C. Court-brown and C. B. , Epidemiology of adult fractures: A review, Injury, vol.37, issue.8, pp.691-697, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2006.04.130

C. Cuny, T. Goetzmann, and D. Dedome, Antegrade nailing evolution for proximal humeral fractures, the Telegraph IV??: a study of 67 patients, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.35, issue.2, pp.287-295, 2015.
DOI : 10.3928/01477447-20120822-19

J. Lauritzen, P. Schwarz, B. Lund, P. Mcnair, and I. Transbol, Changing incidence and residual lifetime risk of common osteoporosis-related fractures, Osteoporosis International, vol.7, issue.3, pp.127-159, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01623273

C. Neer, Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.52, issue.6, pp.1077-89, 1970.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-197052060-00001

C. Neer-2nd, K. Watson, and F. Stanton, Recent experience in total shoulder replacement., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.64, issue.3, pp.319-356, 1982.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-198264030-00001

J. Bell, Trends and Variation in Incidence, Surgical Treatment, and Repeat Surgery of Proximal Humeral Fractures in the Elderly, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume, vol.93, issue.2, pp.121-152, 2011.
DOI : 10.2106/JBJS.I.01505

H. Jaberg, J. Warner, and J. P. , Percutaneous stabilization of unstable fractures of the humerus., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.74, issue.4, pp.508-51, 1992.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199274040-00006

H. Resch, P. Povacz, R. Frohlich, and M. Wambacher, Percutaneous Fixation Of Three- And Four-part Fractures Of The Proximal Humerus, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol.79, issue.2, pp.295-300, 1997.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.79B2.6958

A. L. Kapandji, L'ost??osynth??se par la technique des broches ?? en palmiersdes fractures du col chirurgical de l'hum??rus, Annales de Chirurgie de la Main, vol.8, issue.1, pp.39-52, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0753-9053(89)80044-4

L. Bellec, Y. Masmejean, E. Cottias, P. Alnot, J. Huten et al., Embrochage en palmier dans les traumatismes récents de l'épaule. Cahiers d'enseignement de la SOFCOT, Expansion Scientifique française, pp.57-66, 1996.

L. Bellec, Y. Masmejean, E. Cottias, P. Alnot, J. Huten et al., Ostéosynthèse des fractures de l'humérus proximal par brochage en palmier, Rev Chir Orthop, vol.88, pp.342-390, 2002.

L. Doursounian, Complex proximal humeral fractures: A prospective study of 22 cases treated using the ???Bilboquet??? device, Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, vol.97, issue.1, pp.58-66, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.otsr.2010.06.015

C. Cuny, F. Pfeffer, M. Irrazi, M. Chammas, F. Empereur et al., Un nouveau clou verrouillé pour les fractures proximales de l'humérus, Rev Chir Orthop, vol.88, issue.27, pp.62-67, 2002.

C. Cuny, M. Scarlat, M. Irrazi, P. Beau, V. Wenger et al., The Telegraph nail for proximal humeral fractures: A prospective four-year study, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.17, issue.4, pp.539-545, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2008.02.004

R. Esser, Ostéosynthèse par plaque des fractures à trois et quatre fragments. Cahiers d'enseignement de la SOFCOT, Vol, vol.6, issue.1996, pp.81-87

A. Koukakis, C. Apostolou, T. Taneja, O. Korres, and A. Amini, Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fractures Using the PHILOS Plate, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.84, issue.&NA;, pp.115-120, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.blo.0000194678.87258.6e

P. Rose, C. Adams, M. Torchia, D. Jacofsky, G. Haidukewych et al., Locking plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures: Initial results with a new implant, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.16, issue.2, pp.202-207, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2006.06.006

L. Obert, R. Saadnia, F. Loisel, and T. Lascar, Cementless anatomical prosthesis for the treatment of 3-part and 4-part proximal humerus fractures: cadaver study and prospective clinical study with minimum 2 years followup, SICOT-J, vol.23, issue.6, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2013.06.010

F. Sirveaux, G. Navez, O. Roche, D. Molé, and M. Williams, Reverse Prosthesis for Proximal Humerus Fracture, Technique and Results, Techniques in Shoulder & Elbow Surgery, vol.9, issue.1, pp.15-22, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/BTE.0b013e31815dca3c

P. Boileau, G. Moineau, N. Brassart, P. Clavert, L. Favard et al., Reverse shoulder fracture prosthesis for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients : early clinical and radiological results Shoulder concepts 2010 : Arthroscopy & Arthroplasty : Sauramps Medical, pp.231-274, 2010.

E. Boyer, Cementless and locked prosthesis for the treatment of 3-part and 4-part proximal humerus fractures: prospective clinical evaluation of hemi- and reverse arthroplasty, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.20, issue.4, pp.301-810, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2010.08.024

P. Boileau, C. Trojani, G. Walch, R. Sinnerton, and P. Habermayer, Sequelae of Fractures of the Proximal Humerus: Results of Shoulder Arthroplasty with Greater Tuberosity Osteotomy, Shoulder arthroplasty, pp.372-381, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-58365-0_39

D. Gallinet, P. Clappaz, P. Garbuio, Y. Tropet, and L. Obert, Three or four parts complex proximal humerus fractures: Hemiarthroplasty versus reverse prosthesis: A comparative study of 40??cases, Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, vol.95, issue.1, pp.95-143, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.otsr.2008.09.002

D. Gallinet, A. Adam, N. Gasse, S. Rochet, and L. Obert, Improvement in shoulder rotation in complex shoulder fractures treated by reverse shoulder arthroplasty, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.22, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.011

P. Boileau, S. Krishnan, L. Tinsi, G. Walch, J. Coste et al., Tuberosity malposition and migration: Reasons for poor outcomes after hemiarthroplasty for displaced fractures of the proximal humerus, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.11, issue.5, pp.401-412, 2002.
DOI : 10.1067/mse.2002.124527

P. Boileau, D. Watkinson, A. Hatzidakis, and F. Balg, Grammont reverse prosthesis: Design, rationale, and biomechanics, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.14, issue.1, pp.147-61, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2004.10.006

F. Sirveaux, L. Favard, D. Oudet, D. Huquet, G. Walch et al., Grammont inverted total shoulder arthroplasty in the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis with massive rupture of the cuff, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol.86, issue.3, pp.388-95, 2004.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.86B3.14024

Y. Chun, Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for four-part proximal humerus fracture in elderly patients: can a healed tuberosity improve the functional outcomes?, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.26, issue.7, pp.1216-1237, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2016.11.034

F. Gadea, L. Favard, P. Boileau, C. Cuny, T. Ollone et al., Fixation of 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus: Can we identify radiological criteria that support locking plates or IM nailing? Comparative, retrospective study of 107 cases, Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, vol.102, issue.8, pp.963-70, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.otsr.2016.09.015

P. Mansat, M. Guity, Y. Bellumore, and M. Mansat, Shoulder arthroplasty for late sequelae of proximal humeral fractures, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.13, issue.3, pp.205-217, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2004.01.020

J. Duparc, P. Massin, and D. Huten, Classification des fractures de l'extrémité supérieure de l'humérus. Dans Fractures récentes. Cahiers d'enseignement de la SOFCOT n°56, Exp Scient Fr, pp.27-37, 1996.

J. Garret, H. Houdré, M. Cievet-bonfils, A. Godenèche, F. Duparc et al., Surgical treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures with a technique of nail and osteosuture: ???NOS???, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.17, issue.4, pp.391-9710, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2008.02.004

P. Boileau and G. Walch, The Three-Dimensional Geometry of the Proximal Humerus: Implications for Surgical Technique and Prosthetic Design, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol.79, issue.5, pp.857-65, 1997.
DOI : 10.1302/0301-620X.79B5.7579

J. Wong, J. Newman, and K. Gruson, Outcomes of intramedullary nailing for acute proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review, Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, vol.35, issue.11, pp.113-122, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s00264-011-1227-5

J. Siegel and D. Dines, PROXIMAL HUMERUS MALUNIONS, Orthopedic Clinics of North America, vol.31, issue.1, pp.35-49, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70126-7

F. Duparc and D. Huten, Le traitement conservateur des fractures de l'extrémité supérieure de l'humérus, Rev Chir, vol.84, pp.1-46, 1998.

C. Cuny, Comment je pose un clou Telegraph. Maîtrise Orthopédique, pp.10-12, 2003.

M. Jayankura, D. Phan, L. Spinato, R. P. Cermak, K. Schuind et al., Treatment of severe proximal humeral fractures by proximal nailing (Telegraph). A prospective preliminary study], Rev Med Brux, vol.32, issue.6, pp.58-65, 2011.

B. D. Solberg, Locked Plating of 3- and 4-Part Proximal Humerus Fractures in Older Patients: The Effect of Initial Fracture Pattern on Outcome, Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, vol.23, issue.2, pp.113-132, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/BOT.0b013e31819344bf

P. Clavert, Pitfalls and complications with locking plate for proximal humerus fracture, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.19, issue.4, pp.489-94, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2009.09.005

G. Boudard, G. Pomares, and L. Milin, Locking plate fixation versus antegrade nailing of 3-and 4-part proximal humerus fractures in patients without osteoporosis. Comparative retrospective study of 63 cases. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR, pp.917-924, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01453206

L. Doursounian, A new internal fixation technique for fractures of the proximal humerus???the Bilboquet device: A report on 26 cases, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.9, issue.4, pp.279-88, 2000.
DOI : 10.1067/mse.2000.106086

G. Griffet, . Berhouet, . Le-du-ch, and L. Favard, Use of the Bilboquet in complex proximal humeral fractures, Maitrise orthopédique, 2009.

F. Reuther, B. Mühlhäusler, D. Wahl, and S. Nijs, Functional outcome of shoulder hemiarthroplasty for fractures: A multicentre analysis, Injury, vol.41, issue.6, pp.606-612, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2009.11.019

C. Grönhagen, H. Abbaszadegan, S. Révay, and P. Adolphson, Medium-term results after primary hemiarthroplasty for comminute proximal humerus fractures: A study of 46 patients followed up for an average of 4.4 years, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.16, issue.6, pp.766-773, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2007.03.017

T. Lascar, S. Rocher, A. Vidil, J. Hery, M. Juvanspan et al., Dedicated anatomic prostheses for proximal humerus fracture. Technical solutions to improve tuberosity consolidation, with radiological and clinical analysis of results. Juin 2011. Communication congrès Société d'Orthopédie et de Traumatologie de l'Ouest

L. Obert, R. Saadnia, F. Loisel, and T. Lascar, Cementless anatomical prosthesis for the treatment of 3-part and 4-part proximal humerus fractures: cadaver study and prospective clinical study with minimum 2 years followup, SICOT-J, vol.23, issue.6, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2013.06.010

P. Grammont, P. Trouilloud, J. Laffay, and X. Deries, Etude et réalisation d'une nouvelle prothèse d'épaule, Rhumatologie, vol.39, pp.407-425, 1987.

E. Baulot, P. Grammont, . La, and . Delta, In : Mansat M, éd. Prothèses d'épaule. Cahier d'enseignement de la SOFCOT n°68. Paris : Expansion Scientifique, pp.405-422, 1999.

A. Vidil, Arthrolyse sous arthroscopie combin??e ?? l???ablation de mat??riel d???ost??osynth??se dans les fractures de l???extr??mit?? sup??rieure de l???hum??rus??: r??sultats cliniques d???une s??rie de 58??patients, Revue de Chirurgie Orthop??dique et Traumatologique, vol.102, issue.8, pp.307-308, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rcot.2016.10.089

R. Hertel, Predictors of humeral head ischemia after intracapsular fracture of the proximal humerus, Predictors of Humeral Head Ischemia after Intracapsular Fracture of the Proximal Humerus, pp.427-460, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2004.01.034

L. Dû, C. Favard, and L. , Ostéosynthèse des fractures complexes de l'humérus par implants Bilboquet, Ann Orthop Ouest, vol.37, pp.199-204, 2005.

W. Mouradian, Displaced proximal humerus fractures. Seven years' experience with a modified Zickel supracondylar device, Clin Orthop, vol.212, pp.209-218, 1986.

P. Schai, A. Imhoff, and S. Preiss, Comminuted humeral head fractures: A multicenter analysis, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.4, issue.5, pp.319-330, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S1058-2746(95)80015-8

C. Gerber, O. Hershe, and C. Berberat, The clinical relevance of posttraumatic avascular necrosis of the humeral head, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.7, issue.6, pp.586-90, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1058-2746(98)90005-2

J. Garret, Pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty: preliminary results from a prospective multicenter study at 2 years of follow-up, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.26, issue.7, pp.1143-51, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2017.01.002

G. Gaumet, Enclouage centrom??dullaire des fractures de l???extr??mit?? proximale de l???hum??rus par clou T2. ??tude r??trospective de 38??cas, Chirurgie de la Main, vol.29, issue.2, pp.58-66, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.main.2009.11.005

O. Boughebri, Traitement des fractures de l???extr??mit?? proximale de l???hum??rus par clou T??l??graph??, Revue de Chirurgie Orthop??dique et R??paratrice de l'Appareil Moteur, vol.93, issue.4, pp.325-3210, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-1040(07)90272-X

J. Vogel, « Arthroscopic Latarjet abutment procedure secured to the endobutton, a first experience », Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, 91e Réunion annuelle de la SOFCOT, 2016.

C. Bessière, P. Boileau, O. Elofi, C. Thélu, and C. Trojani, Bristow-Latarjet arthroscopique avec fixation par double Endobouton, Revue de Chirurgie Orthop??dique et Traumatologique, vol.97, issue.8, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rcot.2011.09.053

P. Boileau, A guided surgical approach and novel fixation method for arthroscopic Latarjet, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.25, issue.1, pp.78-89, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jse.2015.06.001

P. Gendre, Coracoid bone block fixation with cortical buttons: An alternative to screw fixation?, Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, vol.102, issue.8, pp.983-87, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.otsr.2016.06.016

E. Vandenbussche and D. Huten, Fractures de l'extrémité supérieure de l'humérus, Appareil locomoteur, pp.14-038, 2000.

C. Gerber, A. Schneeberger, and T. Vinh, The arterial vascularization of the humeral head. An anatomical study., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.72, issue.10, pp.1486-94, 1990.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199072100-00009

F. Duparc, J. Muller, and P. Et-fréger, Arterial blood supply of the proximal humeral epiphysis, Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, vol.23, issue.3, pp.185-90, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s00276-001-0185-9

C. Brooks, W. Revell, and F. Heatley, « Vascularity of the Humeral Head after Proximal Humeral Fractures. An Anatomical Cadaver Study, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume, vol.75, issue.1, pp.132-168, 1993.

T. Yoon, M. Grabois, M. Guillen, and M. , Suprascapular Nerve Injury following Trauma to the Shoulder, The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, vol.21, issue.8, pp.652-55, 1981.
DOI : 10.1097/00005373-198108000-00010

A. Burstein, Fracture Classification System; Do They Work and are They Useful?, J.Bone .Joint Surg, vol.75, issue.12, p.1992

J. Duparc, Classification des fractures articulaires de l'extrémité supérieure de l'humérus. Maitrise orthopédique

E. Codman, The Shoulder: Rupture of the Supraspinatus Tendon and Other Lesions In or About the Subacromial Bursa, 1934.

C. Neer, T. Brown, and H. Mclaughlin, Fracture of the head of the humerus with dislocation of the head fragment, AmJSurg, vol.85, pp.252-258, 1953.

C. S. Neer, Four-segment classification of proximal humeral fractures: Purpose and reliable use, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.11, issue.4, pp.389-400, 2002.
DOI : 10.1067/mse.2002.124346

C. Cuny, C. Baumann, D. Guignand, J. Mayer, and F. Guillemin, La classification AST des fractures de l'humérus proximal, Maitrise orthopédique, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/s0035-1040(04)70569-3

W. Mouradian, Displaced proximal humeral fractures. Seven years' experience with a modified Zickel supracondylar device, Clin.Orthop.Refat Res, issue.212, pp.209-218, 1986.