P. Bouchard, Parodontologie et dentisterie implantaire

F. Paris, Lavoisier médecine Sciences, (Odontologie, vol.1, 2014.

G. Armitage, Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol Am Acad Periodontol, pp.1-6, 1999.

R. Page and K. Kornman, The pathogenesis of human periodontitis: an introduction, Periodontology 2000, vol.322, issue.1, pp.9-11, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1991.tb02310.x

P. Baehni and M. Tonetti, Conclusions and consensus statements on periodontal health, policy and education in Europe: a call for action - consensus view 1, European Journal of Dental Education, vol.14, pp.2-3, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2010.00619.x

P. Petersen, Rapport sur la santé bucco-dentaire dans le monde 2003: Poursuivre l'amélioration de la santé bucco-dentaire au XXIe siècle ? l'approche du Programme OMS de santé bucco-dentaire, Suisse): Organisation mondiale de la Sante, 2003.

P. Eke, B. Dye, L. Wei, G. Slade, G. Thornton-evans et al., Update on Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009 to 2012, Journal of Periodontology, vol.86, issue.5, 2015.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2015.140520

P. Petersen and H. Ogawa, Strengthening the Prevention of Periodontal Disease: The WHO Approach, Journal of Periodontology, vol.76, issue.12, pp.2187-93, 2005.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2005.76.12.2187

T. Drury, I. Garcia, and M. Adesanya, Socioeconomic Disparities in Adult Oral Health in the United States, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.896, issue.1, pp.322-326, 1999.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08129.x

L. Borrell, B. Burt, B. Gillespie, J. Lynch, and H. Neighbors, Periodontitis in the United States: Beyond Black and White, Journal of Public Health Dentistry, vol.43, issue.171, pp.92-101, 2002.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.1999.70.7.711

D. Bourgeois, P. Bouchard, and C. Mattout, Epidemiology of periodontal status in dentate adults in France, 2002?2003, Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.83, issue.3, pp.219-246, 2002.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027005308.x

L. Pysiopathologie, World Health Organization Classification of atherosclerotic lesions: report of a study group (meeting Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation; 1958. 13. World Health Organization World Health Organisation Available from, Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014, p.12, 1957.

M. Montaye, F. Richard, B. Lemaire, R. Domanievitcz, M. Lenoir et al., Secondary prevention of coronary disease in France. Result of the EUROASPIRE study: the Lille register of ischemic cardiopathies]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, pp.1211-1231, 1998.

H. Stary, A. Chandler, R. Dinsmore, V. Fuster, S. Glagov et al., A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation, vol.92, issue.5, pp.1355-74, 1995.

J. Paul and B. Baudin, Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and markers for early detention, Rev Francoph Lab, vol.39, issue.409, pp.41-50, 2009.

E. Grad and H. Danenberg, C-reactive protein and atherothrombosis: Cause or effect? Blood Rev, pp.23-32, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.blre.2012.12.001

T. Dietrich, P. Sharma, C. Walter, P. Weston, and J. Beck, The epidemiological evidence behind the association between periodontitis and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.218, issue.Suppl, pp.70-84
DOI : 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.07.091

P. Disease and A. Vascular-disease, Does the Evidence Support an Independent Association?: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, pp.2520-2564, 2012.

T. Breivik, P. Thrane, R. Murison, and P. Gjermo, Emotional stress effects on immunity, gingivitis and periodontitis, European Journal of Oral Sciences, vol.32, issue.6, pp.327-361, 1996.
DOI : 10.1177/00220345530320060401

N. Chávarry, M. Vettore, C. Sansone, A. Sheiham, A. Keller et al., The relationship between diabetes mellitus and destructive periodontal disease: a meta-analysis. Oral Health Prev Dent Association between periodontal disease and overweight and obesity: a systematic review, J Periodontol. 2015, vol.786, issue.236, pp.107-27766, 2009.

H. Schenkein and B. Loos, Inflammatory mechanisms linking periodontal diseases to cardiovascular diseases, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.33, issue.Suppl. 11, pp.51-69
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.00987.x

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4554326

L. Reyes, D. Herrera, E. Kozarov, S. Roldán, and A. Progulske-fox, Periodontal bacterial invasion and infection: contribution to atherosclerotic pathology, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.36, issue.12, pp.30-50
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2010.100501

M. Tonetti and T. Van-dyke, Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.22, issue.Suppl 6, pp.24-33
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012

W. Teeuw, D. Slot, H. Susanto, V. Gerdes, F. Abbas et al., Treatment of periodontitis improves the atherosclerotic profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.172, issue.Suppl. 14, pp.70-79, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00548.x

F. Cairo, S. Castellani, A. Gori, M. Nieri, G. Baldelli et al., Severe periodontitis in young adults is associated with sub-clinical atherosclerosis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.102, issue.6, pp.465-72, 2008.
DOI : 10.1159/000081812

M. Orlandi, J. Suvan, A. Petrie, N. Donos, S. Masi et al., Association between periodontal disease and its treatment, flow-mediated dilatation and carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Atherosclerosis, vol.236, issue.1, pp.39-46, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.002

V. Friedewald, K. Kornman, J. Beck, R. Genco, A. Goldfine et al., Editors' Consensus: Periodontitis and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, The American Journal of Cardiology " and " Journal of Periodontology J Periodontol, vol.80, issue.7, pp.1021-1053, 2009.

D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. Altman, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, ):e1000097. 32. Members WC, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.b2535

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714657

A. Aha, Guideline for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, pp.2748-64, 2010.

G. Wells, B. Shea, O. , D. Peterson, J. Welch et al., American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Available from The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses [Internet] Available from: http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/rtamblyn/Readings/The%20Newcastle%20- %20Scale%20for%20assessing%20the%20quality%20of%20nonrandomised%20studies%20in%20met a-analyses.pdf 35 Association between periodontal disease and subclinical atherosclerosis: the ELSA-Brasil study. Cad Saúde Pública, AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular RiskA Report of the American College of Cardiology, pp.965-76, 2000.

A. Thromb-vasc-biol, A. Boillot, R. Demmer, Z. Mallat, R. Sacco et al., Periodontal microbiota and phospholipases: The Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST), Atherosclerosis, vol.24242, issue.112, pp.2174-80, 2004.

B. Söder and M. Yakob, Risk for the development of atherosclerosis in women with a high level of dental plaque and severe gingival inflammation, International Journal of Dental Hygiene, vol.134, issue.58, pp.133-141, 2007.
DOI : 10.1902/jop.2004.75.4.505

P. Söder, B. Söder, J. Nowak, and T. Jogestrand, Early Carotid Atherosclerosis in Subjects With Periodontal Diseases. Stroke, pp.1195-200, 2005.

P. Söder, J. Meurman, T. Jogestrand, J. Nowak, and B. Söder, Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in blood as markers for early atherosclerosis in subjects with chronic periodontitis, Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.15, issue.4, pp.452-460, 2009.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.26.1.34

H. Yu, L. Qi, L. Liu, X. Wang, Y. Zhang et al., Association of Carotid Intima???media Thickness and Atherosclerotic Plaque with Periodontal Status, Journal of Dental Research, vol.28, issue.8, pp.744-51, 2014.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.28.5.999

C. Carallo, D. Franceschi, M. Tripolino, C. Figliuzzi, M. Irace et al., Common carotid and brachial artery hemodynamic alterations in periodontal disease, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.38, issue.5, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.05.004

R. Demmer, T. Kocher, C. Schwahn, H. Völzke, J. Jr et al., Refining exposure definitions for studies of periodontal disease and systemic disease associations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, pp.493-502, 2008.

J. Beck, P. Eke, D. Lin, P. Madianos, D. Couper et al., Associations between IgG antibody to oral organisms and carotid intima-medial thickness in community-dwelling adults Does oral hygiene trigger carotid artery intima-media thickness? Heart Surg Forum Comparison of Frequency and Duration of Periodontal Disease With Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium in Patients With and Without Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Atherosclerosis. Aug Am J Cardiol, vol.18316116, issue.146, pp.342-350, 2005.

Y. Higashi, C. Goto, D. Jitsuiki, T. Umemura, K. Nishioka et al., Periodontal Infection Is Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction in Healthy Subjects and Hypertensive Patients, Hypertension, vol.51, issue.2, pp.446-53, 2008.
DOI : 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.101535

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.513.4968

P. Pussinen, K. Tuomisto, P. Jousilahti, A. Havulinna, J. Sundvall et al., Endotoxemia, Immune Response to Periodontal Pathogens, and Systemic Inflammation Associate With Incident Cardiovascular Disease Events, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.27, issue.6, pp.1433-1442, 2007.
DOI : 10.1161/ATVBAHA.106.138743

T. Schillinger, W. Kluger, M. Exner, W. Mlekusch, S. Sabeti et al., Dental and Periodontal Status and Risk for Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis The Inflammation and Carotid Artery Risk for Atherosclerosis Study Dental Substudy. Stroke Periodontitis and atherosclerosis: an observational study, Pinho MM J Periodontal Res, vol.3748, issue.94, pp.2271-2277, 2006.

M. Desvarieux, R. Demmer, T. Rundek, B. Boden-albala, D. Jacobs et al., Relationship Between Periodontal Disease, Tooth Loss, and Carotid Artery Plaque: The Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST), Stroke, vol.34, issue.9, pp.2120-2125, 2003.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.0000085086.50957.22

M. Desvarieux, R. Demmer, T. Rundek, B. Boden-albala, D. Jacobs et al., Periodontal Microbiota and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: The Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST), Circulation, vol.111, issue.5, pp.576-82, 2005.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.0000154582.37101.15

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812915

P. Li, D. Zhang, . Kun, J. Zhang, and C. L. , Detection of the parameters for early atherosclerosis in patients with metabolic syndrome and periodontitis]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao, Feb, vol.1843, issue.1, pp.34-43, 2011.

N. López, A. Chamorro, and M. Llancaqueo, [Association between atherosclerosis and periodontitis]. Rev Médica Chile, pp.717-741, 2011.

A. Grudianov, E. Krechina, F. Mustafina, and T. Avraamova, Computer capillaroscopy for periodontal microcirculation assessment in patients with early atherosclerotic lesions]. Stomatologii a, pp.24-30, 2014.

S. Amar, N. Gokce, S. Morgan, M. Loukideli, T. Dyke et al., Periodontal Disease Is Associated With Brachial Artery Endothelial Dysfunction and Systemic Inflammation, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.23, issue.7, pp.1245-1254, 2003.
DOI : 10.1161/01.ATV.0000078603.90302.4A

J. Beck, J. Elter, G. Heiss, D. Couper, S. Mauriello et al., Relationship of Periodontal Disease to Carotid Artery Intima-Media Wall Thickness: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.21, issue.11, pp.1816-1838, 2001.
DOI : 10.1161/hq1101.097803

L. Nicolosi, P. Lewin, J. Rudzinski, M. Pompeo, F. Guanca et al., Relation between periodontal disease and arterial stiffness, Journal of Periodontal Research, vol.18, issue.5 Pt 1, p.60, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejim.2006.12.003

G. Slade, E. Ghezzi, G. Heiss, J. Beck, E. Riche et al., Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and C-Reactive Protein Among Adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.163, issue.10, pp.1172-1181, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.163.10.1172

T. Wu, M. Trevisan, R. Genco, K. Falkner, J. Dorn et al., Examination of the Relation between Periodontal Health Status and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Serum Total and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, C-reactive Protein, and Plasma Fibrinogen, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.151, issue.3, pp.273-82, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010203

H. Hayashida, T. Saito, K. Kawasaki, M. Kitamura, R. Furugen et al., Association of periodontitis with carotid artery intima???media thickness and arterial stiffness in community-dwelling people in??Japan: The Nagasaki Islands study, Atherosclerosis, vol.229, issue.1, pp.186-91, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.002

Y. Jung, M. Shin, I. Kim, S. Kweon, Y. Lee et al., Relationship between periodontal disease and subclinical atherosclerosis: The Dong-gu study, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.33, issue.Suppl. 14, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00875.x

X. Li, H. F. Tse, K. H. Yiu, N. Jia, H. Chen et al., Increased levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in subjects with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol.172, issue.11, pp.933-942, 2009.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1266

M. Desvarieux, C. Schwahn, H. Völzke, R. Demmer, J. Lüdemann et al., Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Periodontal Disease, Tooth Loss, and Atherosclerosis, Stroke, vol.35, issue.9, pp.2029-2064, 2004.
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.0000136767.71518.36

B. Holtfreter, K. Empen, S. Gläser, R. Lorbeer, H. Völzke et al., Periodontitis is associated with endothelial dysfunction in a general population: a cross-sectional study al. A Pilot Study Into Measurements of Markers of Atherosclerosis in Periodontitis, ):e84603. 67. Leivadaros E, Velden U van der, 2005.

M. Yakob, J. Meurman, T. Jogestrand, J. Nowak, P. Söder et al., C-reactive protein in relation to early atherosclerosis and periodontitis, Clinical Oral Investigations, vol.38, issue.29, pp.259-65, 2012.
DOI : 10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.481531

M. Jardini, S. Alves, V. Giampaoli, and E. Aubin, Periodontal infection and subclinical atherosclerosis: the role of high-density lipoprotein as a modifying factor, J Clin Periodontol. Monteiro AM Figueiredo Neto AM, vol.37, issue.70, pp.617-641, 2010.

G. Pressman, A. Qasim, N. Verma, M. Miyamae, K. Arishiro et al., Periodontal disease is an independent predictor of intracardiac calcification Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis and Its Improvement After Initial Periodontal Therapy, BioMed Res Int. J Periodontol, vol.201375, issue.12, pp.854340-721694, 2004.

P. Touboul, M. Hennerici, S. Meairs, H. Adams, P. Amarenco et al., Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Consensus An Update on Behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences Periodontitis and arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Cerebrovasc Dis Basel Switz. J Clin Periodontol, vol.3442, issue.411, pp.290-296, 2004.

E. Gaetti-jardim, S. Marcelino, A. Feitosa, G. Romito, and M. Avila-campos, Quantitative detection of periodontopathic bacteria in atherosclerotic plaques from coronary arteries, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.58, issue.12, pp.1568-75, 2009.
DOI : 10.1099/jmm.0.013383-0

T. Toyofuku, Y. Inoue, N. Kurihara, T. Kudo, M. Jibiki et al., Differential detection rate of periodontopathic bacteria in atherosclerosis. Surg Today, pp.1395-400, 2011.

O. Koren, A. Spor, J. Felin, F. Fåk, J. Stombaugh et al., Human oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis Evidence that periodontal treatment improves biomarkers and CVD outcomes Available from, Atherosclerosis, Large Arteries and Cardiovascular Risk [Internet]. S. Karger AG, pp.4592-4600, 2006.

L. Vu, . Présidente, and . Jury, Signature : Vu, la Directrice de l'UFR des Sciences Odontologiques