E. Loftus, Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1504-1521, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.063

J. Cosnes, C. Gower-rousseau, P. Seksik, and A. Cortot, Epidemiology and Natural History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Gastroenterology, vol.140, issue.6, pp.1785-1794, 2011.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.055

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00631553

N. Molodecky, I. Soon, D. Rabi, W. Ghali, M. Ferris et al., Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases With Time, Based on Systematic Review, Gastroenterology, vol.142, issue.1, pp.46-54, 2012.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001

J. Kelsen and R. Baldassano, Inflammatory bowel disease, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.14, issue.Supplement, pp.9-11, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/00054725-200810001-00005

R. Russell, J. Satsangi, S. Ng, S. Woodrow, N. Patel et al., IBD: a family affair Role of genetic and environmental factors in British twins with inflammatory bowel disease Concordance of inflammatory bowel disease among Danish twins: results of a nationwide study, 525?39. 10, pp.1075-1081, 2000.

C. Bernstein, A. Kraut, J. Blanchard, P. Rawsthorne, N. Yu et al., The relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and socioeconomic variables, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.119, issue.7, pp.2117-2125, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9681(71)90087-7

J. Hou, B. Abraham, H. El-serag, L. Garcia-rodríguez, A. Ruigómez et al., Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature Acute gastroenteritis is followed by an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease Appendectomy and protection against ulcerative colitis, 1588?94. 16. Andersson RE, pp.808-814, 2001.

R. Andersson, G. Olaison, C. Tysk, A. Ekbom, K. Minor et al., Appendectomy is followed by increased risk of Crohn's disease Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis, 40?6. 18. Mahid SS, pp.1462-1471, 2003.

B. Calkins, A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.284, issue.12
DOI : 10.1007/BF01536701

J. Mawdsley and D. Rampton, Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications, 1481?91. 21. Guide affection de longue durée Maladie de Crohn. HAS, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2005.064261

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774724

C. Bernstein, A. Wajda, and J. Blanchard, The Clustering of Other Chronic Inflammatory Diseases in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Study, Gastroenterology, vol.129, issue.3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.021

L. Peyrin-biroulet, E. Loftus, J. Colombel, and W. Sandborn, The natural history of adult

J. Arsenault, M. Rosen, M. Alsahli, L. Bailen, and P. Banks, Behaviour of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification: changing pattern over the course of the disease Risk of early surgery for Crohn's disease: implications for early treatment strategies, Gut. Am J Gastroenterol, vol.4998, issue.612, pp.2712-2720, 2001.

C. Canavan, K. Abrams, and J. Mayberry, Meta-analysis: mortality in Crohn???s disease, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.21, issue.7
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03132.x

C. Mowat, A. Cole, A. Windsor, T. Ahmad, I. Arnott et al., Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults, 571?607. 31. Guide affection de longue durée Rectocolite hémorragique évolutive. HAS, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2010.224154

C. Norton, L. Dibley, P. Bassett, E. Langholz, P. Munkholm et al., Faecal incontinence in inflammatory bowel disease: associations and effect on quality of life Changes in extent of ulcerative colitis: a study on the course and prognostic factors, J Crohns Colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol, vol.731, issue.83, pp.302-313, 1996.

M. Henriksen, J. Jahnsen, I. Lygren, J. Sauar, Ø. Kjellevold et al., Ulcerative colitis and clinical course: Results of a 5-year population-based follow-up study (the IBSEN study), Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.12, issue.7, pp.543-50, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.MIB.0000225339.91484.fc

O. Höie, L. Schouten, F. Wolters, I. Solberg, L. Riis et al., Ulcerative colitis: no rise in mortality in a European-wide population based cohort 10 years after diagnosis The impact of ulcerative colitis on patients' lives compared to other chronic diseases: a patient survey, 1044?52. 37. Siebert, 2007.

J. Satsangi, M. Silverberg, S. Vermeire, J. Colombel, and D. Sachar, The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College Of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee, Gut. Am J Gastroenterol, vol.55105, issue.524, pp.501-523, 2006.

J. Aisenberg, P. Legnani, N. Nilubol, G. Cobrin, S. Ellozy et al., Are pANCA, ASCA, or cytokine gene polymorphisms associated with pouchitis? Long-term follow-up in 102 ulcerative colitis patients Immune sensitization to yeast antigens in ASCA-positive patients with Crohn's disease, 432?41. 41. Konrad A, pp.97-105, 2004.

S. Danese and C. Fiocchi, Ulcerative Colitis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.365, issue.18, pp.1713-1738, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra1102942

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01303796

T. Jess, C. Rungoe, and L. Peyrin-biroulet, Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-analysis of Population-Based Cohort Studies, 639?45. 44. D'Haens GR, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.01.010

G. Haens and F. Baert, Endpoints for clinical trials evaluating disease modification and structural damage in adults with Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis, vol.15, issue.45, 2009.

L. Beaugerie, P. Seksik, I. Nion-larmurier, J. Gendre, J. Cosnes et al., Predictors of Crohn's disease Clinical patterns, natural history, and progression of ulcerative colitis. A long-term follow-up of 1116 patients, Gastroenterology. Dig Dis Sci, vol.13038, issue.476, pp.1137-1183, 1993.

S. Travis, E. Stange, M. Lémann, T. Oresland, Y. Chowers et al., Crohn's disease: an intervention study European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: current management, 1093?9. 49, pp.16-35, 2001.

F. Durchschein, W. Petritsch, H. Hammer, S. Hanauer, U. Strömberg et al., Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: the established and the new Oral Pentasa in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies Review article: appropriate use of corticosteroids in Crohn's disease The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study, World J Gastroenterol. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Am J Gastroenterol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Gastroenterology, vol.22210026121, issue.515632, pp.1345-53, 2001.

R. Modigliani, J. Mary, J. Simon, A. Cortot, J. Soule et al., Clinical, biological, and endoscopic picture of attacks of Crohn's disease. Evolution on prednisolone

L. Beaugerie, P. Afchain, E. Tiret, and J. Gendre, Serious infection and mortality in patients with Crohn's disease: more than 5 years of followup in the TREAT registry Impact of the increasing use of immunosuppressants in Crohn's disease on the need for intestinal surgery, 1409?22. 57. Cosnes J, Nion-Larmurier I, 2012.

L. Peyrin-biroulet, K. Khosrotehrani, F. Carrat, A. Bouvier, J. Chevaux et al., Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study Increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancers in patients who receive thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease, Lancet. Gastroenterology, vol.374141, issue.605, pp.1621-1628, 2009.

S. Lichtiger, D. Present, A. Kornbluth, I. Gelernt, J. Bauer et al., Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy Köhler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity, N Engl J Med. Nature, vol.330256, issue.63, pp.1841-1846, 1975.
DOI : 10.1056/nejm199406303302601

J. Brande, D. Hommes, and M. Peppelenbosch, Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis):392?400.e3. 66. Van Den Infliximab induced T lymphocyte apoptosis in Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology. J Rheumatol, vol.14674, issue.67, 2005.

K. Winthrop, Risk and prevention of tuberculosis and other serious opportunistic infections associated with the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor, Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, vol.52, issue.8, pp.602-612, 2006.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1399-3062.2003.00005.x

M. Toruner, E. Loftus, W. Harmsen, A. Zinsmeister, R. Orenstein et al., Risk Factors for Opportunistic Infections in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 929?36. 74. Reddy JG, Loftus EV. Safety of infliximab and other biologic agents in the inflammatory bowel diseases, pp.837-55, 2006.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.012

S. Schreiber and W. Sandborn, CLASSIC-I Study the Efficacy of Adalimumab, Gastroenterology, vol.130, issue.6
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.050

. Al, Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn's disease: the CHARM trial, 52?65. 78. Sandborn WJ, 2007.

S. Schreiber, M. Khaliq-kareemi, I. Lawrance, O. Thomsen, S. Hanauer et al., Maintenance Therapy with Certolizumab Pegol for Crohn's Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.357, issue.3, pp.239-250, 2007.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa062897

M. Allez, S. Vermeire, N. Mozziconacci, P. Michetti, D. Laharie et al., The efficacy and safety of a third anti-TNF monoclonal antibody in Crohn's disease after failure of two other anti-TNF antibodies):92?101. 81. Cassinotti A, Travis S. Incidence and clinical significance of immunogenicity to infliximab in Crohn?s disease: a critical systematic review Influence of trough serum levels and immunogenicity on long-term outcome of adalimumab therapy in Crohn's disease, ):1264?75. 82. Karmiris K, pp.1628-1668, 2009.

F. Schnitzler, H. Fidder, M. Ferrante, M. Noman, I. Arijs et al., Long-term outcome of treatment with infliximab in 614 patients with Crohn's disease: results from a single-centre cohort, Gut, vol.58, issue.4, pp.492-500, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/gut.2008.155812

A. Yamada, K. Sono, N. Hosoe, N. Takada, Y. Suzuki et al., Monitoring functional serum antitumor necrosis factor antibody level in Crohn?s disease patients who maintained and those who lost response to anti-TNF Intravenous hydrocortisone premedication reduces antibodies to infliximab in Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial Incidence and importance of antibody responses to infliximab after maintenance or episodic treatment in Crohn's disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis. Gastroenterology. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.161242, issue.8947, pp.542-553, 2003.

G. Van-assche, C. Magdelaine-beuzelin, D. Haens, G. Baert, F. Noman et al., Withdrawal of Immunosuppression in Crohn's Disease Treated With Scheduled Infliximab Maintenance: A Randomized Trial, ):1861?8. 92. Colombel JF, 2008.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.004

F. Vincent, E. Morand, K. Murphy, F. Mackay, M. X. Marcelli et al., Antidrug antibodies (ADAb) to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-specific neutralising agents in chronic inflammatory diseases: a real issue, a clinical perspective, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.72, issue.2, pp.165-78, 2013.
DOI : 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202545

A. Fonia, M. Allen, C. Smith, and J. Barker, Antibody response to infliximab and its impact on pharmacokinetics can be transient Antinuclear antibodies associate with loss of response to antitumour necrosis factor-? therapy in psoriasis: a retrospective, observational study, ):962?71. 95. Pink AE, pp.780-785, 2009.

B. Pariente, P. De-chambrun, G. Krzysiek, R. Desroches, M. Louis et al., Trough Levels and Antibodies to Infliximab May Not Predict Response to Intensification of Infliximab Therapy in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol.18, issue.7, pp.1199-206, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/ibd.21839

U. Kopylov, G. Mantzaris, K. Katsanos, C. Reenaers, P. Ellul et al., The efficacy of shortening the dosing interval to once every six weeks in Crohn???s patients losing response to maintenance dose of infliximab, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.105, issue.3, pp.349-57, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04523.x

S. Vermeire, F. Gabriels, V. Ballet, N. Casteele, W. Van-moerkercke et al., The effect of dose escalation on trough levels in patients who lost response to infliximab

G. Van-assche, S. Vermeire, V. Ballet, F. Gabriels, M. Noman et al., Switch to adalimumab in patients with Crohn's disease controlled by maintenance infliximab: prospective randomised SWITCH trial, Gut, vol.61, issue.2, pp.229-263, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300755

W. Afif, E. Loftus, W. Faubion, S. Kane, D. Bruining et al., Clinical Utility of Measuring Infliximab and Human Anti-Chimeric Antibody Concentrations in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.26, issue.5, pp.1133-1139, 2010.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.041

X. Roblin, A. Attar, M. Lamure, B. Savarieau, P. Brunel et al., Cost savings of anti-TNF therapy using a test-based strategy versus an empirical dose escalation in Crohn's disease patients who lose response to infliximab, Journal of Market Access & Health Policy, vol.74, issue.7, p.29229, 2015.
DOI : 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204101

C. Steenholdt, J. Brynskov, O. Thomsen, L. Munck, J. Fallingborg et al., Individualized Therapy Is a Long-Term Cost-Effective Method Compared to Dose Intensification in Crohn???s Disease Patients Failing Infliximab, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.132, issue.9, pp.2762-70, 2015.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.024

S. Guirao, M. Paul, E. Jaccoulet, K. Morand, and A. Astier, Stabilité de l'infliximab en solutions diluées, Congrès APHIF Paris, 2009.

B. Young, M. Khan, T. Chapman, R. Parry, M. Connolly et al., Evaluation of the physicochemical and functional stability of diluted REMSIMA® upon extended storage

M. Somerville, A. Brooksby, and D. Scott, Maximizing the use of scarce resources: vial optimization, Rheumatology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.353-357, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/rheumatology/kei234

E. Favalli, A. Marchesoni, G. Colombo, and L. Sinigaglia, Pattern of use, economic burden and vial optimization of infliximab for rheumatoid arthritis in Italy, Clin Exp Rheumatol, vol.26, issue.1, p.45, 2008.

D. Singh, N. Gupta, K. Martin, and A. Mayhew, THU0484-HPR???Role of ???vial sharing??? in achieving cost savings while using infliximab in rheumatology planned short stay unit, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol.71, issue.Suppl 3, pp.742-742, 2013.
DOI : 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.2449