A. S. Mclean, Echocardiography in shock management, Crit. Care Lond. Engl, vol.20, p.275, 2016.

J. L. Robotham, M. Takata, M. Berman, and Y. Harasawa, Ejection fraction revisited, Anesthesiology, vol.74, issue.1, pp.172-183, 1991.

F. Jardin, Persistent preload defect in severe sepsis despite fluid loading: A longitudinal echocardiographic study in patients with septic shock, Chest, vol.116, issue.5, pp.1354-1359, 1999.

J. , Regional strain and strain rate measurements by cardiac ultrasound: principles, implementation and limitations, Eur. J. Echocardiogr. J. Work. Group Echocardiogr. Eur. Soc. Cardiol, vol.1, issue.3, pp.154-170, 2000.

D. Pellerin, R. Sharma, P. Elliott, and C. Veyrat, Tissue Doppler, strain, and strain rate echocardiography for the assessment of left and right systolic ventricular function, Heart, vol.89, pp.9-17, 2003.

B. H. Amundsen, Noninvasive myocardial strain measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography: validation against sonomicrometry and tagged magnetic resonance imaging, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, vol.47, issue.4, pp.789-793, 2006.

R. M. Lang, Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr, vol.28, issue.1, pp.1-39, 2015.

D. Muraru, Left ventricular myocardial strain by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy subjects: reference values and analysis of their physiologic and technical determinants, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr, vol.27, issue.8, pp.858-871, 2014.

O. A. Smiseth, H. Torp, A. Opdahl, K. H. Haugaa, and S. Urheim, Myocardial strain imaging: how useful is it in clinical decision making?, Eur. Heart J, vol.37, issue.15, pp.1196-1207, 2016.

S. Shahul, Detection of Myocardial Dysfunction in Septic Shock: A Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography Study, Anesth. Analg, vol.121, issue.6, pp.1547-1554, 2015.

K. Dalla, C. Hallman, O. Bech-hanssen, M. Haney, and S. Ricksten, Strain echocardiography identifies impaired longitudinal systolic function in patients with septic shock and preserved ejection fraction, Cardiovasc. Ultrasound, vol.13, p.30, 2015.

S. R. Orde, Outcome prediction in sepsis: speckle tracking echocardiography based assessment of myocardial function, Crit. Care Lond. Engl, vol.18, issue.4, p.149, 2014.

C. Nafati, Two-dimensional-strain echocardiography in intensive care unit patients: A prospective, observational study, J. Clin. Ultrasound JCU, vol.44, issue.6, pp.368-374, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01465104

A. Kumar, G. D. Puri, and A. Bahl, Transesophageal Echocardiography, 3-Dimensional and Speckle Tracking Together as Sensitive Markers for Early Outcome in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Cardiac Surgery, J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth, vol.31, issue.5, pp.1695-1701, 2017.

A. Kovács, Strain and strain rate by speckle-tracking echocardiography correlate with pressure-volume loop-derived contractility indices in a rat model of athlete's heart, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol, vol.308, issue.7, pp.743-748, 2015.

A. T. Burns, A. La-gerche, J. D'hooge, A. I. Macisaac, and D. L. Prior, Left ventricular strain and strain rate: characterization of the effect of load in human subjects, Eur. J. Echocardiogr. J. Work. Group Echocardiogr. Eur. Soc. Cardiol, vol.11, issue.3, pp.283-289, 2010.

G. Abali, L. Tokgözo?lu, O. I. Ozcebe, K. Aytemir, and N. Nazli, Which Doppler parameters are load independent? A study in normal volunteers after blood donation, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr, vol.18, issue.12, pp.1260-1265, 2005.

N. H. Andersen, C. J. Terkelsen, E. Sloth, and S. H. Poulsen, Influence of preload alterations on parameters of systolic left ventricular long-axis function: a Doppler tissue study, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr, vol.17, issue.9, pp.941-947, 2004.

A. Rösner, Left ventricular size determines tissue Doppler-derived longitudinal strain and strain rate, Eur. J. Echocardiogr. J. Work. Group Echocardiogr. Eur. Soc. Cardiol, vol.10, issue.2, pp.271-277, 2009.

G. O. Dahle, The influence of acute unloading on left ventricular strain and strain rate by speckle tracking echocardiography in a porcine model, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol, vol.310, issue.10, pp.1330-1339, 2016.

M. Fredholm, K. Jörgensen, E. Houltz, and S. Ricksten, Load-dependence of myocardial deformation variables-a clinical strain-echocardiographic study, Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand, vol.61, issue.9, pp.1155-1165, 2017.

X. Monnet, P. E. Marik, and J. Teboul, Prediction of fluid responsiveness: an update, Ann. Intensive Care, vol.6, issue.1, p.111, 2016.

F. Michard and J. Teboul, Predicting fluid responsiveness in ICU patients: a critical analysis of the evidence, Chest, vol.121, issue.6, 2000.

X. Monnet, P. Marik, and J. Teboul, Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Intensive Care Med, 2016.

P. E. Marik, X. Monnet, and J. Teboul, Hemodynamic parameters to guide fluid therapy, Ann. Intensive Care, vol.1, issue.1, p.1, 2011.

L. Muller, An increase in aortic blood flow after an infusion of 100 ml colloid over 1 minute can predict fluid responsiveness: the mini-fluid challenge study, Anesthesiology, vol.115, issue.3, pp.541-547, 2011.

P. H. Mayo, American College of Chest Physicians/La Société de Réanimation de Langue Française statement on competence in critical care ultrasonography, Chest, vol.135, issue.4, pp.1050-1060, 2009.

S. Mondillo, Speckle-tracking echocardiography: a new technique for assessing myocardial function, J. Ultrasound Med. Off. J. Am. Inst. Ultrasound Med, vol.30, issue.1, pp.71-83, 2011.

H. Dalen, Segmental and global longitudinal strain and strain rate based on echocardiography of 1266 healthy individuals: the HUNT study in Norway, Eur. J. Echocardiogr. J. Work. Group Echocardiogr. Eur. Soc. Cardiol, vol.11, issue.2, pp.176-183, 2010.

F. Boissier, Left ventricular systolic dysfunction during septic shock: the role of loading conditions, Intensive Care Med, vol.43, issue.5, pp.633-642, 2017.

L. Mendes, Load-independent parameters of diastolic and systolic function by speckle tracking and tissue doppler in hemodialysis patients, Rev. Port. Cardiol. Orgao Of. Soc. Port. Cardiol. Port. J. Cardiol. Off. J. Port. Soc. Cardiol, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1011-1025, 2008.

E. H. Sonnenblick, Force-velocity relations in mammalian heart muscle, Am. J. Physiol, vol.202, pp.931-939, 1962.

T. Bombardini, M. J. Correia, C. Cicerone, E. Agricola, A. Ripoli et al., Forcefrequency relationship in the echocardiography laboratory: a noninvasive assessment of Bowditch treppe?, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr, vol.16, issue.6, pp.646-655, 2003.

S. Basu, L. H. Frank, K. E. Fenton, C. A. Sable, R. J. Levy et al., Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging detects impaired myocardial performance in children with septic shock,-22not recognized by conventional echocardiography, Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. J. Soc. Crit. Care Med. World Fed. Pediatr. Intensive Crit. Care Soc, vol.13, issue.3, pp.259-264, 2012.

L. D. Geer, J. Engvall, and A. Oscarsson, Strain echocardiography in septic shock-a comparison with systolic and diastolic function parameters, cardiac biomarkers and outcome, Crit. Care Lond. Engl, vol.19, p.122, 2015.

P. Y. Ng, W. C. Sin, A. K. Ng, and W. M. Chan, Speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with septic shock: a case control study (SPECKSS), Crit. Care Lond. Engl, vol.20, issue.1, p.145, 2016.

F. Yang, Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in assessing the left ventricular systolic function and its dynamic changes of patients with septic shock, vol.29, pp.721-725, 2017.

T. Yingchoncharoen, S. Agarwal, Z. B. Popovi?, and T. H. Marwick, Normal ranges of left ventricular strain: a meta-analysis, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr, vol.26, issue.2, p.23, 2013.

V. Serment-d'hippocrate,

, Au moment d'être admis(e) à exercer la médecine, je promets et je jure d'être fidèle aux lois de l'honneur et de la probité

, Mon premier souci sera de rétablir, de préserver ou de promouvoir la santé dans tous ses éléments, physiques et mentaux

, Je respecterai toutes les personnes, leur autonomie et leur volonté, sans aucune discrimination selon leur état ou leurs convictions. J'interviendrai pour les protéger si elles sont affaiblies, vulnérables ou menacées dans leur intégrité ou leur dignité. Même sous la contrainte

, J'informerai les patients des décisions envisagées, de leurs raisons et de leurs

, Admis(e) dans l'intimité des personnes, je tairai les secrets qui me seront confiés

, Je n'entreprendrai rien qui dépasse mes compétences. Je les entretiendrai et les perfectionnerai pour assurer au mieux les services qui me seront demandés

, J'apporterai mon aide à mes confrères ainsi qu'à leurs familles dans l'adversité

, Que les hommes et mes confrères m'accordent leur estime si je suis fidèle à mes promesses; que je sois déshonoré(e) et méprisé(e) si j'y manque, p.24