V. R. Bibliographiques, Geographic variations of multiple sclerosis in france, 2010.

S. Orton, B. Herrera, I. Yee, W. Valdar, S. Ramagopalan et al., Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: a longitudinal study, The Lancet Neurology, vol.5, issue.11, pp.932-938, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70581-6

J. Noseworthy, C. Lucchinetti, M. Rodriguez, and B. Weinshenker, Multiple Sclerosis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.343, issue.13, pp.938-52, 2000.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200009283431307

E. Thacker, F. Mirzaei, and A. Ascherio, Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis, Annals of Neurology, vol.173, issue.3, pp.499-503, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/135245859900500418

A. Ascherio and K. Munger, Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: The role of infection, Annals of Neurology, vol.66, issue.suppl, pp.288-99, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jmv.2158

A. Ascherio and K. Munger, Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors, Annals of Neurology, vol.108, issue.6, pp.504-517, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.08.004

C. Jersild, A. Svejgaard, and T. Fog, HL-A ANTIGENS AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, The Lancet, vol.299, issue.7762, pp.1240-1241, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90962-2

J. Oksenberg, S. Baranzini, S. Sawcer, and S. Hauser, The genetics of multiple sclerosis: SNPs to pathways to pathogenesis, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.5, issue.7, pp.516-542, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/jnen/64.1.46

C. Confavreux and S. Vukusic, Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept, Brain, vol.129, issue.3, pp.606-622, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/awl007

C. Polman, S. Reingold, B. Banwell, M. Clanet, J. Cohen et al., Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria, Annals of Neurology, vol.64, issue.suppl 2, pp.292-302, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.21464

C. Polman, S. Reingold, G. Edan, M. Filippi, H. Hartung et al., Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the ???McDonald Criteria???, Annals of Neurology, vol.6, issue.6, pp.840-846, 2005.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.53.6.1184

W. Mcdonald, A. Compston, G. Edan, D. Goodkin, H. Hartung et al., Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, Annals of Neurology, vol.70, issue.1, pp.121-128, 2001.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.70.3.390

M. Filippi, M. Rocca, O. Ciccarelli, D. Stefano, N. Evangelou et al., MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines, The Lancet Neurology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.292-303, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00393-2

J. Kurtzke, On the origin of EDSS, Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, vol.4, issue.2, pp.95-103, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msard.2015.02.003

J. Kurtzke, Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS), Neurology, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1444-52, 1983.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.33.11.1444

B. Brochet, Place de l???EDSS dans l?????valuation pr??coce du handicap, Revue Neurologique, vol.165, issue.4, pp.173-179, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-3787(09)72131-9

F. Lublin and S. Reingold, Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey, Neurology, vol.46, issue.4, pp.907-918, 1996.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.46.4.907

F. Lublin, S. Reingold, J. Cohen, G. Cutter, P. Sørensen et al., Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions, 278?86. 19. Miller DH, Chard DT, Ciccarelli O. Clinically isolated syndromes, pp.157-69, 2012.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560

D. Okuda, E. Mowry, A. Beheshtian, E. Waubant, S. Baranzini et al., Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: The radiologically isolated syndrome, Neurology, vol.72, issue.9, pp.800-805, 2009.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000335764.14513.1a

M. Amato, D. Langdon, X. Montalban, R. Benedict, J. Deluca et al., Treatment of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: position paper, Journal of Neurology, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1452-68, 2013.
DOI : 10.1177/1352458511431076

D. Lamargue-hamel, M. Deloire, A. Saubusse, A. Ruet, J. Taillard et al., Cognitive evaluation by tasks in a virtual reality environment in multiple sclerosis Virtual reality measures in neuropsychological assessment: a meta-analytic review, 1?2):94?9. 23. Negu? A, pp.165-84, 2015.

O. Rouaud, A. Graule-petot, G. Couvreur, F. Contegal, G. Osseby et al., Apport de l?????valuation ??cologique des troubles ex??cutifs dans la scl??rose en plaques, Revue Neurologique, vol.162, issue.10, pp.964-973, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-3787(06)75106-2

F. Khan and B. Amatya, Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.98, issue.2, pp.353-67, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.04.016

N. Chiaravalloti and J. Deluca, Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, The Lancet Neurology, vol.7, issue.12, pp.1139-51, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70259-X

R. Bakshi, Fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, impact and management, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.61, issue.1, pp.219-246, 2003.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.v61n0510

L. Krupp, D. Serafin, and C. Christodoulou, Multiple sclerosis-associated fatigue, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol.14, issue.9, pp.1437-1484, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2008.08.025

S. Morrow, B. Weinstock-guttman, F. Munschauer, D. Hojnacki, and R. Benedict, Subjective fatigue is not associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.42, issue.8, pp.998-1005, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.410420318

A. Andreasen, P. Spliid, H. Andersen, and J. Jakobsen, Fatigue and processing speed are related in multiple sclerosis, European Journal of Neurology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.212-220, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00041-6

M. Debouverie, S. Pittion-vouyovitch, S. Louis, and F. Guillemin, Validity of a French version of the fatigue impact scale in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1026-1058, 2007.
DOI : 10.1191/1352458505ms1148oa

L. Strober and P. Arnett, Depression in multiple sclerosis: The utility of common self-report instruments and development of a disease-specific measure, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.722-754, 2015.
DOI : 10.1017/S0317167100039895

R. Benedict, I. Fishman, M. Mcclellan, R. Bakshi, and B. Weinstock-guttman, Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.16, issue.2, pp.393-399, 2003.
DOI : 10.1076/clin.16.3.381.13859

G. Santangelo, R. Sacco, M. Siciliano, A. Bisecco, G. Muzzo et al., Anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis: psychometric properties of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, vol.132, issue.Suppl 20, pp.458-66, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/ane.12385

B. Goretti, R. Viterbo, E. Portaccio, C. Niccolai, B. Hakiki et al., Anxiety state affects information processing speed in patients with multiple sclerosis, Neurological Sciences, vol.18, issue.9, pp.559-63, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/1352458511435717

L. Julian and P. Arnett, Relationships among Anxiety, Depression, and Executive Functioning in Multiple Sclerosis, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, vol.137, issue.5, pp.794-804, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s004150170184

K. Duff, L. Beglinger, S. Schultz, D. Moser, R. Mccaffrey et al., Practice effects in the prediction of long-term cognitive outcome in three patient samples: A novel prognostic index, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.15-24, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.acn.2006.08.013

K. Duff, C. Lyketsos, L. Beglinger, G. Chelune, D. Moser et al., Practice Effects Predict Cognitive Outcome in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.19, issue.11, pp.932-941, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318209dd3a

K. Duff, H. Westervelt, R. Mccaffrey, and R. Haase, Practice effects, test-retest stability, and dual baseline assessments with the California Verbal Learning Test in an HIV sample, Arch Clin Neuropsychol. juill, vol.16, issue.5, pp.461-76, 2001.

K. Duff, L. Beglinger, S. Van-der-heiden, D. Moser, S. Arndt et al., Short-term practice effects in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: implications for diagnosis and treatment, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.19, issue.05, pp.986-99, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/13803390590935462

K. Duff, L. Beglinger, D. Moser, J. Paulsen, S. Schultz et al., Predicting Cognitive Change in Older Adults: The Relative Contribution of Practice Effects, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.25, issue.2, pp.81-89, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/arclin/acp105

S. Rao, G. Leo, L. Bernardin, and F. Unverzagt, Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.: I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction, Neurology, vol.41, issue.5, pp.685-91, 1991.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.41.5.685

L. Feuillet, F. Reuter, B. Audoin, I. Malikova, K. Barrau et al., Early cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.76, issue.1, pp.124-131, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2004.045518

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00169069

M. Deloire, A. Ruet, D. Hamel, M. Bonnet, B. Brochet et al., Early cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis predicts disability outcome several years later Cognitive impairment differs between primary progressive and relapsing-remitting MS, Mult Scler. mai Neurology. 16 avr, vol.1680, issue.516, pp.1501-1509, 2010.

V. Planche, M. Gibelin, D. Cregut, B. Pereira, and P. Clavelou, Cognitive impairment in a population-based study of patients with multiple sclerosis: differences between late relapsing???remitting, secondary progressive and primary progressive multiple sclerosis, European Journal of Neurology, vol.17, issue.2, pp.282-291, 2016.
DOI : 10.1177/1352458511417835

H. Eysenck and H. Eysenck, A NEW VIEW OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE, British Journal of Educational Psychology, vol.56, issue.1, pp.106-108, 1986.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1986.tb02651.x

A. R. Jensen, Individual differences in the Hick para digm Speed of information processing and intelligence, pp.101-175, 1987.

W. J. Schneider and K. S. Mcgrew, The Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence, 2012.

G. Bergendal, S. Fredrikson, and O. Almkvist, Selective Decline in Information Processing in Subgroups of Multiple Sclerosis: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study, European Neurology, vol.57, issue.4, pp.193-202, 2007.
DOI : 10.1159/000099158

K. Zakzanis, Distinct Neurocognitive Profiles in Multiple Sclerosis Subtypes, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.115-151, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/arclin/15.2.115

J. Rogers and P. Panegyres, Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: Evidence-based analysis and recommendations, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, vol.14, issue.10, pp.919-946, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.02.006

C. Forn, A. Belenguer, M. Parcet-ibars, C. Avila, D. 'hooghe et al., Information-processing speed is the primary deficit underlying the poor performance of multiple sclerosis patients in the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) Reduced information processing speed as primum movens for cognitive decline in MS, J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. oct Mult Scler. janv, vol.3021, issue.71, pp.83-91, 2008.

S. Costa, H. Genova, J. Deluca, and N. Chiaravalloti, Information processing speed in multiple sclerosis: Past, present, and future, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.18, issue.6, pp.772-89, 2017.
DOI : 10.1093/arclin/acq104

J. Deluca, G. Chelune, D. Tulsky, J. Lengenfelder, and N. Chiaravalloti, Is Speed of Processing or Working Memory the Primary Information Processing Deficit in Multiple Sclerosis?, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.550-62, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/13803390490496641

M. Deloire, M. Bonnet, E. Salort, Y. Arimone, M. Boudineau et al., How to detect cognitive dysfunction at early stages of multiple sclerosis?, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.13, issue.4, pp.445-52, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/01688639108401046

B. Brochet, M. Deloire, M. Bonnet, E. Salort-campana, J. Ouallet et al., Should SDMT substitute for PASAT in MSFC? A 5-year longitudinal study, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.10, issue.9, pp.1242-1251, 2008.
DOI : 10.1191/1352458504ms983oa

F. Reuter, B. Audoin, A. Rico, I. Malikova, J. Ranjeva et al., Les troubles cognitifs, Revue Neurologique, vol.165, issue.4, pp.113-122, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-3787(09)72122-8

T. Covey, R. Zivadinov, J. Shucard, and D. Shucard, Information processing speed, neural efficiency, and working memory performance in multiple sclerosis: Differential relationships with structural magnetic resonance imaging, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, vol.21, issue.10, pp.1129-1174, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddm189

H. Genova, J. Lengenfelder, N. Chiaravalloti, N. Moore, and J. Deluca, Processing Speed Versus Working Memory: Contributions to an Information-Processing Task in Multiple Sclerosis, Applied Neuropsychology, vol.27, issue.2, pp.132-172, 2012.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e396be

J. Lengenfelder, D. Bryant, B. Diamond, J. Kalmar, N. Moore et al., Processing speed interacts with working memory efficiency in multiple sclerosis, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.21, issue.3, pp.229-267, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.acn.2005.12.001

L. Berrigan, J. Lefevre, L. Rees, J. Berard, M. Freedman et al., Cognition in Early Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Consequences May Be Relative to Working Memory, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol.10, issue.08, pp.938-987, 2013.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2004.045872

J. Lafosse, S. Mitchell, J. Corboy, and C. Filley, The Nature of Verbal Memory Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: A List-Learning and Meta-analytic Study, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol.9, issue.09, pp.995-1008, 2013.
DOI : 10.1076/1380-3395(200010)22:5;1-9;FT686

B. Duque, J. Sepulcre, B. Bejarano, L. Samaranch, P. Pastor et al., Memory decline evolves independently of disease activity in MS, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.255, issue.7, pp.947-53, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.070

M. Piras, I. Magnano, E. Canu, K. Paulus, W. Satta et al., Longitudinal study of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: neuropsychological, neuroradiological, and neurophysiological findings, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.74, issue.7, pp.878-85, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.74.7.878

C. Dulau, M. Deloire, H. Diaz, A. Saubusse, J. Charre-morin et al., Social cognition according to cognitive impairment in different clinical phenotypes of multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology, vol.5, issue.4, pp.740-748, 2017.
DOI : 10.1348/174866410X533660

D. Jeffery, J. Absher, F. Pfeiffer, and H. Jackson, Cortical deficits in multiple sclerosis on the basis of subcortical lesions, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.52, issue.2, pp.50-55, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/jon199884228

C. Lebrun, F. Blanc, D. Brassat, H. Zephir, J. De-seze et al., Cognitive function in radiologically isolated syndrome, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.72, issue.8, pp.919-944, 2010.
DOI : 10.1177/1352458508096878

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617782

K. Dujardin, P. Sockeel, M. Cabaret, D. Sèze, J. Vermersch et al., La BCcogSEP : une batterie courte d?????valuation des fonctions cognitives destin??es aux patients souffrant de scl??rose en plaques, Revue Neurologique, vol.160, issue.1, pp.51-62, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-3787(04)70847-4

M. Amato, B. Hakiki, B. Goretti, F. Rossi, M. Stromillo et al., Association of MRI metrics and cognitive impairment in radiologically isolated syndromes, Neurology, vol.78, issue.5, pp.309-323, 2012.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824528c9

A. Labiano-fontcuberta, M. Martínez-ginés, Y. Aladro, L. Ayuso, A. Mitchell et al., A comparison study of cognitive deficits in radiologically and clinically isolated syndromes Clinically isolated lesions of the type seen in multiple sclerosis: a cognitive, psychiatric, and MRI follow up study, Mult Scler. févr J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. oct, vol.2255, issue.210, pp.869-76, 1992.

A. Achiron and Y. Barak, Cognitive impairment in probable multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.74, issue.4, pp.443-449, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.74.4.443

C. Potagas, E. Giogkaraki, G. Koutsis, D. Mandellos, E. Tsirempolou et al., Cognitive impairment in different MS subtypes and clinically isolated syndromes, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.267, issue.1-2, pp.100-106, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2007.10.002

B. Glanz, C. Holland, S. Gauthier, E. Amunwa, Z. Liptak et al., Cognitive dysfunction in patients with clinically isolated syndromes or newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.47, issue.8, pp.1004-1014, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1990.00530010124031

O. Lyon-caen, R. Jouvent, S. Hauser, M. Chaunu, N. Benoit et al., Cognitive Function in Recent-Onset Demyelinating Diseases, Archives of Neurology, vol.43, issue.11, pp.1138-1179, 1986.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520110034010

L. Pelosi, J. Geesken, M. Holly, M. Hayward, L. Blumhardt et al., Working memory impairment in early multiple sclerosis Evidence from an event-related potential study of patients with clinically isolated myelopathy Acute optic neuritis. A cognitive and magnetic resonance imaging study Cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated lesions of the type seen in multiple sclerosis. A psychometric and MRI study, Brain. nov Brain. oct Brain. avr, vol.120115112, pp.361-74, 1989.

L. Ruano, E. Portaccio, B. Goretti, C. Niccolai, M. Severo et al., Age and disability drive cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis across disease subtypes, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.49, issue.9, 2016.
DOI : 10.1177/1352458512442438

U. Nocentini, P. Pasqualetti, S. Bonavita, M. Buccafusca, D. Caro et al., Cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.63, issue.1, pp.77-87, 2006.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000142989.09633.5A

P. Kujala, R. Portin, and J. Ruutiainen, The progress of cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis. A controlled 3- year follow-up, Brain, vol.120, issue.2, pp.289-97, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/120.2.289

C. Archibald, J. Fisk, R. Prakash, E. Snook, J. Lewis et al., Information processing efficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis Cognitive impairments in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis, J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. oct Mult Scler. nov, vol.2214, issue.859, pp.1250-61, 2000.

S. Huijbregts, N. Kalkers, L. De-sonneville, V. De-groot, I. Reuling et al., Differences in cognitive impairment of relapsing remitting, secondary, and primary progressive MS, Neurology, vol.63, issue.2, pp.335-344, 2004.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000129828.03714.90

T. Olivares, A. Nieto, M. Sánchez, T. Wollmann, M. Hernández et al., Pattern of neuropsychological impairment in the early phase of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.43, issue.2
DOI : 10.1007/s002340000500

S. Morrow, O. Connor, P. Polman, C. Goodman, A. Kappos et al., Evaluation of the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and MS neuropsychological screening questionnaire (MSNQ) in natalizumab-treated MS patients over 48 weeks, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.11, issue.4, pp.1385-92, 2010.
DOI : 10.1017/S1355617705050782

R. Benedict, S. Morrow, J. Rodgers, D. Hojnacki, M. Bucello et al., Characterizing cognitive function during relapse in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.5, issue.13, pp.1745-52, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/1352458509106213

M. Pardini, A. Uccelli, J. Grafman, Ö. Yaldizli, G. Mancardi et al., Isolated cognitive relapses in multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.16, issue.9, pp.1035-1042, 2014.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c1de4f

R. Benedict and R. Zivadinov, Risk factors for and management of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, Nature Reviews Neurology, vol.44, issue.6, pp.332-374, 2011.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.44.9.1701

M. Rocca, M. Amato, D. Stefano, N. Enzinger, C. Geurts et al., Clinical and imaging assessment of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, The Lancet Neurology, vol.14, issue.3, pp.302-319, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70250-9

C. Mariani, E. Farina, S. Cappa, G. Anzola, L. Faglia et al., Neuropsychological assessment in multiple sclerosis: a follow-up study with magnetic resonance imaging, Journal of Neurology, vol.12, issue.7, pp.395-400, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00319859

P. Null and F. Null, Ciancio null, L'Episcopo null, Reggio null. Neuropsychological, neuroradiological and clinical findings in multiple sclerosis. A 3 year follow-up study, Eur J Neurol. mai, vol.5, issue.3, pp.283-289, 1998.

C. Bensa, C. Bertogliati, S. Chanalet, G. Malandain, P. Bedoucha et al., [Early detection of cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: functional-anatomical correlations and longitudinal follow-up] A longitudinal study of cognition in primary progressive multiple sclerosis, 1221?31. 96. Camp SJ, pp.2891-2899, 2005.

M. Amato, G. Ponziani, G. Pracucci, L. Bracco, G. Siracusa et al., Cognitive Impairment in Early-Onset Multiple Sclerosis, Archives of Neurology, vol.52, issue.2, pp.168-72, 1995.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540260072019

M. Amato, G. Ponziani, G. Siracusa, and S. Sorbi, Cognitive Dysfunction in Early-Onset Multiple Sclerosis, Archives of Neurology, vol.58, issue.10, pp.1602-1608, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.58.10.1602

S. Huijbregts, N. Kalkers, L. De-sonneville, V. De-groot, and C. Polman, Cognitive impairment and decline in different MS subtypes, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.245, issue.1-2, pp.187-94, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2005.07.018

A. Achiron, M. Polliack, S. Rao, Y. Barak, M. Lavie et al., Cognitive patterns and progression in multiple sclerosis: construction and validation of percentile curves, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.76, issue.5, pp.744-753, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2004.045518

M. Hohol, C. Guttmann, J. Orav, G. Mackin, R. Kikinis et al., Serial Neuropsychological Assessment and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis in Multiple Sclerosis, Archives of Neurology, vol.54, issue.8, pp.1018-1043, 1997.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550200074013

A. Sadovnick and D. Jacobs, MS and cognition and APOE: The ongoing conundrum about biomarkers, Neurology, vol.70, issue.3, pp.164-169, 2008.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000297938.22145.a7

F. Reuter, W. Zaaraoui, L. Crespy, A. Faivre, A. Rico et al., Frequency of cognitive impairment dramatically increases during the first 5 years of multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.82, issue.10, pp.1157-1166, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2010.213744

E. Hyn?icová, M. Vyhnálek, A. Kalina, L. Martinkovi?, T. Nikolai et al., Cognitive impairment and structural brain changes in patients with clinically isolated syndrome at high risk for multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neurology, vol.20, issue.1, pp.482-93, 2017.
DOI : 10.1177/1352458513492245

A. Beiske, H. Naess, J. Aarseth, O. Andersen, I. Elovaara et al., Health-related quality of life in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.12, issue.3, pp.386-92, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/026990598122214

V. Janardhan and R. Bakshi, Quality of Life and Its Relationship to Brain Lesions and Atrophy on Magnetic Resonance Images in 60 Patients With Multiple Sclerosis, Archives of Neurology, vol.57, issue.10, pp.1485-91, 2000.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.57.10.1485

J. Benito-león, J. Morales, and J. Rivera-navarro, Health-related quality of life and its relationship to cognitive and emotional functioning in multiple sclerosis patients, European Journal of Neurology, vol.30, issue.5, pp.497-502, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.314.7094.1580

K. Turpin, L. Carroll, J. Cassidy, and W. Hader, Deterioration in the health-related quality of life of persons with multiple sclerosis: the possible warning signs, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.46, issue.8, pp.1038-1083, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/00006199-199711000-00002

J. Benito-león, J. Morales, J. Rivera-navarro, and A. Mitchell, A review about the impact of multiple sclerosis on health-related quality of life, Disability and Rehabilitation, vol.30, issue.23, pp.1291-303, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/01688639708403832

R. Benedict, E. Wahlig, R. Bakshi, I. Fishman, F. Munschauer et al., Predicting quality of life in multiple sclerosis: accounting for physical disability, fatigue, cognition, mood disorder, personality, and behavior change, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.231, issue.1-2, pp.29-34, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2004.12.009

M. Amato, G. Ponziani, F. Rossi, C. Liedl, C. Stefanile et al., Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: the impact of depression, fatigue and disability, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.54, issue.5, pp.340-344, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550240029009

S. Rao, G. Leo, L. Ellington, T. Nauertz, L. Bernardin et al., Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.: II. Impact on employment and social functioning, Neurology, vol.41, issue.5, pp.692-698, 1991.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.41.5.692

S. Simioni, C. Ruffieux, L. Bruggimann, J. Annoni, and M. Schluep, Cognition, mood and fatigue in patients in the early stage of multiple sclerosis, Swiss Med Wkly. 8 sept, vol.137, issue.35?36, pp.496-501, 2007.

R. Benedict and R. Zivadinov, Predicting neuropsychological abnormalities in multiple sclerosis, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.245, issue.1-2, pp.67-72, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.020

S. Morrow, A. Drake, R. Zivadinov, F. Munschauer, B. Weinstock-guttman et al., Predicting loss of employment over three years in multiple sclerosis: clinically meaningful cognitive decline, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, vol.58, issue.7, pp.1131-1176, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.006

A. Ruet, M. Deloire, D. Hamel, J. Ouallet, K. Petry et al., Cognitive impairment, health-related quality of life and vocational status at early stages of multiple sclerosis: a 7-year longitudinal study, Journal of Neurology, vol.257, issue.6, pp.776-84, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00415-009-5441-7

Y. Goverover, H. Genova, F. Hillary, and J. Deluca, The relationship between neuropsychological measures and the Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living task in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.76, issue.41, pp.636-680, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2004.054635

R. Benedict, A. Shapiro, R. Priore, C. Miller, F. Munschauer et al., Neuropsychological counseling improves social behavior in cognitively-impaired multiple sclerosis patients, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.52, issue.6, pp.391-397, 2000.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.52.6.1285

S. Rao, A manual for the Brief Repeatable Battery of neuropsychological tests in multiple sclerosis, Medical College of Wisconsin, 1990.

R. Benedict, J. Fischer, C. Archibald, P. Arnett, W. Beatty et al., Minimal Neuropsychological Assessment of MS Patients: A Consensus Approach, The Clinical Neuropsychologist (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section D), vol.16, issue.3, pp.381-97, 2002.
DOI : 10.1076/clin.16.3.381.13859

R. Benedict, D. Cookfair, R. Gavett, M. Gunther, F. Munschauer et al., Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS), Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol.41, issue.04, pp.549-58, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.1032

L. Strober, J. Englert, F. Munschauer, B. Weinstock-guttman, S. Rao et al., Sensitivity of conventional memory tests in multiple sclerosis: comparing the Rao Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery and the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.13, issue.9, pp.1077-84, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/1352458506070750

D. Langdon, M. Amato, J. Boringa, B. Brochet, F. Foley et al., Recommendations for a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS), Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.97, issue.6, pp.891-899, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.08.003

R. Benedict, M. Amato, J. Boringa, B. Brochet, F. Foley et al., Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS): international standards for validation, BMC Neurology, vol.7, issue.1, p.55, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.55

C. Niccolai, E. Portaccio, B. Goretti, B. Hakiki, M. Giannini et al., A comparison of the brief international cognitive assessment for multiple sclerosis and the brief repeatable battery in multiple sclerosis patients, BMC Neurology, vol.64, issue.8, p.204, 2015.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.64.8.1157

R. Benedict, Abstract, CNS Spectrums, vol.8, issue.05, pp.384-91, 2005.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.38.12.1826

R. Benedict, D. Cox, L. Thompson, F. Foley, B. Weinstock-guttman et al., Reliable screening for neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.66, issue.6, pp.675-683, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00298-6

R. Benedict, J. Duquin, S. Jurgensen, R. Rudick, J. Feitcher et al., Repeated assessment of neuropsychological deficits in multiple sclerosis using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the MS Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.37, issue.7, pp.940-946, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0920-1211(99)00036-4

D. Gronwall, Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol.13, issue.2, pp.367-73, 1977.
DOI : 10.1080/00049536108256002

T. Tombaugh, A comprehensive review of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.21, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.006

E. Rosti, P. Hämäläinen, K. Koivisto, and L. Hokkanen, The PASAT performance among patients with multiple sclerosis: analyses of responding patterns using different scoring methods, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.12, issue.5, pp.586-93, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0010-9452(76)80035-4

J. Sonder, J. Burggraaff, D. Knol, C. Polman, and B. Uitdehaag, Comparing long-term results of PASAT and SDMT scores in relation to neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.7, issue.4, pp.481-489, 2014.
DOI : 10.1080/00031305.2012.687494

A. Smith and . Smith, Symbol Digits Modalities Test. Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services, 1982.

L. Sheridan, H. Fitzgerald, K. Adams, J. Nigg, M. Martel et al., Normative Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance in a community-based sample, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.23-31, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.003

R. Benedict, A. Smerbeck, R. Parikh, J. Rodgers, D. Cadavid et al., Reliability and equivalence of alternate forms for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test: implications for multiple sclerosis clinical trials, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.26, issue.9, pp.1320-1325, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/13854046.2010.511272

A. Drake, B. Weinstock-guttman, S. Morrow, D. Hojnacki, F. Munschauer et al., Psychometrics and normative data for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite: replacing the PASAT with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.69, issue.2, pp.228-265, 2010.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000276992.17011.b5

A. Ruet, M. Deloire, J. Charré-morin, D. Hamel, and B. Brochet, A new computerised cognitive test for the detection of information processing speed impairment in multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.19, issue.12, pp.1665-72, 2013.
DOI : 10.1177/135245850100700409

R. Benedict, J. Deluca, G. Phillips, N. Larocca, L. Hudson et al., Validity of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test as a cognition performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.88, issue.88, pp.721-754, 2017.
DOI : 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3537

M. Roar, Z. Illes, and T. Sejbaek, Practice effect in Symbol Digit Modalities Test in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab, Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, vol.10, pp.116-138, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msard.2016.09.009

R. Benedict, Effects of using same- versus alternate-form memory tests during short-interval repeated assessments in multiple sclerosis, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, vol.16, issue.06, pp.727-763, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90122-B

E. Portaccio, B. Goretti, V. Zipoli, A. Iudice, D. Pina et al., Reliability, practice effects, and change indices for Rao???s brief repeatable battery, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.16, issue.5, pp.611-618, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/13854040801992815

R. Benedict, S. Cohan, S. Lynch, K. Riester, P. Wang et al., Improved cognitive outcomes in patients with relapsing???remitting multiple sclerosis treated with daclizumab beta: Results from the DECIDE study, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msard.2016.09.009

J. Donders, Performance discrepancies on the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) in the standardization sample., Psychological Assessment, vol.18, issue.4, pp.458-63, 2006.
DOI : 10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.458

. Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 1977.

D. Pereira, P. Costa, and J. Cerqueira, Repeated Assessment and Practice Effects of the Written Symbol Digit Modalities Test Using a Short Inter-Test Interval, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, vol.30, issue.5, pp.424-458, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/arclin/acv028

M. Sanfilipo, R. Benedict, B. Weinstock-guttman, and R. Bakshi, Gray and white matter brain atrophy and neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis, Neurology, vol.66, issue.5, pp.685-92, 2006.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000201238.93586.d9

Y. Goverover, S. Haas, and J. Deluca, Money Management Activities in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.97, issue.11, pp.1901-1908, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.05.003

J. Boringa, R. Lazeron, I. Reuling, H. Adèr, L. Pfennings et al., The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests: normative values allow application in multiple sclerosis clinical practice, Multiple Sclerosis Journal, vol.62, issue.4, pp.263-270, 2001.
DOI : 10.2466/pms.1986.62.3.975

J. Sumowski, M. Rocca, V. Leavitt, J. Dackovic, S. Mesaros et al., Brain reserve and cognitive reserve protect against cognitive decline over 4.5 years in MS, Neurology, vol.82, issue.20, pp.1776-83, 2014.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000433

. Objectif, Comparer l'effet de pratique du CSCT et du SDMT à 6 mois d'intervalle, dans des populations de patients suivis pour une SEP rémittente-récurrente (SEP-RR) sous Natalizumab et dans une population de volontaires sains. Les principaux objectifs secondaires sont d'évaluer l'EP pour ces tests en clinique courante

. Méthodes and . Retest-est-une-Étude-prospective-monocentrique, Entre janvier 34 patients suivis pour une SEP-RR ont été inclus de façon consécutive ainsi que 12 volontaires sains appariés en âge, en sexe et en niveau éducatif. L'EP a été mesuré au moyen d'analyse de variance univariée (ANOVA) pour mesures répétées avec calcul de la statistique F pour l'effet du temps, l'effet du groupe (SEP ou volontaires sains) et l'interaction temps-groupe, de tests t de Student, du calcul du d de Cohen et du calcul des coefficients de corrélation intragroupe (ICC) Nous avons utilisé les données de l'étude BICAFMS (Brief Cognitive Assessment for French Multiple Sclerosis patients) pour mesurer l, 2016.

. Résultats, nos résultats retrouvent chez les patients SEP un effet de temps pour le SDMT (F=3.569, p<0.05) mais pas d'effet du temps pour le CSCT (F=2.765, p>0.05) Sur 6 mois de suivi en étudiant à la fois les patients et les volontaires sains, il existe un effet du temps pour, non retrouvé pour le CSCT (F=0.503, p>0.05). En

T. De, . En, and . Specialite, NEUROLOGIE Mots clés : Effet de pratique, Computerised Speed Cognitive Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Evaluation cognitive