L. Kirmayer, L. Narasiah, and M. Munoz, Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol.183, issue.12, pp.959-967, 2011.
DOI : 10.1503/cmaj.090292

M. Ferreri, Les psycho-traumatismes majeurs, Paris : Confrontations Psychiatriques

P. Pignol, Préhistoire de la psychotraumatologie. Les premiers modèles du traumatisme (1862-1884), Info Psy, pp.415-425, 2014.

R. Kessler, A. Sonnega, E. Bromet, M. Hughes, and C. Nelson, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.52, issue.12, pp.1048-60, 1995.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012

J. Alonso, M. Angermeyer, and S. Bernert, Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project, Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl, issue.420, pp.21-28, 2004.

D. Soir, E. Zech, E. Versporten, and A. , Degree of exposure and peritraumatic dissociation as determinants of PTSD symptoms in the aftermath of the Ghislenghien gas explosion, Archives of Public Health, vol.36, issue.4, p.21, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s10464-005-6230-9

S. Halligan and R. Yehuda, ASSESSING DISSOCIATION AS A RISK FACTOR FOR POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: A STUDY OF ADULT OFFSPRING OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol.190, issue.7, pp.429-465, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00005053-200207000-00002

A. Psychiatric-association and . Dsm-iv, Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux. Traduction française, 1996.

P. Van-der-velden and L. Wittmann, The independent predictive value of peritraumatic dissociation for PTSD symptomatology after type I trauma: A systematic review of prospective studies, Clinical Psychology Review, vol.28, issue.6, pp.1009-1029, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.006

M. Dorahy and O. Van-der-hart, ???s Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Dissociative Symptoms: Challenges and Future Directions, Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, vol.24, issue.7, pp.7-28, 2015.
DOI : 10.1300/J229v07n01_03

R. Lanius, B. Brand, E. Vermetten, P. Frewen, and D. Spiegel, THE DISSOCIATIVE SUBTYPE OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: RATIONALE, CLINICAL AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, AND IMPLICATIONS, Depression and Anxiety, vol.3, issue.5, pp.701-709, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/19361521003726930

D. Bennett, C. Modrowski, P. Kerig, and S. Chaplo, Investigating the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of traumatized detained youth., Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, vol.7, issue.5, pp.465-72, 2015.
DOI : 10.1037/tra0000057

D. Stein, K. Koenen, and M. Friedman, Dissociation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence from the World Mental Health Surveys, Biological Psychiatry, vol.73, issue.4, pp.302-314, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.022

. Nothling, Traumatic dissociation as a predictor of post traumatic stress disorder in South African Female Rape survivors

E. Wolf, C. Lunney, M. Miller, P. Resick, M. Friedman et al., THE DISSOCIATIVE SUBTYPE OF PTSD: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION, Depression and Anxiety, vol.134, issue.8, pp.679-88, 2012.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.134.5.617

C. Steuwe, R. Lanius, and P. Frewen, EVIDENCE FOR A DISSOCIATIVE SUBTYPE OF PTSD BY LATENT PROFILE AND CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSES IN A CIVILIAN SAMPLE, Depression and Anxiety, vol.41, issue.8, pp.689-700, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00048670701449146

A. Ehlers and D. Clark, A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol.38, issue.4, pp.319-364, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0

E. Ozer, S. Best, T. Lipsey, and D. Weiss, Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis., Psychological Bulletin, vol.129, issue.1, pp.52-73, 2003.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52

P. Birmes, A. Brunet, and D. Carreras, The Predictive Power of Peritraumatic Dissociation and Acute Stress Symptoms for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Three-Month Prospective Study, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.160, issue.7, pp.1337-1346, 2003.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1337

J. Briere, C. Scott, and F. Weathers, Peritraumatic and Persistent Dissociation in the Presumed Etiology of PTSD, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.162, issue.12, pp.2295-301, 2005.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2295

I. Candel and H. Merckelbach, Peritraumatic dissociation as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder: a critical review, Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol.45, issue.1, pp.44-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.comppsych.2003.09.012

C. Dancu, D. Riggs, D. Hearst-ikeda, B. Shoyer, and E. Foa, Dissociative experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder among female victims of criminal assault and rape, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol.145, issue.2, pp.253-67, 1996.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.145.3.301

E. Longden, A. Madill, and M. Waterman, Dissociation, trauma, and the role of lived experience: Toward a new conceptualization of voice hearing., Psychological Bulletin, vol.138, issue.1, pp.28-76, 2012.
DOI : 10.1037/a0025995

O. Van-der-hart and M. Dorahy, Pierre Janet and the Concept of Dissociation, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.163, issue.9, pp.1646-1646, 2006.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1646a

A. Moskowitz, J. Van-os, M. Hanssen, R. Bijl, and R. A. Strauss, Auditory Hallucinations: Psychotic Symptom or Dissociative Experience? 29 revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?, Schizophr Res, vol.45, issue.12, pp.11-20, 1969.

L. Johns and J. Van-os, THE CONTINUITY OF PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, Clinical Psychology Review, vol.21, issue.8, pp.1125-1166, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00103-9

M. Romme and A. Escher, Hearing Voices, Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol.15, issue.2, pp.209-225, 1989.
DOI : 10.1093/schbul/15.2.209

A. Hardy, D. Fowler, and D. Freeman, Trauma and Hallucinatory Experience in Psychosis, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol.193, issue.8, pp.501-508, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.nmd.0000172480.56308.21

J. Scott, D. Chant, G. Andrews, G. Martin, and J. Mcgrath, Association between trauma exposure and delusional experiences in a large community-based sample, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.190, issue.4, pp.339-382, 2007.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.026708

R. Butler, K. Mueser, J. Sprock, and D. Braff, Positive symptoms of psychosis in posttraumatic stress disorder, Biological Psychiatry, vol.39, issue.10, pp.839-883, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00314-2

M. Hamner, Psychotic features and combat-associated PTSD, Depression and Anxiety, vol.5, issue.1, pp.34-42, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1997)5:1<34::AID-DA6>3.0.CO;2-5

T. Van-putten and W. Emory, Traumatic Neuroses in Vietnam Returnees, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.29, issue.5, pp.695-703, 1973.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200050100017

A. Kilcommons and A. Morrison, Relationships between trauma and psychosis: an exploration of cognitive and dissociative factors, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.39, issue.5, pp.351-360, 2005.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203420393

T. Giesbrecht, H. Merckelbach, M. Kater, and A. Sluis, Why Dissociation and Schizotypy Overlap, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol.195, issue.10, pp.812-820, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181568137

A. Kilcommons, A. Morrison, A. Knight, and F. Lobban, Psychotic experiences in people who have been sexually assaulted, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol.32, issue.9, pp.602-613, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.01.004

C. Anketell, M. Dorahy, and M. Shannon, An Exploratory Analysis of Voice Hearing in Chronic PTSD: Potential Associated Mechanisms, Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, vol.11, issue.1, pp.93-107, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/15299730903143600

C. Brewin and T. Patel, Auditory Pseudohallucinations in United Kingdom War Veterans and Civilians With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.71, issue.04, pp.419-444, 2010.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.09m05469blu

A. Gracie, D. Freeman, and S. Green, The association between traumatic experience, paranoia and hallucinations: a test of the predictions of psychological models, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.31, issue.4, pp.280-289, 2007.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03200723

J. Sareen, B. Cox, R. Goodwin, J. Asmundson, and G. , Co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder with positive psychotic symptoms in a nationally representative sample, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol.53, issue.4, pp.313-335, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200050100017

M. Braakman, F. A. Kortmann, and W. Van-den-brink, Validity of ???post-traumatic stress disorder with secondary psychotic features???: a review of the evidence, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.8, issue.suppl. 1, pp.15-24, 2009.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.v60n0508

Y. Auxéméry, Une conception moderne du traumatisme psychique ?? l???usage des m??decins somaticiens??: des diff??rentes formes cliniques du trauma ?? leurs perspectives pharmacologiques, La Revue de M??decine Interne, vol.33, issue.12, pp.703-711, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.revmed.2012.08.016

Y. Auxéméry, Formes cliniques des d??pressions post-traumatiques, L'Enc??phale, vol.41, issue.4, pp.346-54, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.encep.2014.07.005

M. Hamner, B. Frueh, H. Ulmer, and G. Arana, Psychotic features and illness severity in combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder, Biological Psychiatry, vol.45, issue.7, pp.846-52, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00301-1

Y. Auxéméry and G. Fidelle, Psychosis and trauma. Theorical links between post-traumatic and psychotic symptoms, Encephale, vol.37, issue.6, pp.433-441, 2011.

R. Pies, Defining Psychosis in PTSD, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.60, issue.8, pp.555-561, 1999.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.v60n0809c

J. Read, K. Agar, N. Argyle, and V. Aderhold, Sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder, Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, vol.76, issue.1, pp.1-22, 2003.
DOI : 10.1348/14760830260569210

J. Read and N. Argyle, Hallucinations, Delusions, and Thought Disorder Among Adult Psychiatric Inpatients With a History of Child Abuse, Psychiatric Services, vol.50, issue.11, pp.1467-72, 1999.
DOI : 10.1176/ps.50.11.1467

S. Alsawy, L. Wood, P. Taylor, and A. Morrison, Conclusions, Psychological Medicine, vol.181, issue.13, pp.2849-59, 2015.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.074526

M. Nygaard, C. Sonne, and J. Carlsson, Secondary psychotic features in refugees diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder: a retrospective cohort study, BMC Psychiatry, vol.71, issue.1, 2017.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.09m05469blu

R. Nuevo, S. Chatterji, E. Verdes, N. Naidoo, C. Arango et al., The Continuum of Psychotic Symptoms in the General Population: A Cross-national Study, Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol.38, issue.3, pp.475-85, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/schbul/sbq099

B. Gaudiano and M. Zimmerman, Evaluation of evidence for the psychotic subtyping of post-traumatic stress disorder, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.197, issue.4, pp.326-333, 2010.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078824

S. Lindley, E. Carlson, and J. Sheikh, Abstract, CNS Spectrums, vol.142, issue.09, pp.52-59, 2000.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.142.4.430

A. Bleich and L. Moskowits, Post traumatic stress disorder with psychotic features, Croat Med J, vol.41, issue.4, pp.442-447, 2000.

I. Soosay, D. Silove, and C. Bateman-steel, Trauma exposure, PTSD and psychotic-like symptoms in post-conflict Timor Leste: an epidemiological survey, BMC Psychiatry, vol.296, issue.5, p.229, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.296.5.576

M. Campbell and A. Morrison, The psychological consequences of combat exposure: The importance of appraisals and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in the occurrence of delusional-like ideas, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol.48, issue.1, pp.187-201, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200050100017

J. Kinzie, W. Sack, R. Angell, G. Clarke, and R. Ben, A Three-Year Follow-up of Cambodian Young People Traumatized as Children, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol.28, issue.4, pp.501-505, 1989.
DOI : 10.1097/00004583-198907000-00006

D. Freeman, S. Mcmanus, T. Brugha, H. Meltzer, R. Jenkins et al., Concomitants of paranoia in the general population, Psychological Medicine, vol.53, issue.05, pp.923-959, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.09.001

A. Kastelan, T. Franciskovi?, and L. Moro, Psychotic Symptoms in Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Military Medicine, vol.172, issue.3, pp.273-280, 2007.
DOI : 10.7205/MILMED.172.3.273

M. Ayub, K. Saeed, D. Kingdon, and F. Naeem, Rate and predictors of psychotic symptoms after Kashmir earthquake, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol.58, issue.2???3, pp.471-81, 2015.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.090449

S. Ivezi?, A. Bagari?, L. Oruc, N. Mimica, and T. Ljubin, Psychotic symptoms and comorbid psychiatric disorders in Croatian combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder patients, Croat Med J, vol.41, issue.2, pp.179-83, 2000.

C. Steel, M. Mahmood, and E. Holmes, Positive schizotypy and trait dissociation as vulnerability factors for post-traumatic distress, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.245-254, 2008.
DOI : 10.1348/014466507X255276

F. Sautter, M. Uddo, and K. Brailey, Clinical and family studies of PTSD with psychotic symptoms, Int Soc Traumatic Stress Studies, vol.83, 1996.

K. Mueser and R. Butler, Auditory hallucinations in combat-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder, Am J Psychiatry, vol.144, issue.3, pp.299-302, 1987.

S. Lindley, E. Carlson, and K. Hill, Psychotic-like Experiences, Symptom Expression, and Cognitive Performance in Combat Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol.202, issue.2, pp.91-97, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000077

A. Morrison, L. Frame, and W. Larkin, Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol.42, issue.4, pp.331-53, 2003.
DOI : 10.1348/014466503322528892

D. Goff, A. Brotman, D. Kindlon, M. Waites, and E. Amico, Self-reports of childhood abuse in chronically psychotic patients, Psychiatry Research, vol.37, issue.1, pp.73-80, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90107-Z

K. Mueser, L. Goodman, and S. Trumbetta, Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.66, issue.3, pp.493-502, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-006X.66.3.493

L. Oruc and P. Bell, Multiple rape trauma followed by delusional parasitosis A case report from the Bosnian war, Schizophrenia Research, vol.16, issue.2, pp.173-177, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00039-O

D. Freeman, Suspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions, Clinical Psychology Review, vol.27, issue.4, pp.425-57, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004

R. Janoff-bulman, Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: Inquiries into depression and rape., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.37, issue.10, pp.1798-809, 1979.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1798

R. Bentall, P. Kinderman, and S. Kaney, The self, attributional processes and abnormal beliefs: Towards a model of persecutory delusions, Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol.32, issue.3, pp.331-372, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90131-7

R. Bentall, The illusion of reality: A review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations., Psychological Bulletin, vol.107, issue.1, pp.82-95, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.82

J. Allen, L. Coyne, and D. Console, Dissociative detachment relates to psychotic symptoms and personality decompensation, Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol.38, issue.6, pp.327-361, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90928-7

M. Jessop, J. Scott, and B. Nurcombe, Hallucinations in adolescent inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia: similarities and differences, Australas Psychiatry Bull R Aust N Z Coll Psychiatr, vol.16, issue.4, pp.268-72, 2008.

M. Dorahy, C. Shannon, and L. Seagar, Auditory Hallucinations in Dissociative Identity Disorder and Schizophrenia With and Without a Childhood Trauma History, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol.197, issue.12, pp.892-900, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181c299ea

C. Anketell, M. Dorahy, and D. Curran, A Preliminary Qualitative Investigation of Voice Hearing and Its Association with Dissociation in Chronic PTSD, Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, vol.12, issue.1, pp.88-101, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/15299732.2010.514844

S. Mccarthy-jones, T. Trauer, A. Mackinnon, E. Sims, N. Thomas et al., A New Phenomenological Survey of Auditory Hallucinations: Evidence for Subtypes and Implications for Theory and Practice, Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol.40, issue.1, pp.231-236, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/schbul/sbs156

D. David, G. Kutcher, E. Jackson, and T. Mellman, Psychotic Symptoms in Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.60, issue.1, pp.29-32, 1999.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.v60n0106

F. Sautter, K. Brailey, M. Uddo, M. Hamilton, M. Beard et al., PTSD and comorbid psychotic disorder: Comparison with veterans diagnosed with PTSD or psychotic disorder, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol.154, issue.1, pp.73-88, 1999.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.154.12.1690

A. Shalev, S. Freedman, and T. Peri, Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Following Trauma, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.155, issue.5, pp.630-637, 1998.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.155.5.630

J. Sareen, B. Cox, M. Stein, T. Afifi, C. Fleet et al., Physical and Mental Comorbidity, Disability, and Suicidal Behavior Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Large Community Sample, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol.69, issue.3, pp.242-250, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31803146d8

C. Buhman, E. Mortensen, S. Lundstrøm, J. Ryberg, M. Nordentoft et al., Symptoms, quality of life and level of functioning of traumatized refugees at psychiatric trauma clinic in Copenhagen, Torture Q J Rehabil Torture Vict Prev Torture, vol.24, issue.1, pp.25-39, 2014.

Z. Steel, T. Chey, D. Silove, C. Marnane, R. Bryant et al., Association of Torture and Other Potentially Traumatic Events With Mental Health Outcomes Among Populations Exposed to Mass Conflict and Displacement, JAMA, vol.302, issue.5, pp.537-586, 2009.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2009.1132

K. Schwarz-nielsen and A. Elklitt, An evaluation of the mental status of rejected asylum seekers in two Danish asylum centers, Torture Q J Rehabil Torture Vict Prev Torture, vol.19, issue.1, pp.51-60, 2009.

D. Bhugra, Migration and mental health, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol.3, issue.20, pp.243-58, 2004.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.55.9.771

B. Finch and W. Vega, Acculturation stress, social support, and self-rated health among Latinos in California, Journal of Immigrant Health, vol.5, issue.3, pp.109-126, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1023987717921

I. Tarricone, A. Atti, and F. Salvatori, Psychotic Symptoms and General Health in a Socially Disadvantaged Migrant Community in Bologna, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol.27, issue.5, pp.203-216, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/S0033291797005473

L. Kirmayer, Beyond the ???New Cross-cultural Psychiatry???: Cultural Biology, Discursive Psychology and the Ironies of Globalization, Transcultural Psychiatry, vol.7, issue.8, pp.126-170, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nn1276

A. Kleinman, Culture, and illness: a question of models, Cult Med Psychiatry, vol.1, issue.3, pp.229-260, 1977.

A. Kleinman, Anthropology and psychiatry. The role of culture in cross-cultural research on illness, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.151, issue.4, pp.447-54, 1987.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.151.4.447

S. Gillam, B. Jarman, P. White, and R. Law, Ethnic differences in consultation rates in urban general practice., BMJ, vol.299, issue.6705, pp.953-960, 1989.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.299.6705.953

R. Rahmethnissah, Peut-on objectiver et éviter les erreurs diagnostiques en situation transculutrelle?