. Gbd, Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990- 2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet Lond Engl, vol.385, issue.9963, pp.117-71, 2013.

K. Eckardt, J. Coresh, O. Devuyst, R. Johnson, A. Köttgen et al., Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden, The Lancet, vol.382, issue.9887, pp.158-69, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60439-0

N. Panocchia, L. Tazza, D. Stasio, E. Liberatori, M. Vulpio et al., Mortality in hospitalized chronic kidney disease patients starting unplanned urgent haemodialysis, Nephrology, vol.11, issue.1, pp.62-69, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/nep.12561

J. Buck, R. Baker, A. Cannaby, S. Nicholson, J. Peters et al., Why do patients known to renal services still undergo urgent dialysis initiation? A cross-sectional survey, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.22, issue.11
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfm387

W. Metcalfe, I. Khan, G. Prescott, K. Simpson, and A. Macleod, Can we improve early mortality in patients receiving renal replacement therapy?, Kidney International, vol.57, issue.6, pp.2539-2545, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00113.x

O. Moranne, L. Frimat, M. Labeeuw, V. Allot, and B. Stengel, Associations between comorbidities, treatment choice and outcome in the elderly with end-stage renal disease, Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1 juill Nephrol Dial Transplant. 5 juin, vol.1822, issue.711, pp.3246-54, 2003.

I. Castellano, S. Gallego, P. Labrador, J. Gómez-martino, C. A. Pa et al., The start of renal replacement therapy in a Spanish department], 445?51. 14, 2006.

K. Chiu and A. Alam, Predictors of suboptimal and crash initiation of dialysis at two tertiary care centers, S39?46. 16. Górriz JL, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00744.x

S. Hughes, J. Mendelssohn, S. Tobe, P. Mcfarlane, and D. Mendelssohn, Factors associated with suboptimal initiation of dialysis despite early nephrologist referral):392?7. 19. Mendelssohn DC, Malmberg C, Hamandi B. An integrated review of « unplanned » dialysis initiation: reframing the terminology to « suboptimal » initiation, Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1 sept Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1 févr BMC Nephrol [Internet].déc, vol.262810, issue.1821, 2009.

B. Marron, Impact of end-stage renal disease care in planned dialysis start and type of renal replacement therapy--a Spanish multicentre experience, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.21, issue.Supplement 2, pp.51-55, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfl191

V. Lorenzo, M. Martín, M. Rufino, D. Hernández, A. Torres et al., Predialysis nephrologic care and a functioning arteriovenous fistula at entry are associated with better survival in incident hemodialysis patients: an observational cohort study, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.43, issue.6, pp.999-1007, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.02.012

W. Owen, N. Lew, Y. Liu, E. Lowrie, and J. Lazarus, The Urea Reduction Ratio and

G. Baer, N. Lameire, V. Biesen, W. Evaluation, . Management et al., Late referral of patients with end-stage renal disease: an in-depth review and suggestions for further actions Disponible sur: http://www2.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/guidelines_ckd/toc.htm 26 CKD Disponible sur: http://kdigo.org/home/guidelines/ckd-evaluation-management/ 27. I.2 When to refer to a nephrology clinic Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment (CARI). The CARI guidelines. Prevention of progression of kidney disease: early referral of patients with preend-stage kidney disease, 17?27. 25. NKF KDOQI Guidelines [Internet], pp.41-43, 2002.

V. Schwenger, C. Jones, C. Tomson, and J. Mason, Late referral -a major cause of poor outcome in the very elderly dialysis patient Late referral for dialysis: improving the management of chronic renal disease, Nephrol Dial Transplant Qjm, vol.2195, issue.46, pp.363-370, 2002.

W. Winkelmayer, R. Glynn, R. Levin, W. Owen, and J. Avorn, Late referral and modality choice in end-stage renal disease, Kidney International, vol.60, issue.4, pp.1547-1554, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00958.x

URL : http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00958.x

C. Roubicek, P. Brunet, L. Huiart, X. Thirion, F. Leonetti et al., Timing of nephrology referral: Influence on mortality and morbidity Early referral and its impact on emergent first dialyses, health care costs, and outcome, Am J Kidney Dis. juill Am J Kidney Dis, vol.3632, issue.12, pp.278-283, 1998.

N. Lameire, J. Wauters, J. Teruel, W. Van-biesen, R. Vanholder et al., An update on the referral pattern of patients with end-stage renal disease From curing to caring: one character change makes a world of difference. Issues related to withholding/withdrawing renal replacement therapy (RRT) from patients with important co-morbidities A systematic review of patient and health system characteristics associated with late referral in chronic kidney disease, 536?40. 37. Navaneethan SD, pp.27-34, 2002.

M. Kessler, L. Frimat, V. Panescu, and S. Briançon, Impact of nephrology referral on early and midterm outcomes in ESRD: EPid??miologie de l???Insuffisance REnale chronique terminale en Lorraine (EPIREL): results of a 2-year, prospective, community-based study, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.42, issue.3
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00805-9

R. Singhal, J. Hux, S. Alibhai, and M. Oliver, Nephrology care prior to end-stage renal disease and outcomes among new ESRD patients in the USA Inadequate predialysis care and mortality after initiation of renal replacement therapy, Clin Kidney J. déc Kidney Int, vol.886, issue.62, pp.772-80, 2014.

M. Chan, A. Dall, K. Fletcher, N. Lu, and H. Trivedi, Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Referred Late to Nephrologists: A Meta-analysis, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.120, issue.12, pp.1063-1070, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.04.024

A. Levin, Consequences of late referral on patient outcomes Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc -Eur Ren Assoc, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027977

URL : http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/15/suppl_3/8

M. Kessler, L. Frimat, V. Panescu, and S. Briançon, Nephrology Referral Is Associated With Prolonged Survival in Hemodialysis Patients Even After Exclusion of Lead-Time Bias Impact of nephrology referral on early and midterm outcomes in ESRD: EPidémiologie de l'Insuffisance REnale chronique terminale en Lorraine (EPIREL): results of a 2-year, prospective, community-based study, Am J Med Sci. févr, vol.339, issue.2, pp.123-129, 2010.

J. Am, J. Kidney-dis-off, . Natl-kidney-found, K. Hommel, M. Madsen et al., ):474?85. 50 The importance of early referral for the treatment of chronic kidney disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study, sept BMC Nephrol, vol.4213, issue.31, p.1, 2003.

L. Gøransson and H. Bergrem, Consequences of late referral of patients with end-stage renal disease, Journal of Internal Medicine, vol.28, issue.2, pp.154-159, 2001.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199601043340103

K. Mclaughlin, B. Manns, B. Culleton, C. Donaldson, and K. Taub, An economic evaluation of early versus late referral of patients with progressive renal insufficiency, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.38, issue.5, pp.1122-1130, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/ajkd.2001.28619

M. Goldstein, T. Yassa, N. Dacouris, and P. Mcfarlane, Multidisciplinary predialysis care and morbidity and mortality of patients on dialysis, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.44, issue.4, pp.706-714, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-6386(04)00940-0

P. Roderick, C. Jones, N. Drey, S. Blakeley, P. Webster et al., Late referral for end-stage renal disease: a region-wide survey in the south west of England Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc -Eur Ren Assoc The impact of automated eGFR reporting and education on nephrology service referrals Determinants of delayed nephrologist referral in patients with chronic kidney disease, 3845?50. 56. Winkelmayer WC, pp.1178-84, 2001.

I. Khan, G. Catto, N. Edward, and A. Macleod, Death during the first 90 days of dialysis: A case control study, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.25, issue.2, pp.276-80, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-6386(95)90009-8

J. Soucie and W. Mcclellan, Early death in dialysis patients: risk factors and impact on incidence and mortality rates, J Am Soc Nephrol, vol.7, issue.10, pp.2169-2175, 1996.

I. Khan, G. Catto, N. Edward, L. Fleming, I. Henderson et al., Influence of coexisting disease on survival on renal-replacement therapy, The Lancet, vol.341, issue.8842, pp.415-423, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(93)93003-J

K. Tennankore, S. Soroka, and B. Kiberd, The impact of an ???acute dialysis start??? on the mortality attributed to the use of central venous catheters: a retrospective cohort study, BMC Nephrology, vol.26, issue.11
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfr063

C. Loos, S. Briançon, L. Frimat, B. Hanesse, M. Kessler et al., Effect of end-stage renal disease on the quality of life of older patients Cost analysis of ongoing care of patients with end-stage renal disease: the impact of dialysis modality and dialysis access, BMC Nephrol. J Am Geriatr Soc. févr Am J Kidney Dis, vol.135140, issue.123, pp.611-622, 2002.

P. Jungers, Late referral: loss of chance for the patient, loss of money for society, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.17, issue.3
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/17.3.371

M. Lambie, Starting and withdrawing haemodialysis--associations between nephrologists' opinions, patient characteristics and practice patterns (data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study), 2814?20. 66. Visser A, Dijkstra GJ, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfl339

URL : http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/21/10/2814

D. Joly, Octogenarians Reaching End-Stage Renal Disease: Cohort Study of Decision-Making and Clinical Outcomes, pdf 69. Schemper M, Smith TL. A note on quantifying follow-up in studies of failure time, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.ASN.0000054493.04151.80

M. Charlson, P. Pompei, K. Ales, and C. Mackenzie, A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation, Journal of Chronic Diseases, vol.40, issue.5, pp.373-83, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8