X. Bertrand, Pr??face du ministre de la Sant?? et des Solidarit??s, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.23, pp.5-6, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0761-8425(06)72516-5

L. Recommandations-de and . Splf, Disponible sur: http://efpneumo.org/index.php?, pp.153-156

M. Spruit, S. Singh, C. Garvey, R. Zuwallack, L. Nici et al., An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Key Concepts and Advances in Pulmonary Rehabilitation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.188, issue.8, pp.13-64, 2013.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.201309-1634ST

E. Kortianou, I. Nasis, and S. Spetsioti, Daskalakis AM, Vogiatzis I. Effectiveness of Interval Exercise Training in Patients with COPD, Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. sept, vol.21, issue.3, pp.12-21, 2010.

A. Couillard and C. Prefaut, L?????lectrostimulation dans la r??habilitation des patients BPCO s??v??res??: pertinence ou fac??tie???, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.27, issue.2, pp.113-137, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2009.08.004

S. Dal-corso, L. Nápolis, C. Malaguti, A. Gimenes, A. Albuquerque et al., Skeletal muscle structure and function in response to electrical stimulation in moderately impaired COPD patients, Respiratory Medicine, vol.101, issue.6, pp.1236-1279, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.10.023

J. Neder, D. Sword, S. Ward, E. Mackay, L. Cochrane et al., Home based neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a new rehabilitative strategy for severely disabled patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Thorax, vol.57, issue.4, pp.333-340, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/thorax.57.4.333

. Goldreport_april112011 and . Pdf, Disponible sur: http://www.goldcopd.org

J. Hurst, J. Vestbo, A. Anzueto, N. Locantore, H. Müllerova et al., Susceptibility to Exacerbation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.363, issue.12, pp.1128-1166, 2010.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0909883

G. Jones, Quality of life changes over times in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine [ 1070-5287]. 2 e éd, 2016.

R. Rodriguez-roisin, Toward a Consensus Definition for COPD Exacerbations, Chest, vol.117, issue.5, pp.398-401, 2000.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.117.5_suppl_2.398S

. Gold_report_2015_apr2 and . Pdf, Disponible sur: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2015_Apr2

C. Préfaut and G. Ninot, ?? La r??habilitation du malade respiratoire chronique ??, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.26, issue.9, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0761-8425(09)73342-X

S. Bernard, P. Leblanc, F. Whittom, G. Carrier, J. Jobin et al., Peripheral Muscle Weakness in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.158, issue.2, pp.629-663, 1998.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.158.2.9711023

B. Celli, C. Cote, J. Marin, C. Casanova, M. Montes-de-oca et al., The Body-Mass Index, Airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise Capacity Index in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.350, issue.10, pp.1005-1017, 2004.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa021322

J. Allaire, F. Maltais, J. Doyon, M. Noël, P. Leblanc et al., Peripheral muscle endurance and the oxidative profile of the quadriceps in patients with COPD, Thorax, vol.59, issue.8, pp.673-681, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/thx.2003.020636

U. Bommas-ebert, P. Teubner, and R. Voss, Cours d'anatomie [Internet] De Boeck Supérieur Disponible sur: http://books.google.com/books?, pp.22-24, 2008.

C. De-theije, R. Langen, W. Lamers, H. Gosker, A. Schols et al., Differential sensitivity of oxidative and glycolytic muscles to hypoxia-induced muscle atrophy, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.118, issue.2, pp.200-211, 1985.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00624.2014

M. Caron, R. Debigaré, P. Dekhuijzen, and F. Maltais, L???atteinte du diaphragme et du quadriceps dans la BPCO??: une manifestation syst??mique de cette maladie???, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.28, issue.10, pp.1250-64, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.04.015

E. Dousset, P. Decherchi, L. Grelot, and Y. Jammes, Effects of Chronic Hypoxemia on the Afferent Nerve Activities from Skeletal Muscle, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.164, issue.8, pp.1476-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.164.8.2010135

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01436194

T. Paillard and F. , Effets neuromusculaires de l'électrostimulation transcutanée surimposée et combinée à l'activité volontaire : une revue, Ann Phys Rehabil Med, vol.48, issue.3, pp.126-163, 2005.

F. Crépon, Électrostimulation musculaire : critères de choix des paramètres de stimulation. Kinésithérapie Sci, pp.43-48

B. Electrostimulation-basse-fréquence-versus-haute-fréquence-chez-les and ]. Internet, Disponible sur:http://www.arairlor.asso.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=871:ele ctrostimulation-basse-frequence-versus-haute-frequence-chez-les- bpco&catid=79:bibliographie-2012&Itemid=102 32

M. Vanderthommen, Contribution à l'étude du métabolisme de la contraction musculaire électro-induite chez l'homme [Internet] Université de Liège, Disponible sur, 2002.

E. Kortianou, I. Nasis, and S. Spetsioti, Daskalakis AM, Vogiatzis I. Effectiveness of Interval Exercise Training in Patients with COPD, Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. sept, vol.21, issue.3, pp.12-21, 2010.

O. Donnell, D. Laveneziana, and P. , Physiology and consequences of lung hyperinflation in COPD, European Respiratory Review, vol.15, issue.100, pp.61-68, 2006.
DOI : 10.1183/09059180.00010002

A. Couillard, Les facteurs pronostiques dans la BPCO??: la t??te, les jambes et le souffle??!, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.28, issue.2, pp.174-86, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2010.09.026

J. Gondin and L. , Neuromuscular electrical stimulation training induces atypical adaptations of the human skeletal muscle phenotype: a functional and proteomic analysis, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.110, issue.2, pp.433-50, 1985.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00914.2010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00696241

V. Gerovasili, K. Stefanidis, K. Vitzilaios, E. Karatzanos, P. Politis et al., Electrical muscle stimulation preserves the muscle mass of critically ill patients: a randomized study, Critical Care, vol.13, issue.5, p.161, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/cc8123

A. Abdellaoui, C. Préfaut, F. Gouzi, A. Couillard, M. Coisy-quivy et al., Skeletal muscle effects of electrostimulation after COPD exacerbation: a pilot study, European Respiratory Journal, vol.38, issue.4, pp.781-789, 2011.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00167110

E. Zanotti, G. Felicetti, M. Maini, and C. Fracchia, Peripheral Muscle Strength Training in Bed-Bound Patients With COPD Receiving Mechanical Ventilation, Chest, vol.124, issue.1, pp.292-298, 2003.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.124.1.292

M. Maddocks, C. Nolan, W. Man, M. Polkey, N. Hart et al., Neuromuscular electrical stimulation to improve exercise capacity in patients with severe COPD: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, vol.4, issue.1, pp.27-36, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00503-2

O. Donnell, D. Banzett, R. Carrieri-kohlman, V. Casaburi, R. Davenport et al., Pathophysiology of Dyspnea in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Roundtable, Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, vol.4, issue.2, pp.145-68, 2007.
DOI : 10.1513/pats.200611-159CC

E. Zanotti, C. Bizzarri, and R. Grasso, Combination of Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in COPD Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Efficacy Disponible sur: http://www.omicsonline, J Pulm Respir Med, vol.02, issue.01, pp.2161-105, 2012.

P. Vieira, A. Chiappa, G. Cipriano, D. Umpierre, R. Arena et al., Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves clinical and physiological function in COPD patients, Respiratory Medicine, vol.108, issue.4, pp.609-629, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.12.013

S. Corso, S. Duarte, J. Neder, C. Malaguti, M. Fuccio et al., A step test to assess exercise-related oxygen desaturation in interstitial lung disease, European Respiratory Journal, vol.29, issue.2, pp.330-336, 2007.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.00094006

I. Vivodtzev, J. Pépin, G. Vottero, V. Mayer, B. Porsin et al., Improvement in Quadriceps Strength and Dyspnea in Daily Tasks After 1 Month of Electrical Stimulation in Severely Deconditioned and Malnourished COPD, Chest, vol.129, issue.6, pp.1540-1548, 2006.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.129.6.1540

A. Kapandji, Anatomie fonctionnelle: hanche, genou, cheville, pied, voûte plantaire, marche. Membre inférieur. Maloine, 2009.

L. Nápolis, D. Corso, S. Neder, J. Malaguti, C. Gimenes et al., Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with better preserved fat-free mass, Clinics, vol.66, issue.3, pp.401-407, 2011.
DOI : 10.1590/S1807-59322011000300006

M. Sillen, F. Franssen, J. Delbressine, A. Vaes, E. Wouters et al., Efficacy of lower-limb muscle training modalities in severely dyspnoeic individuals with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness: results from the DICES trial, Thorax, vol.47, issue.(Suppl B), pp.525-556, 2014.
DOI : 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204388

R. Bohannon, D. Bubela, Y. Wang, S. Magasi, and R. Gershon, Six-Minute Walk Test Vs. Three-Minute Step Test for Measuring Functional Endurance, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.29, issue.11, pp.3240-3244, 2015.
DOI : 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000253

D. Bachasson, E. Villiot-danger, S. Verges, M. Hayot, T. Perez et al., Mesure ambulatoire de la force maximale volontaire isom??trique du quadriceps chez le patient BPCO, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.31, issue.8, pp.765-70, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2013.10.645

M. Nuhr, D. Pette, R. Berger, M. Quittan, R. Crevenna et al., Beneficial effects of chronic low-frequency stimulation of thigh muscles in patients with advanced chronic heart failure, European Heart Journal, vol.25, issue.2, pp.136-179, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.027

I. Vivodtzev, . D. Impact, . Internet, . Original-research, . The et al., Université Joseph-Fourier -Grenoble I Disponible sur: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00174963, 2006.

J. Zachazewski, P. Riley, and D. Krebs, Biomechanical analysis of body mass transfer during stair ascent and descent of healthy subjects, J Rehabil Res Dev, vol.30, issue.4, pp.412-434, 1993.

A. Xii, Les critères de jugements ANNEXE XVI : Caractéristiques des deux groupes en amont du programme pour les tests de forces et les questionnaires de qualité de vie ESNM QUADRICEPS ESNM QUADRICEPS + TRICEPS mMRC ( points) 2, pp.6-8

A. Xvii, Moyenne des résultats finaux obtenus dans les deux groupes après les programmes d'ESNM Moyenne Groupe Contrôle - ESNM Quadriceps Groupe Test ESNM QUADRICEPS ET TRICEPS MMRC (points) 2

A. Xviii, Moyenne des différences de valeurs entre les tests initiaux et les tests finaux dans les deux groupes Moyenne Groupe Contrôle - ESNM Quadriceps Groupe Test ESNM QUADRICEPS ET TRICEPS MMRC (points) -0