 2003.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.030486

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2342642

E. Perry, . Jr, J. Cramer, H. Cho, I. Petrakis et al., Psychiatric safety of ketamine in psychopharmacology research, Psychopharmacology, vol.63, issue.Suppl 2, pp.253-260, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00213-007-0706-2

C. Morgan, L. Muetzelfeldt, and H. Curran, Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1-year longitudinal study, Addiction, vol.38, issue.1, p.121133, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02761.x

Y. Lai, S. Wu, L. Ni, Z. Chen, X. Li et al., Ketamine-Associated Urinary Tract Dysfunction: An Underrecognized Clinical Entity, Urologia Internationalis, vol.89, issue.1, p.9396, 2012.
DOI : 10.1159/000338098

R. Gibbons, K. Hur, C. Brown, J. Davis, and J. Mann, Benefits From Antidepressants, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.69, issue.6, p.572579, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2044

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371295

M. Thase, A. Entsuah, and R. Rudolph, Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.178, issue.3, p.234241, 2001.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.178.3.234

D. Smith, C. Dempster, J. Glanville, N. Freemantle, and I. Anderson, Efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants: a meta-analysis, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.180, issue.5, p.396404, 2002.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.180.5.396

S. Harquel, M. Bécu, A. Chauvin, N. Guyader, and C. Marendaz, CortExTool: a signal processing toolbox for cortical excitability by transcranial magnetic stimulation. 11th Meet Fr Neurosci Soc, 2013.

N. Radhu, D. De-jesus, L. Ravindran, A. Zanjani, P. Fitzgerald et al., A meta-analysis of cortical inhibition and excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.124, issue.7, p.13091320, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.014

P. Sos, M. Klirova, T. Novak, B. Kohutova, J. Horacek et al., Relationship of ketamine's antidepressant and psychotomimetic effects in unipolar depression, Neuro Endocrinol Lett, vol.34, issue.4, p.287293, 2013.

A. Szegedi, W. Jansen, A. Van-willigenburg, E. Van-der-meulen, H. Stassen et al., Early Improvement in the First 2 Weeks as a Predictor of Treatment Outcome in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.70, issue.3, p.344353, 2009.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.07m03780

W. Van-der-kamp, A. Zwinderman, M. Ferrari, and J. Van-dijk, Cortical Excitability and Response Variability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.13, issue.2, p.164171, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00004691-199603000-00007

M. Orth and J. Rothwell, The cortical silent period: intrinsic variability and relation to the waveform of the transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.115, issue.5, p.10761082, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinph.2003.12.025

A. Het-rot, M. Collins, K. Murrough, J. Perez, A. Reich et al., Safety and Efficacy of Repeated-Dose Intravenous Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression, Biological Psychiatry, vol.67, issue.2, p.139145, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.038

S. Favre, J. Aubry, M. Gex-fabry, E. Ragama-pardos, A. Mcquillan et al., [Translation and validation of a French version of the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)], ):499505. Young mania rating scale (YMRS), 2003.