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O. Simon and A. Yelnik, Managing spasticity with drugs. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, pp.401-411, 2010.

S. Raoul, V. Roualdes, C. Deligny, D. Leduc, J. Lamy et al., Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses spinal motoneuron activity in parkinsonian patients, Brain, vol.95, issue.1, pp.139-186, 2012.
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S. Meunier, J. Kwon, H. Russmann, S. Ravindran, R. Mazzocchio et al., Spinal use-dependent plasticity of synaptic transmission in humans after a single cycling session Postactivation depression changes after robotic-assisted gait training in hemiplegic stroke patients, The Journal of Physiology. Gait & posture, vol.579, issue.2, pp.375-88, 2007.

R. 1. Currà, A. Trompetto, C. Abbruzzese, G. Berardelli, and A. , Central effects of botulinum toxin type A: evidence and supposition. Movement disorders, pp.60-64, 2004.

J. Gracies, Physiological effects of botulinum toxin in spasticity, Movement Disorders, vol.31, issue.S8, pp.120-128, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0161-6420(85)33982-9

F. Palomar and P. Mir, Neurophysiological changes after intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.123, issue.1, pp.54-60, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.05.032

URL : https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/62916/1/accesoRestringido.pdf

M. Caleo, F. Antonucci, L. Restani, and R. Mazzocchio, A reappraisal of the central effects of botulinum neurotoxin type A: by what mechanism?, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.18, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.15-24, 2009.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008830

R. Krishnan, BOTULINUM TOXIN: FROM SPASTICITY RELIEVER TO A NEUROMOTOR RE-LEARNING TOOL, International Journal of Neuroscience, vol.15, issue.1, pp.1451-67, 2005.
DOI : 10.1162/089976603762552988

R. Rosales, K. Arimura, S. Takenaga, and M. Osame, Extrafusal and intrafusal muscle effects in experimental botulinum toxin-A injection, Muscle & Nerve, vol.7, issue.4, pp.488-96, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/aja.1001730105

R. Rosales and D. Dressler, On muscle spindles, dystonia and botulinum toxin, European Journal of Neurology, vol.57, issue.Suppl, pp.71-80, 2010.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019832

C. Trompetto, A. Currà, A. Buccolieri, A. Suppa, G. Abbruzzese et al., Botulinum toxin changes intrafusal feedback in dystonia: A study with the tonic vibration reflex, Movement Disorders, vol.90, issue.Suppl. 8, pp.777-82, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00227250

C. Trompetto, M. Bove, L. Avanzino, G. Francavilla, A. Berardelli et al.,

, Intrafusal effects of botulinum toxin in post?stroke upper limb spasticity, European Journal of Neurology, vol.15, issue.4, pp.367-70, 2008.

F. Antonucci, C. Rossi, L. Gianfranceschi, O. Rossetto, M. Caleo et al., Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A Beyond muscular effects: depression of spinal recurrent inhibition after botulinum neurotoxin A Physiological effects produced by botulinum toxin treatment of upper limb dystonia. Changes in reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles, The Journal of Neuroscience. The Journal of Physiology. Brain, vol.28118, issue.12, pp.3689-961, 1995.

P. Girlanda, A. Quartarone, S. Sinicropi, C. Nicolosi, M. Roberto et al.,

, Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity: study of reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles, NeuroReport, vol.8, issue.14, pp.3039-3083, 1997.

N. Modugno, A. Priori, A. Berardelli, L. Vacca, B. Mercuri et al., Botulinum toxin restores presynaptic inhibition of group Ia afferents in patients with essential tremor, Muscle & Nerve, vol.36, issue.12, pp.1701-1706, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.410360413

C. Aymard, R. Katz, C. Lafitte, E. Lo, A. Pénicaud et al., Presynaptic inhibition and homosynaptic depression: A comparison between lower and upper limbs in normal human subjects and patients with hemiplegia, Brain, vol.123, issue.8, pp.1688-702, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/123.8.1688

F. Frascarelli, D. Rosa, G. Bisozzi, E. Castelli, E. Santilli et al., Neurophysiological changes induced by the botulinum toxin type A injection in children with cerebral palsy, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.59-64, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.04.002

F. Pauri, L. Boffa, E. Cassetta, P. Pasqualetti, P. Rossini et al., Botulinum toxin type-A treatment in spastic paraparesis: a neurophysiological study Naumann M, Reiners K. Long-latency reflexes of hand muscles in idiopathic focal dystonia and their modification by botulinum toxin Remote F-wave changes after local botulinum toxin application, Journal of the Neurological Sciences. Brain. Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.181120112, issue.1834, pp.89-97409, 1997.

H. Hultborn, M. Illert, J. Nielsen, A. Paul, M. Ballegaard et al., On the mechanism of the post-activation depression of the H-reflex in human subjects, Experimental Brain Research, vol.108, issue.3, pp.450-62, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00227268

C. Rossi-durand, K. Jones, S. Adams, and P. Bawa, Comparison of the depression of H-reflexes following previous activation in upper and lower limb muscles in human subjects, Experimental Brain Research, vol.126, issue.1, pp.117-144, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002210050721

J. Lamy, I. Wargon, D. Mazevet, Z. Ghanim, P. Pradat-diehl et al., Impaired efficacy of spinal presynaptic mechanisms in spastic stroke patients, Brain, vol.68, issue.Pt 6, pp.734-782, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/92.1.203

J. Nielsen, N. Petersen, C. Crone, M. Grey, K. Klinge et al., Changes in transmission across synapses of Ia afferents in spastic patients Postactivation depression of soleus stretch reflexes in healthy and spastic humans, Brain. Experimental Brain Research, vol.118185, issue.242, pp.995-1004189, 1995.

V. Achache, N. Roche, J. Lamy, M. Boakye, A. Lackmy et al., Transmission within several spinal pathways in adults with cerebral palsy Synaptic action during and after repetitive stimulation. The Journal of physiology Kinematic and kinetic asymmetries in hemiplegic patients' gait initiation patterns Modulation of transmitter release from Ia afferents by their preceding activity?a 'postactivation depression, Presynaptic inhibition and neural control, pp.1470-83374, 1960.

H. Wiegand, G. Erdmann, and H. Wellhöner, 125 I-labelled botulinum A neurotoxin: pharmacokinetics in cats after intramuscular injection. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, pp.161-166, 1976.

O. Simon and A. Yelnik, Managing spasticity with drugs. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, pp.401-411, 2010.

S. Raoul, V. Roualdes, C. Deligny, D. Leduc, J. Lamy et al.,

, Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses spinal motoneuron activity in parkinsonian patients, Brain, vol.135, issue.1, pp.139-186, 2012.

T. Winkler, P. Hering, A. Straube, and D. Burke, Spinal DC stimulation in humans modulates post-activation depression of the H-reflex depending on current polarity, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.121, issue.6, pp.957-61, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.014

S. Meunier, J. Kwon, H. Russmann, S. Ravindran, R. Mazzocchio et al., Spinal use-dependent plasticity of synaptic transmission in humans after a single cycling session, The Journal of Physiology, vol.248, issue.2, pp.375-88, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.2114039

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.122911/pdf

C. Trompetto, L. Marinelli, L. Mori, E. Cossu, R. Zilioli et al., Postactivation depression changes after robotic-assisted gait training in hemiplegic stroke patients, Gait & Posture, vol.38, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.03.011

, Au moment d'être admis(e) à exercer la médecine, je promets et je jure d'être fidèle aux lois de l'honneur et de la probité