». Du-traitement-de-la, T. La, and T. , 37 3.2.1.3.1 Evaluation de l'efficacité de la rTMS à haute fréquence dans les stratégies de traitements «combinés» de la dépression non-résistante ..... 38 3.2.1.3.2 Evaluation de l'efficacité de la rTMS à haute fréquence dans les stratégies « cumulatives, Evaluation de l'efficacité de la rTMS à haute fréquence dans des stratégies « cumulatives, p.47

T. Evaluation-de-l-'efficacité-de-la-rtms-À-basse-fréquence-dans-le-traitement-de-la, 48 3.2.2.1 Evaluation de l'efficacité de rTMS à basse fréquence dans le traitement de la TRD d'intensité légère à modérée 49 3.2.2.2 Evaluation de l'efficacité de rTMS à basse fréquence dans le traitement de la TRD d'intensité sévère, p.52

T. Comparaison-de-l-'efficacité-des-protocoles-de-rtms-À-haute-et-basse-fréquence-dans-le-traitement-de-la and T. Efficacité-de-la-rtms-À-haute-et-basse-fréquence-dans-le-traitement-de-la, 53 3.2.3.2 Comparaison de l'efficacité de la rTMS à haute et à basse fréquence dans les stratégies cumulatives, p.56

B. 1. Oms-|-«dépression, A. Barker, R. Jalinous, and I. Freeston, parlons-en» déclare l'OMS, alors que cette affection arrive en tête des causes de morbidité Disponible sur: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex, Lancet Lond Engl. 11 mai, vol.1, issue.28437, pp.1106-1113, 1985.

R. Bickford, M. Guidi, P. Fortesque, and M. Swenson, Magnetic stimulation of human peripheral nerve and brain, Neurosurgery, vol.20, issue.1, pp.110-116, 1987.
DOI : 10.1097/00006123-198701000-00025

S. Wilson, G. Thickbroom, and F. Mastaglia, Transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping of the motor cortex in normal subjects, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.118, issue.2, pp.134-178, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-510X(93)90102-5

E. Fernandez, A. Alfaro, J. Tormos, R. Climent, M. Martínez et al., Mapping of the human visual cortex using image-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation, Brain Research Protocols, vol.10, issue.2, pp.115-139, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1385-299X(02)00189-7

A. Ferbert, A. Priori, J. Rothwell, B. Day, J. Colebatch et al., Interhemispheric inhibition of the human motor cortex., The Journal of Physiology, vol.453, issue.1, pp.525-571, 1992.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019243

Y. Ugawa, Y. Uesaka, Y. Terao, R. Hanajima, and I. Kanazawa, Magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum in humans, Annals of Neurology, vol.87, issue.6, pp.703-716, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.410360410

S. Rossi, M. Hallett, P. Rossini, and A. Pascual-leone, Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research, 2008?39. 9. Bliss TV, Lomo T. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016

G. Barrionuevo, F. Schottler, and G. Lynch, The effects of repetitive low frequency stimulation on control and ???potentiated??? synaptic responses in the hippocampus, 331?56. 10, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90509-3

T. Dunwiddie, G. Lynch, A. Pascual-leone, J. Valls-solé, E. Wassermann et al., Long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic responses in the rat hippocampus: localization and frequency dependency Responses to rapidrate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex, J Physiol. mars Brain J Neurol. août, vol.276117, issue.12, 1978.

R. Chen, J. Classen, C. Gerloff, P. Celnik, E. Wassermann et al., Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation, Neurology, vol.48, issue.5, pp.1398-403, 1997.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.48.5.1398

J. Hoogendam, G. Ramakers, D. Lazzaro, and V. , Physiology of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain, Brain Stimulation, vol.3, issue.2, pp.95-118, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brs.2009.10.005

W. Klomjai, R. Katz, A. Lackmy-vallée, S. Boyd, J. Rothwell et al., Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) Ann Phys Rehabil Med A method of monitoring function in corticospinal pathways during scoliosis surgery with a note on motor conduction velocities, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. mars, vol.5849, issue.183, pp.251-258, 1986.

N. Arai, S. Okabe, T. Furubayashi, Y. Terao, K. Yuasa et al., Comparison between short train, monophasic and biphasic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the human motor cortex Imaging human intra-cerebral connectivity by PET during TMS Interhemispheric facilitation of the hand area of the human motor cortex, Clin Neurophysiol. 1 mars Neuroreport. 18 août Neurosci Lett. 1 oct, vol.1168160, issue.212, pp.153-158, 1993.

W. Gerschlager, H. Siebner, and J. Rothwell, Decreased corticospinal excitability after subthreshold 1 Hz rTMS over lateral premotor cortex, Neurology, vol.57, issue.3, pp.449-55, 2001.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.57.3.449

M. Trivedi, S. Wisniewski, A. Nierenberg, J. Stewart, and D. Warden, 540?60. 25. NCC for MH. Depression: The Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults Disponible sur: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63757/ 26. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, third edition. | National Guideline Clearinghouse Disponible sur: https://guideline.gov/summaries/summary/24158/Practice-guideline-for-the- treatment-of-patients-with-major-depressive-disorder-third-edition 27. Fava M. Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report, Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder649?59. 28. Rush AJ Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don't succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders, pp.1905-1922, 1997.

H. Sackeim, L. Baxter, J. Schwartz, M. Phelps, J. Mazziotta et al., The definition and meaning of treatment-resistant depression Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression Functional anatomical correlates of antidepressant drug treatment assessed using PET measures of regional glucose metabolism, 3628?41. 33. Drevets WC, pp.527-571, 1989.

G. Siegle, W. Thompson, C. Carter, S. Steinhauer, and M. Thase, Increased Amygdala and Decreased Dorsolateral Prefrontal BOLD Responses in Unipolar Depression: Related and Independent Features, Biological Psychiatry, vol.61, issue.2, pp.198-209, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.048

P. Fitzgerald, A. Sritharan, Z. Daskalakis, A. De-castella, J. Kulkarni et al., A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of low frequency right prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression The routine circular coil is reliable in paired-TMS studies, 488?92. 36, pp.784-792, 2007.

Z. Deng, S. Lisanby, A. Peterchev, B. Ygael, N. Roth et al., Coil design considerations for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation Evaluation of the Brainsway Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) H- Coil in the Treatment of Major Depression Disorder -Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov .Disponible sur: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) -beyond depression H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment resistant major depressive disorder: An 18-week continuation safety and feasibility study, 1202?12. 38, pp.298-306, 2014.

D. Lazzaro, V. Oliviero, A. Profice, P. Saturno, E. Pilato et al., Comparison of descending volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in conscious humans, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control, vol.109, issue.5, pp.397-401, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00038-1

C. Tranulis, B. Guéguen, A. Pham-scottez, M. Vacheron, G. Cabelguen et al., Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation: comparison of three estimation methods Theta-Burst Stimulation: A New Form of Tms Treatment for Depression? Depress Anxiety, 1?7. 43. Chung SW, pp.182-92, 2006.

R. Ahdab, S. Ayache, P. Brugières, C. Goujon, and J. Lefaucheur, Comparison of ???standard??? and ???navigated??? procedures of TMS coil positioning over motor, premotor and prefrontal targets in patients with chronic pain and depression, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.40, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/j.neucli.2010.01.001

Z. Daskalakis, Efficacy and acceptability of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials Van den Eynde F, Jeff Daskalakis Z. Clinically Meaningful Efficacy and Acceptability of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for Treating Primary Major Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind and Sham-Controlled Trials, 614?23. 46. Berlim MT, pp.543-51, 2010.

E. Wassermann, R. Berman, R. Hoffman, A. Miano, D. Campbell et al., Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Electroencephalogram and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, 1?16. 48. Boutros NN, pp.166-175, 1996.

J. Lefaucheur, N. André-obadia, E. Poulet, H. Devanne, E. Haffen et al., Recommandations fran??aises sur l???utilisation de la stimulation magn??tique transcr??nienne r??p??titive (rTMS)??: r??gles de s??curit?? et indications th??rapeutiques, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.41, issue.5-6
DOI : 10.1016/j.neucli.2011.10.062

H. Walter, A. Wunderlich, J. Grothe, C. Schönfeldt-lecuona, and M. Spitzer, Side effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation biased task performance in a cognitive neuroscience study, 221?95. 50. Abler B, pp.5-6193, 2005.

P. Janicak, O. Reardon, J. Sampson, S. Husain, M. Lisanby et al., Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.69, issue.2, pp.222-254, 2008.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.v69n0208

F. Rachid, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Treatment-emergent Mania and Hypomania, Journal of Psychiatric Practice, vol.23, issue.2, pp.150-159, 2017.
DOI : 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000219

P. Janicak, D. Dunner, S. Aaronson, L. Carpenter, T. Boyadjis et al., Conclusion, CNS Spectrums, vol.122, issue.06, pp.322-354, 2013.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.28

M. George, E. Wassermann, W. Williams, J. Steppel, A. Pascual-leone et al., Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex Structural brain alterations following 5 days of intervention: dynamic aspects of neuroplasticity Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: evidence for efficacy of the H-coil, 205?10. 56. Zangen A, pp.172-80, 1991.

O. Reardon, J. Solvason, H. Janicak, P. Sampson, S. Isenberg et al., Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Acute Treatment of Major Depression: A Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial, Biological Psychiatry, vol.62, issue.11, pp.1208-1224, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.018

M. George, S. Lisanby, D. Avery, W. Mcdonald, V. Durkalski et al., Daily Left Prefrontal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.67, issue.5, p.507, 2010.
DOI : 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.46

URL : http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/psych/5295/yoa05003_507_516.pdf

M. George, T. Kimbrell, J. Little, W. Williams, A. Danielson et al., Mood Improvement Following Daily Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients With Depression: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.154, issue.12, 1997.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.154.12.1752

C. Baeken, M. Vanderhasselt, J. Remue, S. Herremans, N. Vanderbruggen et al., Intensive HF-rTMS treatment in refractory medication-resistant unipolar depressed patients Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of acute treatment outcomes in clinical practice Shorter duration of depressive episode may predict response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation al. Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as add on treatment in depression, A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 15 févr, pp.546-554, 2000.

D. Rossini, L. Magri, A. Lucca, S. Giordani, E. Smeraldi et al., Does rTMS Hasten the Response to Escitalopram, Sertraline, or Venlafaxine in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder? A Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.66, issue.12, pp.1569-75, 2005.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.v66n1212

Y. Wang, N. Li, L. Yang, M. Song, L. Shi et al., Randomized controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with paroxetine for the treatment of patients with first-episode major depressive disorder, Psychiatry Research, vol.254, pp.18-23, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.005

M. Huang, B. Luo, J. Hu, S. Wang, W. Zhou et al., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in combination with citalopram in young patients with firstepisode major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial, Aust N Z J Psychiatry. mars, vol.46, issue.68, 2012.

G. Lanza, M. Cantone, R. Ferri, G. Pennisi, and R. Bella, The Combination of Antidepressant Drug Therapyand High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial MagneticStimulation in Medication-Resistant Depression Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with drug-resistant major de-pression: A six-month clinical follow-up study, Klin Psikofarmakol Bul-Bull Clin Psychopharmacol. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2 oct, vol.2219, issue.34, pp.252-260, 2012.

I. Anderson, N. Delvai, B. Ashim, S. Ashim, C. Lewin et al., Adjunctive fast repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.190, issue.6, pp.533-537, 2007.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.028019

S. Chen, C. Shaw-ji, C. Chun-hung, T. Hsin-chi, C. Lin et al., Superior antidepressant effect occurring 1 month after rTMS: add-on rTMS for subjects with medication-resistant depression A randomized controlled trial with 4-month follow-up of adjunctive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex for depression, 323?33. 75. Mosimann UP, 2008.

L. Bretlau, M. Lunde, L. Lindberg, M. Undén, S. Dissing et al., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in combination with escitalopram in patients with treatment-resistant major depression: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial Transcranial magnetic stimulation accelerates the antidepressant effect of amitriptyline in severe depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled study, 41?7. 77. Rumi DO, pp.123-156, 2004.

M. Cheema and B. Miller, Antidepressant effects of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Slow right perfrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation as a reatment for medication-resistant depression: A doubleblind , placebo-controlled study, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. Depress Anxiety. 1 janv, vol.1919, issue.21, pp.59-62, 2004.

S. Pallanti, D. Rollo, A. Antonini, S. Cauli, G. Hollander et al., Low-Frequency rTMS over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in the Treatment of Resistant Depression: Cognitive Improvement Is Independent from Clinical Response, Resting Motor Threshold Is Related to Clinical Response, Neuropsychobiology, vol.65, issue.4, pp.227-262, 2012.
DOI : 10.1159/000336999

J. Brunelin, I. Jalenques, B. Trojak, J. Attal, D. Szekely et al., The Efficacy and Safety of Low Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-resistant Depression: The Results From a Large Multicenter French RCT Brain Stimul Basic Transl Clin Res Neuromodulation Low frequency rTMS stimulation of the right frontal cortex is as effective as high frequency rTMS stimulation of the left frontal cortex for antidepressant-free, treatment-resistant depressed patients, Ann Clin Psychiatry Off J Am Acad Clin Psychiatr. sept, vol.717, issue.833, 2005.

J. Höppner, M. Schulz, G. Irmisch, R. Mau, D. Schläfke et al., Antidepressant efficacy of two different rTMS procedures High frequency over left versus low frequency over right prefrontal cortex compared with sham stimulation Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. avr Arch Gen Psychiatry. oct, vol.25360, issue.8710, pp.1002-1010, 2003.

D. Rossini, A. Lucca, L. Magri, A. Malaguti, E. Smeraldi et al., A Symptom-Specific Analysis of the Effect of High-Frequency Left or Low-Frequency Right Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Major Depression, Neuropsychobiology, vol.62, issue.2, pp.91-98, 2010.
DOI : 10.1159/000315439

R. Richieri, L. Boyer, R. Padovani, M. Adida, C. Colavolpe et al., Equivalent brain SPECT perfusion changes underlying therapeutic efficiency in pharmacoresistant depression using either high-frequency left or low-frequency right prefrontal rTMS, 364?70. 90. Dell'Osso B, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.012

J. Eche, M. Mondino, F. Haesebaert, M. Saoud, E. Poulet et al., Low-vs High- Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as an Add-On Treatment for Refractory Depression. Front Psychiatry Doubleblind controlled investigation of bilateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression A randomized double-blind sham-controlled comparison of unilateral and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression Unilateral and bilateral MRI-targeted repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized controlled study, 33?40. 93. Blumberger DM,423?35. 94. Blumberger DM, pp.13-92, 2003.

A. Kumar, W. Bilker, J. Z. Udupa, and J. , Atrophy and High Intensity Lesions Complementary Neurobiological Mechanisms in Late-Life Major Depression, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.22, issue.3, pp.264-74, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00124-4

I. Schweitzer, V. Tuckwell, D. Ames, and J. O-'brien, Structural Neuroimaging Studies in Late-Life Depression: A Review, The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, vol.151, issue.12, pp.83-91, 2001.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.151.7.1006

C. Galletly, B. Carnell, P. Clarke, S. Gill, P. Fitzgerald et al., A Comparison of Right Unilateral and Sequential Bilateral Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Major Depression, 58?62. 98, pp.193-201, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000359

S. Pallanti, S. Bernardi, D. Rollo, A. Antonini, S. Quercioli et al., Unilateral low frequency versus sequential bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: is simpler better for treatment of resistant depression?, Neuroscience, vol.167, issue.2, pp.323-331, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.063

M. Garcia-toro, J. Salva, J. Daumal, J. Andres, M. Romera et al., High (20-Hz) and low (1-Hz) frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation as adjuvant treatment in medication-resistant depression, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, vol.146, issue.1, pp.53-60, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.08.005

J. Prasser, M. Schecklmann, T. Poeppl, E. Frank, P. Kreuzer et al., Bilateral prefrontal rTMS and theta burst TMS as an add-on treatment for depression: A randomized placebo controlled trial, The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, vol.40, issue.1, pp.57-65, 2015.
DOI : 10.1017/S003329171000005X

P. Fitzgerald, J. Benitez, A. De-castella, Z. Daskalakis, T. Brown et al., A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Sequential Bilateral Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.163, issue.1, pp.88-94, 2006.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.88

C. Li, M. Chen, C. Juan, H. Huang, L. Chen et al., Efficacy of prefrontal theta-burst stimulation in refractory depression: a randomized shampreference and cost-effectiveness, Patient Prefer Adherence. août, vol.10, pp.1481-1488, 2016.

R. Jaffe, The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Recommendations for Treatment, Training, and Privileging: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association, 2nd ed., American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.159, issue.2, pp.331-331, 2002.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.331

S. Eranti, A. Mogg, G. Pluck, S. Landau, R. Purvis et al., A Randomized, Controlled Trial With 6-Month Follow-Up of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.164, issue.1, pp.73-81, 2007.
DOI : 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.73

L. Grunhaus, S. Schreiber, O. Dolberg, D. Polak, and P. Dannon, A randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression, Biological Psychiatry, vol.53, issue.4, pp.324-355, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01499-3

S. Schulze-rauschenbach, U. Harms, T. Schlaepfer, W. Maier, P. Falkai et al., Distinctive neurocognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy in major depression, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.186, issue.5, pp.410-416, 2005.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.186.5.410

M. Rosa, W. Gattaz, A. Pascual-leone, F. Fregni, M. Rosa et al., Comparison of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar non-psychotic refractory depression: a randomized, single-blind study, The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.9, issue.06, pp.667-76, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S1461145706007127

H. Autorité and D. Santé, ALD n° 23 -Trouble dépressif récurrent ou persistant [Internet] Disponible sur: https://www.has-sante

P. Janicak, Z. Nahas, S. Lisanby, H. Solvason, S. Sampson et al., Durability of clinical benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of pharmacoresistant major depression: assessment of relapse during a 6-month, multisite, open-label study, Brain Stimulation, vol.3, issue.4, pp.187-99, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brs.2010.07.003

D. Dunner, S. Aaronson, H. Sackeim, P. Janicak, L. Carpenter et al., A Multisite, Naturalistic, Observational Study of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Patients With Pharmacoresistant Major Depressive Disorder, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.75, issue.12, pp.1394-401, 2014.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.13m08977

R. Cohen, P. Boggio, and F. Fregni, Risk factors for relapse after remission with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression, Depression and Anxiety, vol.20, issue.7, pp.682-690, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/089198879901100404

P. Dannon, O. Dolberg, S. Schreiber, and L. Grunhaus, Three and six-month outcome following courses of either ECT or rTMS in a population of severely depressed individuals???preliminary report, Biological Psychiatry, vol.51, issue.8, pp.687-90, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01274-4

O. Reardon, J. Blumner, K. Peshek, A. Pradilla, R. Pimiento et al., Long-Term Maintenance Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder With rTMS, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.66, issue.12, pp.1524-1532, 2005.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.v66n1205

N. Philip, D. Dunner, S. Dowd, S. Aaronson, D. Brock et al., Can Medication Free, Treatment-Resistant, Depressed Patients Who Initially Respond to TMS Be Maintained Off Medications? A Prospective, 12-Month Multisite Randomized Pilot Study, Brain Stimulation, vol.9, issue.2, pp.251-258, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brs.2015.11.007

M. George, J. Taylor, and E. Short, The expanding evidence base for rTMS treatment of depression, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, vol.26, issue.1, pp.13-21, 2013.
DOI : 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835ab46d

J. Lefaucheur, N. André-obadia, A. Antal, S. Ayache, C. Baeken et al., Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.125, issue.11, pp.2150-206, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021

C. Hovington, A. Mcgirr, M. Lepage, and M. Berlim, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression and schizophrenia: a systematic review of recent meta-analyses, Annals of Medicine, vol.64, issue.15, pp.308-329, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.03.029

J. Chen, C. Zhou, B. Wu, Y. Wang, Q. Li et al., Left versus right repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating major depression: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Psychiatry Research, vol.210, issue.3, pp.1260-1264, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.007

A. Gershon, P. Dannon, and L. Grunhaus, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.160, issue.5, pp.835-880, 2003.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.835

R. Milev, P. Giacobbe, S. Kennedy, D. Blumberger, Z. Daskalakis et al., Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, vol.6, issue.5, pp.561-75, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.013

M. Berlim, F. Van-den-eynde, and Z. Daskalakis, High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Accelerates and Enhances the Clinical Response to Antidepressants in Major Depression, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol.74, issue.02, pp.122-129, 2013.
DOI : 10.4088/JCP.12r07996

M. Berlim, F. Van-den-eynde, and Z. Daskalakis, A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and acceptability of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression, Psychological Medicine, vol.30, issue.11, pp.2245-54, 2013.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093735

H. Ontario, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment- Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, Ont Health Technol Assess Ser, vol.16, issue.5, p.1, 2016.

A. Gelenberg, M. Freeman, J. Markowitz, J. Rosenbaum, M. Thase et al., PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Third Edition, Am J Psychiatry, vol.167, issue.10, p.1, 2010.

T. Perera, M. George, G. Grammer, P. Janicak, A. Pascual-leone et al., The Clinical TMS Society Consensus Review and Treatment Recommendations for TMS Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder, Brain Stimulation, vol.9, issue.3, pp.336-382, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brs.2016.03.010

T. Schlaepfer and M. George, WFSBP Guidelines on Brain Stimulation Treatments in Psychiatry, The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, vol.1, issue.2, pp.2-18, 2010.
DOI : 10.1213/01.ane.0000221182.71648.a3

R. Chen, C. Gerloff, J. Classen, E. Wassermann, M. Hallett et al., Safety of different inter-train intervals for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and recommendations for safe ranges of stimulation parameters, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control, vol.105, issue.6, pp.415-436, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-980X(97)00036-2

J. Silvanto, N. Muggleton, A. Cowey, and V. Walsh, Neural activation state determines behavioral susceptibility to modified theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.1, issue.2, pp.523-531, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05682.x

Y. Huang, M. Edwards, E. Rounis, K. Bhatia, and J. Rothwell, Theta Burst Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex, Neuron, vol.45, issue.2, pp.201-207, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033

T. Nyffeler, P. Wurtz, H. Lüscher, C. Hess, W. Senn et al., Extending lifetime of plastic changes in the human brain, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.64, issue.10, pp.2961-2967, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-7506-7373-0.50027-4

Y. Levkovitz, M. Isserles, F. Padberg, S. Lisanby, A. Bystritsky et al., Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial, World Psychiatry, vol.47, issue.Suppl.16, pp.64-73, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00254-1

J. Silvanto and A. Pascual-leone, State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Brain Topography, vol.45, issue.suppl 1, pp.1-10, 2008.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03206826

H. Siebner, N. Lang, V. Rizzo, M. Nitsche, W. Paulus et al., Preconditioning of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence for Homeostatic Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.24, issue.13, pp.3379-85, 2004.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5316-03.2004

M. Nitsche and W. Paulus, Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans, Neurology, vol.57, issue.10, pp.1899-901, 2001.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.57.10.1899

N. Lang, H. Siebner, D. Ernst, M. Nitsche, W. Paulus et al., Preconditioning with transcranial direct current stimulation sensitizes the motor cortex to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation and controls the direction of after-effects, Biological Psychiatry, vol.56, issue.9, pp.634-643, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.07.017

R. Hernández-ribas, J. Deus, J. Pujol, C. Segalàs, J. Vallejo et al., Identifying brain imaging correlates of clinical response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression, Brain Stimulation, vol.6, issue.1, pp.54-61, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brs.2012.01.001

C. Baeken, S. Desmyter, R. Duprat, D. Raedt, R. Van-denabbeele et al., Self-directedness: An indicator for clinical response to the HF-rTMS treatment in refractory melancholic depression, Psychiatry Research, vol.220, issue.1-2, pp.269-74, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.084

A. Speer, B. Benson, T. Kimbrell, E. Wassermann, M. Willis et al., Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on mood in depressed patients: Relationship to baseline cerebral activity on PET, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.115, issue.3, pp.386-94, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.006

C. Huang, I. Wei, Y. Chou, and T. Su, Effect of age, gender, menopausal status, and ovarian hormonal level on rTMS in treatment-resistant depression, Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol.33, issue.6, pp.821-852, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.006

C. Baeken, D. Raedt, R. Bossuyt, A. Van-hove, C. Mertens et al., The impact of HF-rTMS treatment on serotonin2A receptors in unipolar melancholic depression, Brain Stimulation, vol.4, issue.2, pp.104-115, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brs.2010.09.002

A. Malaguti, D. Rossini, A. Lucca, L. Magri, C. Lorenzi et al., Role of COMT, 5-HT1A, and SERT genetic polymorphisms on antidepressant response to transcranial magnetic stimulation, Depression and Anxiety, vol.448, issue.7, pp.568-73, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.015

L. Bocchio-chiavetto, C. Miniussi, R. Zanardini, A. Gazzoli, S. Bignotti et al., 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms and response to rTMS treatment in drug resistant depression, Neuroscience Letters, vol.437, issue.2, pp.130-134, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.005

T. Erguzel, S. Ozekes, S. Gultekin, N. Tarhan, H. Sayar et al., Neural Network Based Response Prediction of rTMS in Major Depressive Disorder Using QEEG Cordance, Psychiatry Investigation, vol.12, issue.1, pp.61-66, 2015.
DOI : 10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.61

N. Weiduschat and M. Dubin, Prefrontal cortical blood flow predicts response of depression to rTMS, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.150, issue.2, pp.699-702, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.049

S. Kito, T. Hasegawa, and Y. Koga, Cerebral blood flow ratio of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex as a potential predictor of treatment response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression, Brain Stimulation, vol.5, issue.4, pp.547-53, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brs.2011.09.004

R. Jorge, R. Robinson, A. Tateno, K. Narushima, L. Acion et al., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment of poststroke depression: a preliminary study, Biological Psychiatry, vol.55, issue.4, pp.398-405, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.017

S. Lisanby, M. Husain, P. Rosenquist, D. Maixner, R. Gutierrez et al., Daily Left Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Acute Treatment of Major Depression: Clinical Predictors of Outcome in a Multisite, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.522-556, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00144-X

F. Brighina, A. Piazza, O. Daniele, and B. Fierro, Modulation of visual cortical excitability in migraine with aura: effects of 1??Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, Experimental Brain Research, vol.145, issue.2, pp.177-81, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00221-002-1096-7

F. Fregni, M. Marcolin, M. Myczkowski, R. Amiaz, G. Hasey et al., Predictors of antidepressant response in clinical trials of transcranial magnetic stimulation, The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.9, issue.06, pp.641-54, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S1461145705006280

I. Aguirre, B. Carretero, O. Ibarra, J. Kuhalainen, J. Martínez et al., Age predicts low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation efficacy in major depression, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.130, issue.3, pp.466-475, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.038

F. Kozel, Z. Nahas, C. Molloy, M. Lorberbaum, J. Bohning et al., How Coil???Cortex Distance Relates to Age, Motor Threshold, and Antidepressant Response to Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, vol.12, issue.3, pp.376-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1176/jnp.12.3.376

URL : http://www.psicomag.com/biblioteca/2000/kozel00.pdf