T. Afifi, H. Macmillan, M. Boyle, T. Taillieu, K. Cheung et al., Child abuse and mental disorders in Canada, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol.186, issue.9, p.131792, 2014.
DOI : 10.1503/cmaj.131792

K. Scott, D. Smith, and P. Ellis, Prospectively Ascertained Child Maltreatment and Its Association With DSM-IV Mental Disorders in Young Adults, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.67, issue.7, pp.712-721, 2010.
DOI : 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.71

T. Afifi, J. Boman, W. Fleisher, and J. Sareen, The relationship between child abuse, parental divorce, and lifetime mental disorders and suicidality in a nationally representative adult sample, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.33, issue.3, pp.139-186, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.009

E. Gershoff, Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review., Psychological Bulletin, vol.128, issue.4, pp.539-79, 2002.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539

E. Gershoff and A. Grogan-kaylor, Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses., Journal of Family Psychology, vol.30, issue.4, pp.453-69, 2016.
DOI : 10.1037/fam0000191

R. Larzelere and B. Kuhn, Comparing Child Outcomes of Physical Punishment and Alternative Disciplinary Tactics: A Meta-Analysis, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol.50, issue.7B, pp.1-37, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10567-005-2340-z

C. Ferguson, Spanking, corporal punishment and negative long-term outcomes: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies, Clinical Psychology Review, vol.33, issue.1, pp.196-208, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.002

E. Paolucci and C. Violato, A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Effects of Corporal Punishment, The Journal of Psychology, vol.138, issue.3, pp.197-222, 2004.
DOI : 10.3200/JRLP.138.3.197-222

M. Straus and D. A. Donnely, Beating the Devil Out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families and Its Effect on Children. 2nd Revised edition, 2001.

E. Whipple and C. Richey, Crossing the line from physical discipline to child abuse: How much is too much? Child Abuse Negl, pp.431-475, 1997.

J. Durrant, Distinguishing Physical Punishment from Physical Abuse: Implications for Professionals, Dev Pract Child Youth Fam Work J. Winter, issue.16, p.43, 2006.

M. Manciaux, D. Girodet, and M. Gabel, Enfances en danger. Fleurus; 2012

B. Hrdy and S. , Les Instincts maternels Paris: Payot, 2004.

N. Fustel-de-coulanges and . La-cité-antique, Paris: Flammarion, 2009.

E. L. Badinter, Amour en plus. Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 2001.

F. Buisson and . Punitions, In: Nouveau dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire [Internet] . Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie, Disponible sur, 1911.

E. Prairat, La sanction en éducation. 5 e éd Paris: Presses Universitaires de France - PUF; 2011. 128 p. (Que sais-je ?)

J. Trémintin, La punition corporelle est-elle maltraitante ou pédagogique ? Lien Soc [Internet]. 1 juill];(n° 493) Disponible sur, 1999.

S. Augustin and X. Cité-de-dieu-livre, Chapitre XIV -L'homme créé innocent ne s'est perdu que par le mauvais usage de son libre arbitre, Disponible sur, p.1869, 2016.

S. Augustin and . Confessions, Paris: Seuil, 2004.

S. Augustin and X. Cité-de-dieu-livre, Chapitre XIV -Des peines temporelles de cette vie, qui sont une suite de l'humaine condition, Disponible sur, p.1869, 2016.

S. Augustin and X. Cité-de-dieu-livre, Chapitre XXII -Des misères et des maux de cette vie, qui sont des peines du péché du premier homme, et dont on ne peut être délivré que par la grâce de Jésus-Christ

B. Sirac and L. Sage, Chapitre 30, Disponible sur, p.30, 1980.

E. Catholique, Catéchisme de l'Église Catholique Paris: Pocket; 1999

M. United and . Church, Discipline Children Without Corporal Punishment [Internet]. The United Methodist Church, Disponible sur, 2012.

M. United and . Church, The Book of Resolutions of the United Methodist Church - 2012. The United Methodist Publishing House, 2013.

A. Church, Removing the loophole : Anglican bishops support repeal of Section 59. 1 mai, Disponible sur, 2007.

B. Wood, I. Hassall, G. Hook, and R. Ludbrook, Unreasonable Force: New Zealand's journey towards banning the physical punishment of children [Internet]. Wellington: Save the Children New Zealand, 2008.

S. Waterhouse, Status of corporal punishment in the South African Children's Amendment Bill law reform process. Artic 19, déc, vol.3, issue.3, pp.1-3, 2007.

C. Modig, Never Violence ? Thirty years on from Sweden's Abolition of Corporal Punishment [Internet]. Government Offices of Sweden, Save the Children Sweden, éditeurs. Sweden: Edita; 2009. 26 p. Disponible sur: http://www.government.se/contentassets/6bfb214c582448b6ace4d32978361577/never- violence---thirty-years-on-from-swedens-abolition-of-corporal-punishment

E. Andaloussi and B. , Punitions et violences à l'école [Internet] Rabat: Alliance de Travail dans la Formation et l'Action pour l'Enfance (ATFALE), 2001.

M. Harrioui and A. , Pour une éducation responsable, Lulu

. Comité-des-droits-de-l-'enfant, Examen des rapports présentés par les Etats parties conformément à l'article 44 de la convention -République fédérale islamique des Comores [Internet] United Nations -Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1998.

M. Bineta and . Tchad, Sous la férule des intégristes Courrier international n° 744 [Internet]. 2 févr, Disponible sur, 2005.

M. Baabar, The Saints Of Dark Sins. Outlook [Internet]. 24 janv 2005 [cité 3 nov 2016]; Disponible sur: http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-saints-of-dark- sins, 226312.

C. Skoog, O. Isselmou, and B. , Les chefs religieux lancent un appel pour mettre fin aux châtiments corporels en Mauritanie, 2009.

F. Ali, A. Belembaogo, S. Hegazi, and N. Khaled, Children in Islam -Their care, upbringing and protection [Internet]. Al-Azhar University, nov p. 55?6. Disponible sur, pp.20-20, 2005.

U. and R. For-peace, From commitment to action: what religious communities can do to eliminate violence against children

S. Subramuniyaswami and S. Ahimsa, To Do No Harm -We can change the way mankind behaves by practicing nonviolence

S. Subramuniyaswami and S. , Spare the Rod and Save the Child -Corporal punishment is not discipline, nor is it an effective means of guiding young ones' behavior, Hindu Today [Internet]. févr, 1997.

. Abdu-'l-baha, Sélection des écrits d'Abdu'l-Bahá

C. Lesegretain and . Qu, est-ce que le sikhisme ? La Croix [Internet]. 13 janv 2012 [cité 4 nov 2016]; Disponible sur: http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Spiritualite/Qu-est-ce-que-le- sikhisme-_NG

. Sikh-awareness and . Society, Parenting Tips [Internet] Sikh Awareness SocietySupporting the Youth & strengthening Families, p.2012

L. Platon and . République, Paris: Flammarion; 2016

. Platon and . Protagoras, Paris: Flammarion; 1997. 265 p. (GF)

. Platon, Les lois -Livres I à VI. Paris: Flammarion, 2006.

L. Aristote and . Politiques, Paris: Flammarion; 2015

R. Aldrich and . Locke, Perspect Rev Trimest D'éducation Comparée, pp.1632-170465, 1994.

J. Locke, Quelques pensées sur l'éducation. Vrin. Paris, 2007.
DOI : 10.1522/cla.loj.que

E. Kant, Reflexions sur l'éducation. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2004.

A. Pinloche, La réforme de l'éducation en Allemagne au XVIIIe Siècle

E. Kant, Idée d'une histoire universelle au point de vue cosmopolitique, Chateau J-Y, éditeur. Paris: Bordas, 1993.
DOI : 10.1522/cla.kae.ide

E. Kant, Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique. Vrin, 1994.

K. Rutschky, Schwarze Pädagogik -Quellen zur Naturgeschichte der bürgerlichen Erziehung, Neuausg. Berlin: Ullstein Taschenbuch, 1997.

A. Miller, C'est pour ton bien : Racines de la violence dans l'éducation de l'enfant. Paris: Flammarion; 2015

J. Rousseau, Emile ou de l'éducation. Paris: Editions Flammarion, 2009.

J. Rousseau and . Confessions, Paris: Folio, 2009.

T. Johnson, The sexual dangers of spanking children

S. Freud, Trois essais sur la théorie de la sexualité. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2001.

O. Marty, Rousseau de l'enfance à quarante ans -Lecture des Confessions. Nouvelles Editions Debresse, 1975.

. Aristophane, Théâtre complet : Tome 1, Les Acharniens ; Les Cavaliers ; Les Nuées ; Les Guêpes ; La Paix. Paris: Flammarion; 2014

. Horace and . Epîtres, 1 re éd. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2003.

. Quintilien, De l'institution oratoire, tome 1, livre I. 1 re éd. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1975.

. Plutarque, Traité sur l'Education. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, 2000.

. Benoît-de-nursie, Comment corriger les jeunes enfants [Internet] La Règle de saint Benoît. [cité 18 oct 2016] Disponible sur

. Benoît-de-nursie, Personne ne se permettra de frapper un frère à tort et à travers [Internet]. La Règle de saint Benoît. [cité 18 oct 2016] Disponible sur

P. Riché, De l'éducation antique à l'éducation chevaleresque. Paris: Flammarion, 1968.

J. Napolitano, La violence de l'école : dossier. 1 déc 1995, pp.13-23

D. Erasme and . Pueris, « De l'éducation des enfants

. Montaigne and . Essais, Paris: Pocket, 2009.

J. Fénelon, Traité de l'éducation des filles Paris: Klincksieck; 1994. 100 p. (Philosophie de l'éducation)

H. Balzac, L. Lambert, and . Proscrits, Jésus-Christ en Flandre. Paris: Gallimard; 1979

F. Chateaubriand and . De, Mémoires d'outre-tombe, tome 1 : Livres I à XII. Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 2001.

C. D. Dickens and . Copperfield, Paris: Flammarion; 2015

A. Daudet, Romans, contes, récits. Paris: Omnibus, 2006.

J. L. Vallès and . Enfant, Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1972.

R. J. Poil-de-carotte, Paris: Editions Flammarion

H. Bazin and . Vipère-au-poing, Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1972.

. Paris, Librairie Philosophique Vrin, 2007.

H. Zulliger, La psychanalyse à l'école. Paris: Flammarion; 1930

C. De-tychey and M. Dollander, Education et difficultés de la parentalité : la psychanalyse peut-elle apporter un éclairage ?, Dialogue. me trimestre, issue.157, pp.87-98, 2002.

S. Freud and . L-'intérêt-de-la-psychanalyse, Paris: Retz, 1988.

J. Bowlby, Attachment and loss Basic Books, 1999.

R. Duschinsky, The emergence of the disorganized/disoriented (D) attachment classification, 1979???1982., History of Psychology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.32-46, 1979.
DOI : 10.1037/a0038524

N. Guedeney and A. Guedeney, L'attachement : approche théorique. 4e édition. Issy-les- Moulineaux

T. Dix, The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes., Psychological Bulletin, vol.110, issue.1, pp.3-25, 1991.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3

F. Dolto, Les Chemins de l'éducation. Paris: Gallimard; 2000

F. Dolto and . La-difficulté-de-vivre, Paris: LGF -Livre de Poche, 1988.

F. Dolto, L'image inconsciente du corps Paris: Points; 2014

C. De-tychey and M. Dollander, La santé psychologique de l'enfant -Fragilités et prévention. 2e édition. Paris: Dunod, 2010.

A. Miller, Le drame de l'enfant doué. 2e édition. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France -PUF; 2013

M. Cifali, Le lien éducatif : contre-jour psychanalytique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France -PUF, 2005.
DOI : 10.3917/puf.cifal.2005.01

M. Straus, C. Boston, and P. Cnc, Measuring Intrafamily Conflict and Violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales, Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol.41, issue.1, pp.75-88, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/351733

C. Walsh, H. Macmillan, N. Trocmé, E. Jamieson, and M. Boyle, Measurement of victimization in adolescence: Development and validation of the Childhood Experiences of Violence Questionnaire, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.32, issue.11, pp.1037-57, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.05.003

H. Macmillan, J. Fleming, N. Trocmé, M. Boyle, M. Wong et al., Prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse in the community. Results from the Ontario Health Supplement, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.278, issue.2, pp.131-136, 1997.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.278.2.131

D. Bernstein, L. Fink, L. Handelsman, J. Foote, M. Lovejoy et al., Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect, Am J Psychiatry. août, vol.151, issue.8, pp.1132-1138, 1994.

M. Straus, Identification of Child Maltreatment With the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and Psychometric Data for a National Sample of American Parents, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.22, issue.4, pp.249-70, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00174-9

M. Clément and C. Bouchard, Predicting the use of single versus multiple types of violence towards children in a representative sample of Quebec families, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.29, issue.10, pp.1121-1160, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.04.006

A. Fortin, M. Cyr, and N. Chénier, Questionnaire sur la résolution de conflits : Stratégies utilisées par les parents envers les enfants (traduction française de Straus et autres The Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales) Université de Montréal, 1996.

C. Leary, M. Kelley, J. Morrow, and P. Mikulka, Parental Use of Physical Punishment as Related to Family Environment, Psychological Well-being, and Personality in Undergraduates, Journal of Family Violence, vol.11, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10896-007-9124-9

M. Straus, S. Hamby, S. Boney-mccoy, and D. Sugarman, The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), Journal of Family Issues, vol.15, issue.3, pp.283-316, 1996.
DOI : 10.1037/h0046016

Y. Lussier, Questionnaire sur la résolution des conflits conjugaux. Trois-Rivières, 1997.

H. Bargholtz, Interdire le châtiment corporel des enfants en Europe [Internet] Suède: Conseil de l'Europe, 2004.

K. Bussmann, C. Erthal, and A. Schroth, Effects of banning corporal punishment in europe?a five-nation comparison, pp.299-322, 2011.

K. Keyes, E. Leray, O. Pez, A. Bitfoi, and C. Koç, New York: UNICEF Child Protection Section Disponible sur: http://www.unicef.org/publications/files Parental Use of Corporal Punishment in Europe: Intersection between Public Health and Policy, UNICEF, Child Protection Section. Ending violence against children six strategies for action Disponible sur, 2016.

. Conseil-de-l-'europe, Charte sociale européenne (révisée). Strasbourg; 1996 mai

N. Baillon-wirtz and Y. Honhon, L'enfant, sujet de droits: filiation, patrimoine, protection, 2010.

G. Levasseur, Crimes et délits contre la personne. Violences volontaires. Violences légères. Droit de correction In: Revue de science criminelle et de droit comparé. SIREY. Paris, p.347, 1982.

E. Pratviel, Les Français et l'interdiction des châtiments corporels envers les enfants [Internet]. 2015 mars [cité 5 juill 2016]. (Le Figaro)

M. Chapdelaine, F. Lambert, and E. Gueugneau, Egalité et Citoyenneté -(N° 3851) - Amendement N°1257 [Internet]. Code civil juin 23, Disponible sur, 2016.

L. Rossignol, Caisse nationale des Allocations familiales, Mutualité sociale agricole. Le livret des parents, 2016.

. Assemblée-parlementaire, Interdire le châtiment corporel des enfants en Europe - Recommandation 1666, 2004.

L. Shin and . Amygdala, Amygdala, Medial Prefrontal Cortex, and Hippocampal Function in PTSD, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.139, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01107-6

M. L. Salmona, impact psychotraumatique des violences sur les enfants : la mémoire traumatique à l'oeuvre. Rev Santé Sc Univ, janv, vol.4, pp.21-26, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.revssu.2012.12.006

M. Salmona, Violences faites aux enfants : un silence assourdissant et un scandale sanitaire, social et humain

M. Salmona and . Fessée, 10 raisons de l'interdire, ainsi que toutes les autres punitions corporelles

M. Salmona, Pourquoi interdire les punitions corporelles et les autres violences éducatives au sein de la famille est une priorité humaine et de santé publique

M. Salmona, Châtiments corporels et violences éducatives-Pourquoi il faut les interdire en 20 questions réponses. Dunod; 2016

P. Louville and M. Salmona, Traumatismes psychiques: conséquences cliniques et approche neurobiologique Doss « Traumatisme Viol» Santé Ment [Internet] Disponible sur: http://www.memoiretraumatique.org/assets, 2013.

R. Lanius, E. Vermetten, R. Loewenstein, B. Brand, C. Schmahl et al., Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.167, issue.6, pp.640-647, 2010.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168

M. Salmona, Mémoire traumatique et conduites dissociantes In: Traumas et résilience - Victimes et auteurs

J. Laplanche and J. Pontalis, Vocabulaire de la psychanalyse. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France -PUF, 2007.

P. Sabourin, Un concept crucial : l'identification à l'agresseur. Coq-Héron, pp.150-156, 2005.

E. Fuller-thomson, T. Baker, and S. Brennenstuhl, Evidence Supporting an Independent Association between Childhood Physical Abuse and Lifetime Suicidal Ideation, Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, vol.33, issue.3, pp.279-91, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00089.x

D. Fergusson and M. Lynskey, Physical punishment/maltreatment during childhood and adjustment in young adulthood, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.21, issue.7, pp.617-647, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00021-5

A. Mcholm, H. Macmillan, and E. Jamieson, The Relationship Between Childhood Physical Abuse and Suicidality Among Depressed Women: Results From a Community Sample, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.160, issue.5, pp.933-941, 2003.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.933

T. Afifi, M. Enns, B. Cox, G. Asmundson, M. Stein et al., Population Attributable Fractions of Psychiatric Disorders and Suicide Ideation and Attempts Associated With Adverse Childhood Experiences, American Journal of Public Health, vol.98, issue.5, pp.946-52, 2008.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120253

M. Enns, B. Cox, T. Afifi, D. Graaf, R. et al., Childhood adversities and risk for suicidal ideation and attempts: a longitudinal population-based study, Psychological Medicine, vol.36, issue.12, p.1769, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S0033291706008646

D. Lester, Physical abuse and physical punishment as precursors of suicidal behavior, Stress Medicine, vol.113, issue.4, pp.255-261, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/smi.2460070408

K. Österman, K. Björkqvist, and K. Wahlbeck, Twenty-eight years after the complete ban on the physical punishment of children in Finland: Trends and psychosocial concomitants, Aggressive Behavior, vol.35, issue.6, pp.568-81, 2014.
DOI : 10.1002/ab.21537

V. Felitti, R. Anda, D. Nordenberg, D. Williamson, A. Spitz et al., Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.14, issue.4, pp.245-58, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8

S. Dube, R. Anda, V. Felitti, D. Chapman, D. Williamson et al., Childhood Abuse, Household Dysfunction, and the Risk of Attempted Suicide Throughout the Life Span, JAMA, vol.286, issue.24, pp.3089-96, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.286.24.3089

S. Dube, V. Felitti, M. Dong, W. Giles, and R. Anda, The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to, 1900.

L. Terr, Childhood Traumas: An Outline and Overview, FOCUS, vol.1, issue.3, pp.10-20, 1991.
DOI : 10.1176/foc.1.3.322

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.461.6917

J. Herman, Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol.147, issue.3, pp.377-91, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/jts.2490050305

B. Van-der-kolk, S. Roth, D. Pelcovitz, S. Sunday, and J. Spinazzola, Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol.9, issue.5, pp.389-99, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/jts.20047

C. Zlotnick and T. Pearlstein, Validation of the structured interview for disorders of extreme stress, Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol.38, issue.4, pp.243-250, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90033-X

C. Courtois, Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment., Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, vol.41, issue.4, pp.412-437, 2004.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.412

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.600.157

B. Van-der-kolk, The assessment and treatment of complex PTSD In: Treating trauma survivors with PTSD [Internet] Disponible sur: https://www.researchgate.net/profile, pp.127-156, 2001.

T. Luxenberg, J. Spinazzola, and B. Van-der-kolk, Complex trauma and disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) diagnosis, part one, Assessment. Dir Psychiatry. nov, vol.21, issue.25, pp.373-414, 2001.

L. Mclean and R. Gallop, Implications of Childhood Sexual Abuse for Adult Borderline Personality Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.160, issue.2, pp.369-371, 2003.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.369

J. Ford, Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders -An Evidence-Based Guide, 2009.

T. Afifi, A. Mather, J. Boman, W. Fleisher, M. Enns et al., Childhood adversity and personality disorders: Results from a nationally representative population-based study, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.45, issue.6, pp.814-836, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.008

C. Battle, M. Shea, D. Johnson, C. Zlotnick, M. Zanarini et al., Childhood Maltreatment Associated With Adult Personality Disorders: Findings From the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study, Journal of Personality Disorders, vol.18, issue.2, p.193, 2004.
DOI : 10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777

K. Lieb, M. Zanarini, C. Schmahl, M. Linehan, and M. Bohus, Borderline personality disorder. The Lancet. 6 août, pp.453-61, 2004.

M. Zanarini, J. Gunderson, M. Marino, E. Schwartz, and F. Frankenburg, Childhood experiences of borderline patients, Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol.30, issue.1, pp.18-25, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-440X(89)90114-4

M. Salmona and . La-dissociation-traumatique-et-les-troubles-de-la-personnalité, ou comment devient-on étranger à soi-même In: Troubles de la personnalité -Ni psychotiques, ni névrotiques, ni pervers, ni normaux

T. Afifi, N. Mota, P. Dasiewicz, H. Macmillan, and J. Sareen, Physical Punishment and Mental Disorders: Results From a Nationally Representative US Sample, PEDIATRICS, vol.130, issue.2, pp.184-92, 2012.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.2011-2947

C. Classen, C. Pain, N. Field, and P. Woods, Posttraumatic Personality Disorder: A Reformulation of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, vol.29, issue.1, pp.87-112, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psc.2005.11.001

F. Heider, The psychology of interpersonal relations, 1958.
DOI : 10.1037/10628-000

J. Grusec and J. Goodnow, Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view., Developmental Psychology, vol.30, issue.1, pp.4-19, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4

W. Grolnick, E. Deci, and R. Ryan, Internalization within the family: The selfdetermination theory perspective In: Parenting and children's internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory, pp.135-61, 1997.

W. Grolnick and E. Pomerantz, Issues and Challenges in Studying Parental Control: Toward a New Conceptualization, Child Development Perspectives, vol.66, issue.4 Pt. 2, pp.165-170, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x

M. Gottfredson and T. Hirschi, A general theory of adolescent problem behavior: Problems and prospects. In: Ketterlinus RD, Lamb ME, éditeurs. Adolescent problem behaviors: Issues and research, pp.41-56, 1994.

T. Hirschi, Causes of delinquency Disponible sur: https://books.google.fr/books?, pp.10-13, 1969.

A. Grogan-kaylor, Corporal Punishment and the Growth Trajectory of Children's Antisocial Behavior, Child Maltreatment, vol.10, issue.3, pp.283-92, 2005.
DOI : 10.1177/1077559505277803

M. Hoffman, Discipline and internalization., Developmental Psychology, vol.30, issue.1, pp.26-34, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.26

B. Weiss, K. Dodge, J. Bates, and G. Pettit, Some Consequences of Early Harsh Discipline: Child Aggression and a Maladaptive Social Information Processing Style, Child Development, vol.63, issue.6, pp.1321-1356, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/1131558

N. Crick and K. Dodge, Social Information-Processing Mechanisms in Reactive and Proactive Aggression, Child Development, vol.67, issue.3, pp.993-1002, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/1131875

A. Bandura, Social Learning Theory of Aggression, Journal of Communication, vol.34, issue.5, pp.12-29, 1978.
DOI : 10.1037//0022-3514.35.6.412

D. Simons and S. Wurtele, Relationships between parents??? use of corporal punishment and their children's endorsement of spanking and hitting other children, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.34, issue.9, pp.639-685, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.01.012

N. Lopez, J. Bonenberger, and H. Schneider, Parental disciplinary history, current levels of empathy, and moral reasoning in young adults, North Am J Psychol. 1 janv, vol.3, pp.193-204, 2001.

L. Cattaneo and G. Rizzolatti, The Mirror Neuron System, Archives of Neurology, vol.66, issue.5, pp.557-560, 2009.
DOI : 10.1001/archneurol.2009.41

A. Wohlschläger and H. Bekkering, Is human imitation based on a mirror-neurone system? Some behavioural evidence, Experimental Brain Research, vol.143, issue.3, pp.335-376, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00221-001-0993-5

W. Bion, Aux sources de l'expérience. Presses universitaires de France, 2003.

D. Stern and . Le, Monde interpersonnel du nourrisson. 4e éd. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France -PUF, 2003.
DOI : 10.3917/puf.stern.2003.01

D. Cohen, Probabilistic epigenesis: An alternative causal model for conduct disorders in children and adolescents, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol.34, issue.1, pp.119-148, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.011

J. Belsky, M. Bakermans-kranenburg, and M. Van-ijzendoorn, For Worse, Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol.8, issue.6, pp.300-304, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x

B. Boutwell, C. Franklin, J. Barnes, and K. Beaver, Physical punishment and childhood aggression: the role of gender and gene-environment interplay, Aggressive Behavior, vol.185, issue.6, pp.559-68, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/ab.20409

O. Connor, T. Deater-deckard, K. Fulker, D. Rutter, M. Plomin et al., Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting., Developmental Psychology, vol.34, issue.5, pp.970-81, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.970

X. Ge, R. Conger, R. Cadoret, J. Neiderhiser, W. Yates et al., The developmental interface between nature and nurture: A mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors., Developmental Psychology, vol.32, issue.4, pp.574-89, 1996.
DOI : 10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.574

T. Moffitt, The New Look of Behavioral Genetics in Developmental Psychopathology: Gene-Environment Interplay in Antisocial Behaviors., Psychological Bulletin, vol.131, issue.4, pp.533-54, 2005.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.131.4.533

S. Jaffee, A. Caspi, T. Moffitt, K. Dodge, M. Rutter et al., Nature ?? nurture: Genetic vulnerabilities interact with physical maltreatment to promote conduct problems, Development and Psychopathology, vol.13, issue.01, p.67, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/1469-7610.00082

A. Caspi, J. Mcclay, T. Moffitt, J. Mill, J. Martin et al., Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children, Science, vol.297, issue.5582, pp.851-855, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1072290

S. Lynch, E. Turkheimer, D. Onofrio, B. Mendle, J. Emery et al., A Genetically Informed Study of the Association Between Harsh Punishment and Offspring Behavioral Problems., Journal of Family Psychology, vol.20, issue.2, pp.190-198, 2006.
DOI : 10.1037/0893-3200.20.2.190

C. Smith and T. Thornberry, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND ADOLESCENT INVOLVEMENT IN DELINQUENCY*, Criminology, vol.31, issue.4, pp.451-81, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.3

C. Widom, Child abuse, neglect, and adult behavior: Research design and findings on criminality, violence, and child abuse., American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol.59, issue.3, pp.355-67, 1989.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01671.x

F. Lavoie, M. Hébert, R. Tremblay, F. Vitaro, L. Vézina et al., History of family dysfunction and perpetration of dating violence by adolescent boys: a longitudinal study, Journal of Adolescent Health, vol.30, issue.5, pp.375-383, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00347-6

C. Pfeiffer, P. Wetzels, and D. Enzmann, Innerfamiliäre Gewalt gegen Kinder und Jugendliche und ihre Auswirkungen [Internet] Hannover: Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen e (Forschungsbericht) Disponible sur, V. (KFN), 1999.

M. Straus and C. Yodanis, Corporal Punishment in Adolescence and Physical Assaults on Spouses in Later Life: What Accounts for the Link?, Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol.58, issue.4, pp.825-841, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/353973

R. Boyson and L. Thorpe, Equal Protection for Children. An overview of the experience of countries that accord children full legal protection from physical punishment

. London, National Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children Disponible sur: http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/library/equal-protection- children-overview-experience-countries-accord-children-full-legal, 2011.

J. Durrant, Trends in Youth Crime and Well-Being Since the Abolition of Corporal Punishment in Sweden, Youth & Society, vol.31, issue.4, pp.437-55, 2000.
DOI : 10.1177/0044118X00031004003

R. Anda, J. Croft, V. Felitti, D. Nordenberg, W. Giles et al., Adverse Childhood Experiences and Smoking During Adolescence and Adulthood, JAMA, vol.282, issue.17, pp.1652-1658, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.282.17.1652

R. Anda, C. Whitfield, V. Felitti, D. Chapman, V. Edwards et al., Adverse Childhood Experiences, Alcoholic Parents, and Later Risk of Alcoholism and Depression, Psychiatric Services, vol.53, issue.8, pp.1001-1010, 2002.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ps.53.8.1001

H. Cheng, J. Anthony, Y. Huang, S. Lee, Z. Liu et al., Childhood physical punishment and the onset of drinking problems: Evidence from metropolitan China, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol.118, issue.1, pp.31-40, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.013

S. Dube, R. Anda, V. Felitti, V. Edwards, and J. Croft, Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult, Addictive Behaviors, vol.27, issue.5, pp.713-738, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00204-0

S. Dube, V. Felitti, M. Dong, D. Chapman, W. Giles et al., Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction and the Risk of Illicit Drug Use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, PEDIATRICS, vol.111, issue.3, pp.564-72, 2003.
DOI : 10.1542/peds.111.3.564

T. Afifi, D. Brownridge, B. Cox, and J. Sareen, Physical punishment, childhood abuse and psychiatric disorders, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.30, issue.10, pp.1093-103, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.04.006

E. Ford, R. Anda, V. Edwards, G. Perry, G. Zhao et al., Adverse childhood experiences and smoking status in five states, Preventive Medicine, vol.53, issue.3, pp.188-93, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.06.015

H. Macmillan, M. Boyle, M. Wong, E. Duku, J. Fleming et al., Slapping and spanking in childhood and its association with lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a general population sample, Can Med Assoc J, vol.161, issue.7, pp.805-809, 1999.

M. Straus and G. Kantor, Corporal punishment of adolescents by parents: a risk factor in the epidemiology of depression, suicide, alcohol abuse, child abuse, and wife beating, Adolescence, vol.29, issue.115, pp.543-61, 1994.

J. Pruessner, F. Champagne, M. Meaney, and A. Dagher, Dopamine Release in Response to a Psychological Stress in Humans and Its Relationship to Early Life Maternal Care: A Positron Emission Tomography Study Using [11C]Raclopride, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.11, pp.2825-2856, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3422-03.2004

Y. Sheu, A. Polcari, C. Anderson, and M. Teicher, Harsh corporal punishment is associated with increased T2 relaxation time in dopamine-rich regions, NeuroImage, vol.53, issue.2, pp.412-421, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.043

X. Benarous, A. Consoli, M. Raffin, and D. Cohen, Abus, maltraitance et n??gligence??: (1)????pid??miologie et retentissements psychiques, somatiques et sociaux, Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, vol.62, issue.5, pp.299-312, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurenf.2014.04.005

B. Molnar, S. Buka, and R. Kessler, Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: results from the National Comorbidity Survey, Am J Public Health, vol.91, issue.5, p.753, 2001.

T. Hällström, Major depression, parental mental disorder and early family relationships, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.61, issue.3, pp.259-263, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0327(81)90038-0

M. Teicher and J. Samson, Childhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology: A Case for Ecophenotypic Variants as Clinically and Neurobiologically Distinct Subtypes, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.170, issue.10
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957

T. Frodl, E. Reinhold, N. Koutsouleris, M. Reiser, and E. Meisenzahl, Interaction of childhood stress with hippocampus and prefrontal cortex volume reduction in major depression, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.44, issue.13, pp.799-807, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.006

M. Gunnar and P. Fisher, Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive interventions for neglected and maltreated children, Development and Psychopathology, vol.10, issue.03, pp.651-677, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.284.5.592

C. Heim and C. Nemeroff, The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies, Biological Psychiatry, vol.49, issue.12, pp.1023-1039, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01157-X

D. Cohen, Traumatismes et traces??: donn??es exp??rimentales, Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, vol.60, issue.5, pp.315-338, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurenf.2011.09.005

P. Mcgowan, A. Sasaki, D. 'alessio, A. Dymov, S. Labonté et al., Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse, Nature Neuroscience, vol.89, issue.3, pp.342-350, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nn.2270

J. Hanson, M. Chung, B. Avants, E. Shirtcliff, J. Gee et al., Early Stress Is Associated with Alterations in the Orbitofrontal Cortex: A Tensor-Based Morphometry Investigation of Brain Structure and Behavioral Risk, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.30, issue.22, pp.7466-72, 2010.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0859-10.2010

B. Mcewen, Physiology and Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Central Role of the Brain, Physiological Reviews, vol.87, issue.3, pp.873-904, 2007.
DOI : 10.1152/physrev.00041.2006

U. Rao, L. Chen, A. Bidesi, M. Shad, M. Thomas et al., Hippocampal Changes Associated with Early-Life Adversity and Vulnerability to Depression, Biological Psychiatry, vol.67, issue.4, pp.357-64, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.017

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821020

M. Meaney, D. Aitken, V. Viau, S. Sharma, and A. Sarrieau, Neonatal Handling Alters Adrenocortical Negative Feedback Sensitivity and Hippocampal Type II Glucocorticoid Receptor Binding in the Rat, Neuroendocrinology, vol.50, issue.5, pp.597-604, 1989.
DOI : 10.1159/000125287

I. Weaver, N. Cervoni, F. Champagne, D. 'alessio, A. Sharma et al., Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior, Nature Neuroscience, vol.304, issue.8, pp.847-54, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00149-5

I. Weaver, Shaping adult phenotypes through early life environments, Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews, vol.13, issue.Pt 3, pp.314-340, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/bdrc.20164

D. Bugental, G. Martorell, and V. Barraza, The hormonal costs of subtle forms of infant maltreatment, Hormones and Behavior, vol.43, issue.1, pp.237-281, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00008-9

U. Rao, C. Hammen, L. Ortiz, L. Chen, and R. Poland, Effects of Early and Recent Adverse Experiences on Adrenal Response to Psychosocial Stress in Depressed Adolescents, Biological Psychiatry, vol.64, issue.6, pp.521-527, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.012

A. Tomoda, H. Suzuki, R. K. Sheu, Y. Polcari, A. Teicher et al., Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment, NeuroImage, vol.47, pp.66-71, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.005

P. Fitzgerald, A. Laird, J. Maller, and Z. Daskalakis, A meta-analytic study of changes in brain activation in depression, Human Brain Mapping, vol.29, issue.6, pp.683-95, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/hbm.20426

M. Liotti and H. Mayberg, The Role of Functional Neuroimaging in the Neuropsychology of Depression, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section A), vol.23, issue.1, pp.121-157, 2001.
DOI : 10.1076/jcen.23.1.121.1223

H. Alizadeh, K. Applequist, and F. Coolidge, Parental self-confidence, parenting styles, and corporal punishment in families of ADHD children in Iran, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.31, issue.5, pp.567-72, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.005

D. Shin and M. Stein, Maternal Depression Predicts Maternal Use of Corporal Punishment in Children with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder, Yonsei Medical Journal, vol.49, issue.4, pp.573-80, 2008.
DOI : 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.4.573

A. Briscoe-smith and S. Hinshaw, Linkages between child abuse and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls: Behavioral and social correlates, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.30, issue.11, pp.1239-55, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.04.008

E. Fuller-thomson and D. Lewis, The relationship between early adversities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.47, pp.94-101, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.005

L. Ouyang, X. Fang, J. Mercy, R. Perou, and S. Grosse, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Child Maltreatment: A Population-Based Study, The Journal of Pediatrics, vol.153, issue.6, pp.851-857, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.06.002

G. Duan, J. Chen, W. Zhang, B. Yu, J. Y. Wang et al., Physical maltreatment of children with autism in Henan province in China: A cross-sectional study, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.48, pp.140-147, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.018

C. Kerns, C. Newschaffer, and S. Berkowitz, Traumatic Childhood Events and Autism Spectrum Disorder, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol.34, issue.7, pp.3475-86, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s10803-015-2392-y

D. Mandell, C. Walrath, B. Manteuffel, G. Sgro, and J. Pinto-martin, The prevalence and correlates of abuse among children with autism served in comprehensive community-based mental health settings, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.29, issue.12, pp.1359-72, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.06.006

P. Derosse, G. Nitzburg, B. Kompancaril, and A. Malhotra, The relation between childhood maltreatment and psychosis in patients with schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric controls, Schizophr Res. mai, vol.155, pp.1-366, 2014.

K. Sitko, R. Bentall, M. Shevlin, N. O???sullivan, and W. Sellwood, Associations between specific psychotic symptoms and specific childhood adversities are mediated by attachment styles: An analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey, Psychiatry Research, vol.217, issue.3, pp.202-211, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.019

F. Varese, F. Smeets, M. Drukker, R. Lieverse, T. Lataster et al., Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies, Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol.38, issue.4, pp.661-71, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/schbul/sbs050

D. Baumrind, R. Larzelere, and P. Cowan, Ordinary physical punishment: Is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002)., Psychological Bulletin, vol.128, issue.4, pp.580-589, 2002.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.580

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.612.6109

G. Holden, Perspectives on the effects of corporal punishment: Comment on Gershoff (2002)., Psychological Bulletin, vol.128, issue.4, pp.590-595, 2002.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.590

C. Mckinney, T. Harris, and R. Caetano, Reliability of Self-Reported Childhood Physical Abuse by Adults and Factors Predictive of Inconsistent Reporting, Violence and Victims, vol.24, issue.5, p.653, 2009.
DOI : 10.1891/0886-6708.24.5.653

R. Parke, Punishment revisited--Science, values, and the right question: Comment on Gershoff (2002)., Psychological Bulletin, vol.128, issue.4, pp.596-601, 2002.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.596

J. Durrant, L. Rose-krasnor, and A. Broberg, Physical punishment and maternal beliefs in Sweden and Canada, J Comp Fam Stud, pp.585-604, 2003.

A. Graziano, J. Hamblen, and W. Plante, Subabusive Violence in Child Rearing in Middle-class American Families, Pediatrics. 1 oct, vol.98, issue.4, pp.845-853, 1996.

S. Chess, A. Thomas, and H. Birch, DISTORTIONS IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPORTING MADE BY PARENTS OF BEHAVIORALLY DISTURBED CHILDREN, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, vol.5, issue.2, pp.226-260, 1966.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)62054-9

M. Rutter, A. Pickles, R. Murray, and L. Eaves, Testing hypotheses on specific environmental causal effects on behavior., Psychological Bulletin, vol.127, issue.3, pp.291-324, 2001.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.291

E. Loftus, The repressed memory controversy., American Psychologist, vol.49, issue.5, pp.443-448, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.49.5.443.b

M. Lewis, Memory and Psychoanalysis: A New Look at Infantile Amnesia and Transference, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.34, issue.4, pp.405-422, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-199504000-00007

G. Matt, C. Vázquez, and W. Campbell, Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review, Clinical Psychology Review, vol.12, issue.2, pp.227-55, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7358(92)90116-P

C. Brewin, B. Andrews, and I. Gotlib, Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports., Psychological Bulletin, vol.113, issue.1, pp.82-98, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.82

J. Hardt and M. Rutter, Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol.35, issue.2, pp.260-273, 2004.
DOI : 10.1037//0022-006X.62.6.1167

M. Eamon, Antecedents and socioemotional consequences of physical punishment on children in two-parent families, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol.25, issue.6, pp.787-802, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00239-3

R. Anda, D. Brown, V. Felitti, J. Bremner, S. Dube et al., Adverse Childhood Experiences and Prescribed Psychotropic Medications in Adults, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.32, issue.5, pp.389-94, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.005

D. Chapman, C. Whitfield, V. Felitti, S. Dube, V. Edwards et al., Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.82, issue.2, pp.217-242, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013

O. Leary, S. Slep, A. Reid, and M. , A longitudinal study of mothers' overreactive discipline and toddlers' externalizing behavior, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, vol.27, issue.5, pp.331-341, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1021919716586

S. Tisseron and . La-résilience, 5e édition. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France -PUF; 2014. 128 p. (Que sais-je ?)

M. Hanus, La résilience à quel prix ? Survivre et rebondir. Paris: Maloine, 2001.

A. Miller, Notre corps ne ment jamais Paris: Flammarion; 2014

B. Cyrulnik and . Un-merveilleux-malheur, Paris: Odile Jacob, 2002.

G. Engel, The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine, Science. 8 avr, vol.196, issue.4286, pp.129-165, 1977.

G. Engel, The Clinical Application of the Biopsychosocial Model, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, vol.6, issue.2, pp.535-579, 1980.
DOI : 10.1093/jmp/6.2.101

S. Bisleau, Quand la maternité rencontre l'adolescence : des enjeux psychiques aux enjeux du soin [Internet]. [Nantes]: Nantes; 2012. Disponible sur: http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?, pp.68-76

Y. Govindama, La fonction symbolique de la loi à travers la clinique judiciaire, Melampous. printemps, issue.4, pp.39-48, 1995.

D. Houzel and . Les-enjeux-de-la-parentalité, Ramonville Saint-Agne: Eres, 0200.

C. Aux-droits-de-l-'homme, Les enfants et les châtiments corporels : « le droit à l'intégrité physique, aussi un droit de l'enfant » [Internet]. Conseil de l'Europe Disponible sur: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?, 2008.

D. Moore and . Runyan-g, Annexe 7 : données épidémiologiques de 2011 en Suède