, Agence de la biomédecine-Le rapport annuel médical et scientifique, 2016.

M. S. Kupka, D. 'hooghe, T. Ferraretti, and A. P. , Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2011: results generated from European registers by ESHRE, Hum Reprod, 2016.

F. Shenfield, J. De-mouzon, and G. Pennings, Cross border reproductive care in six European countries, Hum Reprod, vol.25, issue.6, pp.1361-1369, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/deq057

URL : https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article-pdf/25/6/1361/17054069/deq057.pdf

, Résumé de l'avis 126 du CCNE du 15 juin 2017 sur les demandes sociétales de recours à l'assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) | Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique

G. Harton, P. Braude, A. Lashwood, and A. Schmutzler, ESHRE PGD consortium best practice guidelines for organization of a PGD centre for PGD/preimplantation genetic screening, Hum Reprod, vol.26, issue.1, pp.14-24, 2011.

M. V. Zaragoza, P. A. Jacobs, and R. S. James, Nondisjunction of human acrocentric chromosomes: studies of 432 trisomic fetuses and liveborns, Hum Genet, 1994.

D. Warburton, Biological aging and the etiology of aneuploidy, Cytogenet Genome Res, vol.111, issue.3-4, pp.266-72, 2005.

Y. Verlinsky, J. Cieslak, and M. Freidine, Pregnancies following pre-conception diagnosis of common aneuploidies by fluorescent in-situ hybridization, Hum Reprod, 1995.

R. T. Scott, K. M. Upham, and E. J. Forman, Cleavage-stage biopsy significantly impairs human embryonic implantation potential while blastocyst biopsy does not : a randomized and paired clinical trial, Fertil Steril, vol.100, issue.3, pp.624-654, 2013.

F. Fiorentino, S. Bono, and A. Biricik, Application of next-generation sequencing technology for comprehensive aneuploidy screening of blastocysts in clinical preimplantation genetic screening cycles. Hum Reprod, vol.29, pp.2802-2815, 2014.

E. M. Dahdouh, J. Balayla, F. Audibert, and G. Committee, Technical Update: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening, J Obstet Gynaecol Can

P. B. Gray, A. B. Singh, and L. J. Woodhouse, Dose-dependent effects of testosterone on sexual function, mood, and visuospatial cognition in older men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.90, issue.7, pp.3838-3884, 2005.

M. Hassan and S. R. Killick, Effect of male age on fertility: evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age, Fertility and Sterility, vol.79, pp.1520-1527, 2003.

W. Hellstrom, J. W. Overstreet, and S. C. Sikka, Semen and sperm reference ranges for men 45 years of age and older, J Androl, vol.27, issue.3, pp.421-429, 2006.

A. J. Wyrobek, B. Eskenazi, and S. Young, Advancing age has differential effects on DNA damage, chromatin integrity, gene mutations, and aneuploidies in sperm, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.103, issue.25, pp.9601-9607, 2006.

A. Kong, M. L. Frigge, and G. Masson, Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk, Nature, vol.488, issue.7412, pp.471-476, 2012.

L. Simon, K. Murphy, and M. B. Shamsi, Paternal influence of sperm DNA integrity on early embryonic development, Human Reproduction, vol.29, issue.11, pp.2402-2414, 2014.

G. López, R. Lafuente, M. A. Checa, and R. Carreras, Diagnostic value of sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm high-magnification for predicting outcome of assisted reproduction treatment, Asian J Androl, vol.15, issue.6, pp.790-794, 2013.

J. García-ferreyra, D. Luna, and L. Villegas, High Aneuploidy Rates Observed in Embryos Derived from Donated Oocytes are Related to Male Aging and High Percentages of Sperm DNA Fragmentation, Clin Med Insights Reprod Health, vol.9, pp.21-28, 2015.

E. De-la-rochebrochard and P. Thonneau, Paternal age and maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage; results of a multicentre European study, Hum Reprod, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01419116

R. Ramasamy, K. Chiba, P. Butler, and D. J. Lamb, Male biological clock: a critical analysis of advanced paternal age, Fertil Steril, vol.103, issue.6, pp.1402-1408, 2015.

J. L. Frattarelli, K. A. Miller, and B. T. Miller, Male age negatively impacts embryo development and reproductive outcome in donor oocyte assisted reproductive technology cycles, Fertil Steril, vol.90, issue.1, pp.97-103, 2008.

L. Rochebrochard, E. De-mouzon, J. Thépot, F. Thonneau, and P. , French National IVF Registry (FIVNAT) Association. Fathers over 40 and increased failure to conceive: the lessons of in vitro fertilization in France, Fertil Steril, vol.85, issue.5, pp.1420-1424, 2006.

J. L. Zhu, K. M. Madsen, M. Vestergaard, A. V. Olesen, O. Basso et al., Paternal age and congenital malformations, Hum Reprod, vol.20, pp.3173-762, 2005.

X. Lowe, B. Eskenazi, and D. O. Nelson, Frequency of XY sperm increases with age in fathers of boys with Klinefelter syndrome, Am J Hum Genet, vol.69, issue.5, pp.1046-54, 2001.

F. Lanfranco, A. Kamischke, M. Zitzmann, and E. Nieschlag, Klinefelter's syndrome, Lancet, vol.364, issue.9430, pp.273-83, 2004.

J. I. Feinberg, K. M. Bakulski, A. E. Jaffe, and R. Tryggvadottir, Paternal sperm DNA methylation associated with early signs of autism risk in an autism-enriched cohort, Int J Epidemiol, vol.44, issue.4, pp.1199-210, 2015.

D. Malaspina, Paternal factors and schizophrenia risk: de novo mutations and imprinting, Schizophr Bull, vol.27, issue.3, pp.379-93, 2001.

D. Malaspina, R. Dracxler, and J. Walsh-messinger, Telomere length, family history, and paternal age in schizophrenia, Mol Genet Genomic Med, vol.2, issue.4, pp.326-357, 2014.

. Agence-de-la-biomedicine, Age de procréer, 2017.

H. Hipp, S. Crawford, and J. F. Kawwass, National trends and outcomes of autologous in vitro fertilization cycles among women ages 40 years and older, J Assist Reprod Genet, vol.34, issue.7, pp.885-94, 2017.

L. Schmidt, T. Sobotka, and J. G. Bentzen, Nyboe Andersen A, ESHRE Reproduction and Society Task Force. Demographic and medical consequences of the postponement of parenthood, Hum Reprod Update, vol.18, issue.1, pp.29-43, 2012.

U. Larsen and S. Yan, The age pattern of fecundability: an analysis of French Canadian and Hutterite birth histories, Soc Biol. Spring-Summer, vol.47, issue.1-2, pp.34-50, 2000.

H. Leridon, Can assisted reproduction technology compensate for the natural decline in fertility with age? A model assessment, Human Reproduction, vol.19, issue.7, pp.1548-53, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00086400

M. Dougall, K. Beyene, Y. Nachtigall, and R. D. , Age shock: misperceptions of the impact of age on fertility before and after IVF in women who conceived after age 40, Hum Reprod, vol.28, issue.2, pp.350-356, 2013.

C. Tatone, F. Amicarelli, and M. C. Carbone, Cellular and molecular aspects of ovarian follicle ageing. Hum Reprod Update, vol.14, pp.131-173, 2008.

F. J. Broekmans, E. Knauff, and E. R. Velde, Female reproductive ageing: current knowledge and future trends, Trends Endocrinol Metab, vol.18, issue.2, pp.58-65, 2007.

F. Pellestor, B. Andréo, F. Arnal, C. Humeau, and J. Demaille, Maternal aging and chromosomal abnormalities: new data drawn from in vitro unfertilized human oocytes, Hum Genet, vol.112, issue.2, pp.195-203, 2003.

K. Volarcik, L. Sheean, J. Goldfarb, and L. Woods, The meiotic competence of in-vitro matured human oocytes is influenced by donor age: evidence that folliculogenesis is compromised in the reproductively aged ovary, Hum Reprod, vol.13, issue.1, pp.154-60, 1998.

B. P. Mihalas, K. A. Redgrove, and E. A. Mclaughlin, Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Increased Vulnerability of the Ageing Oocyte to Oxidative Damage, Oxid Med Cell Longev, p.4015874, 2017.

L. Shi, J. Zhang, Z. Lai, and Y. Tian, Long-Term Moderate Oxidative Stress Decreased Ovarian Reproductive Function by Reducing Follicle Quality and Progesterone Production, PLoS ONE, vol.11, issue.9, p.162194, 2016.

S. L. Broer, J. Van-disseldorp, and K. A. Broeze, Added value of ovarian reserve testing on patient characteristics in the prediction of ovarian response and ongoing pregnancy: an individual patient data approach, Hum Reprod Update, vol.19, issue.1, pp.26-36, 2013.

I. Streuli, J. De-mouzon, C. Paccolat, and C. Chapron, AMH concentration is not related to effective time to pregnancy in women who conceive naturally, Reprod Biomed Online, vol.28, issue.2, 2014.

P. Bhide, A. Gudi, and A. Shah, Anti-Müllerian hormone as a predictor of pregnancy following IVF, Reprod Biomed Online, vol.26, issue.3, pp.247-52, 2013.

A. P. Ferraretti, L. Marca, A. Fauser, and B. C. , ESHRE consensus on the definition of 'poor response' to ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: the Bologna criteria, Hum Reprod, vol.26, issue.7, pp.1616-1640, 2011.

J. A. Garcia-velasco, J. Domingo, and A. Cobo, Five years' experience using oocyte vitrification to preserve fertility for medical and nonmedical indications, Fertil Steril, 2013.

D. Stoop, J. Nekkebroeck, and P. Devroey, A survey on the intentions and attitudes towards oocyte cryopreservation for non-medical reasons among women of reproductive age, Hum Reprod, vol.26, issue.3, pp.655-61, 2011.

L. Rienzi, C. Gracia, R. Maggiulli, and A. R. Labarbera, Oocyte, embryo and blastocyst cryopreservation in ART: systematic review and meta-analysis comparing slow-freezing versus vitrification to produce evidence for the development of global guidance. Hum Reprod Update, vol.23, pp.139-55, 2017.

J. O. Doyle, K. S. Richter, J. Lim, and R. J. Stillman, Successful elective and medically indicated oocyte vitrification and warming for autologous in vitro fertilization, with predicted birth probabilities for fertility preservation according to number of cryopreserved oocytes and age at retrieval, Fertility and Sterility, 2016.

L. Rienzi, A. Cobo, A. Paffoni, C. Scarduelli, and A. Capalbo, Consistent and predictable delivery rates after oocyte vitrification: an observational longitudinal cohort multicentric study, Hum Reprod, vol.27, issue.6, pp.1606-1618, 2012.

M. Solé, J. Santaló, M. Boada, E. Clua, and I. Rodríguez, How does vitrification affect oocyte viability in oocyte donation cycles? A prospective study to compare outcomes achieved with fresh versus vitrified sibling oocytes, Hum Reprod, vol.28, issue.8, pp.2087-92, 2013.

D. Navot, P. A. Bergh, M. A. Williams, and G. J. Garrisi, Poor oocyte quality rather than implantation failure as a cause of age-related decline in female fertility, Lancet, 1991.

A. Cobo, J. A. García-velasco, and A. Coello, Oocyte vitrification as an efficient option for elective fertility preservation, Fertil Steril, vol.105, issue.3, pp.755-764, 2016.

M. B. Goldman, K. L. Thornton, and D. Ryley, A randomized clinical trial to determine optimal infertility treatment in older couples: the Forty and Over Treatment Trial (FORT-T), Fertil Steril, vol.101, issue.6, pp.1574-1581, 2014.

F. Zegers-hochschild, D. Masoli, and J. Schwarze, Reproductive performance in oocyte donors and their recipients: comparative analysis from implantation to birth and lactation, Fertility and Sterility, vol.93, issue.7, pp.2210-2215, 2010.

, Etat des lieux et perspectives du don d'ovocytes en France. Inspection générale des affaires sociales, pp.2011-2035

F. Taboulet, Don d'ovocytes et tourisme procréatif : comment sortir de l'impasse ?Médecine & droit, vol.2014

F. Merlet and B. Sénémaud, Prise en charge du don d'ovocytes: réglementation du don, la face cachée du tourisme procréatif, Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, vol.38, 2010.

S. Vilska, A. Tiitinen, C. Hydén-granskog, and O. Hovatta, Elective transfer of one embryo results in an acceptable pregnancy rate and eliminates the risk of multiple birth, Hum Reprod, vol.14, issue.9, pp.2392-2397, 1999.

, Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Guidance on the limits to the number of embryos to transfer: a committee opinion, Fertil Steril, 2017.

, Prevention of twin pregnancies after IVF/ICSI by single embryo transfer. ESHRE Campus Course Report, Hum Reprod, vol.16, issue.4, pp.790-800, 2001.

D. S. Santana, J. G. Cecatti, F. G. Surita, and C. Silveira, Twin Pregnancy and Severe Maternal Outcomes: The World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health, Obstet Gynecol, vol.127, issue.4, pp.631-672, 2016.

A. Sazonova, K. Källen, A. Thurin-kjellberg, U. Wennerholm, and C. Bergh, Neonatal and maternal outcomes comparing women undergoing two in vitro fertilization (IVF) singleton pregnancies and women undergoing one IVF twin pregnancy, Fertil Steril, vol.99, issue.3, pp.731-738, 2013.

L. Sala, G. B. Morini, D. Gizzo, S. Nicoli, A. Palomba et al., Two consecutive singleton pregnancies versus one twins pregnancy as preferred outcome of in vitro fertilization for mothers and infants: a retrospective case-control study, Curr Med Res Opin, vol.32, issue.4, pp.687-92, 2016.

J. Stone, K. Eddleman, L. Lynch, and R. L. Berkowitz, A single center experience with 1000 consecutive cases of multifetal pregnancy reduction, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.187, issue.5, pp.1163-1170, 2002.

D. J. Mclernon, K. Harrild, C. Bergh, and D. Mjl, Clinical effectiveness of elective single versus double embryo transfer: meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials, BMJ, vol.341, p.6945, 2010.

Z. Pandian, J. Marjoribanks, O. Ozturk, G. Serour, and S. Bhattacharya, Number of embryos for transfer following in vitro fertilisation or intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue.7, p.3416, 2013.

L. Regalado, M. L. Clavero, A. Gonzalvo, and M. C. , Cumulative live birth rate after two single frozen embryo transfers (eSFET) versus a double frozen embryo transfer (DFET) with cleavage stage embryos: a retrospective cohort study, J Assist Reprod Genet, 2014.

A. C. Mancuso, S. L. Boulet, E. Duran, E. Munch, D. M. Kissin et al., Elective single embryo transfer in women less than age 38 years reduces multiple birth rates, but not live birth rates, in United States fertility clinics, Fertility and Sterility, 2016.

P. Monteleone, R. J. Mirisola, S. P. Gonçalves, E. C. Baracat, and P. C. Serafini, Outcomes of elective cryopreserved single or double embryo transfers following failure to conceive after fresh single embryo transfer, Reprod Biomed Online, vol.33, issue.2, pp.161-168, 2016.

D. M. Kissin, A. D. Kulkarni, A. Mneimneh, L. Warner, and S. L. Boulet, Embryo transfer practices and multiple births resulting from assisted reproductive technology: an opportunity for prevention, Fertil Steril, vol.103, issue.4, pp.954-61, 2015.

, Practice Committee of Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Elective single-embryo transfer, Fertil Steril, vol.97, issue.4, pp.835-877, 2012.

P. N. Scriven, Towards a better understanding of preimplantation genetic screening for aneuploidy: insights from a virtual trial for women under the age of 40 when transferring embryos one at a time, Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 2017.

J. Van-echten-arends, S. Mastenbroek, and B. Sikkema-raddatz, Chromosomal mosaicism in human preimplantation embryos: a systematic review, Hum Reprod Update, 2011.

D. S. Johnson, C. Cinnioglu, R. Ross, and A. Filby, Comprehensive analysis of karyotypic mosaicism between trophectoderm and inner cell mass, Mol Hum Reprod. déc, vol.16, issue.12, pp.944-953, 2010.

A. Capalbo, F. M. Ubaldi, L. Rienzi, R. Scott, and N. Treff, Detecting mosaicism in trophectoderm biopsies: current challenges and future possibilities, p.2017

T. H. Taylor, S. A. Gitlin, J. L. Patrick, J. L. Crain, J. M. Wilson et al., The origin, mechanisms, incidence and clinical consequences of chromosomal mosaicism in humans, Hum Reprod Update, vol.20, issue.4, pp.571-81, 2014.

F. Malvestiti, C. Agrati, B. Grimi, E. Pompilii, and C. Izzi, Interpreting mosaicism in chorionic villi: results of a monocentric series of 1001 mosaics in chorionic villi with follow-up amniocentesis, Prenat Diagn, vol.35, issue.11, pp.1117-1144, 2015.

E. Greco, M. G. Minasi, and F. Fiorentino, Healthy Babies after Intrauterine Transfer of Mosaic Aneuploid Blastocysts, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.373, issue.21, pp.2089-90, 2015.

B. Eskenazi, A. J. Wyrobek, and E. Sloter, The association of age and semen quality in healthy men, Hum Reprod, vol.18, issue.2, pp.447-54, 2003.

R. Klitzman, Buying and selling human eggs: infertility providers' ethical and other concerns regarding egg donor agencies, BMC Med Ethics, vol.17, issue.1, p.71, 2016.

S. D. Spandorfer, K. Bendikson, K. Dragisic, G. Schattman, O. K. Davis et al., Outcome of in vitro fertilization in women 45 years and older who use autologous oocytes, Fertility and Sterility, vol.87, issue.1, pp.74-80, 2007.

A. Maheshwari, M. Hamilton, and S. Bhattacharya, Effect of female age on the diagnostic categories of infertility, Hum Reprod, vol.23, issue.3, pp.538-580, 2008.

J. S. Yeh, R. G. Steward, A. M. Dude, A. A. Shah, J. M. Goldfarb et al., Pregnancy rates in donor oocyte cycles compared to similar autologous in vitro fertilization cycles: an analysis of 26,457 fresh cycles from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Fertility and Sterility, vol.102, issue.2, pp.399-404, 2014.

D. H. Korth, G. Gosselin, and J. M. Choi, Pregnancy after age 50 : defining risks for mother and child, AM J Perinatol, vol.29, issue.4, pp.245-50, 2012.

J. Daar, J. Benward, L. Collins, J. Davis, and F. , Oocyte or embryo donation to women of advanced reproductive age: an Ethics Committee opinion, Fertility and Sterility, 2016.

M. Lombart, R. Cabry, V. Boulard, and E. Lourdel, Jusqu'où peut-on aller en don d'ovocytes ? Réflexions sur les risques des grossesses tardives, Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, vol.41, issue.11, pp.672-679, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2013.06.015

D. Cutas and A. Smajdor, Postmenopausal Motherhood Reloaded: Advanced Age and In Vitro Derived Gametes, Hypatia, vol.30, issue.2, pp.386-402, 2015.

B. Khoshnood, M. Bouvier-colle, H. Leridon, and B. Blondel, Impact de l'âge maternel élevé sur la fertilité, la santé de la mère et la santé de l'enfant, vol.37, pp.733-780, 2008.

M. V. Sauer, Reproduction at an advanced maternal age and maternal health, Fertil Steril, vol.103, issue.5, pp.1136-1179, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.004

M. C. Hoffman, S. Jeffers, J. Carter, L. Duthely, A. Cotter et al., Pregnancy at or beyond age 40 years is associated with an increased risk of fetal death and other adverse outcomes, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.196, issue.5, pp.11-13, 2007.

A. Vincent-rohfritsch, L. Ray, C. Anselem, O. Cabrol, D. Goffinet et al., Pregnancy in women aged 43 years or older: maternal and perinatal risks, J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod, vol.41, issue.5, pp.468-75, 2012.

C. A. Grotegut, C. A. Chisholm, L. Johnson, H. L. Brown, R. P. Heine et al., Medical and Obstetric Complications among Pregnant Women Aged 45 and Older, PLoS One, vol.9, issue.4, p.96237, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0096237

URL : https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0096237&type=printable

U. Pecks, N. Maass, and J. Neulen, Oocyte donation: a risk factor for pregnancy-induced hypertension: a meta-analysis and case series, Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2011.

E. J. Forman, X. Li, K. M. Ferry, K. Scott, N. R. Treff et al., Oocyte vitrification does not increase the risk of embryonic aneuploidy or diminish the implantation potential of blastocysts created after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a novel, paired randomized controlled trial using DNA fingerprinting, Fertil Steril, 2012.

. Sept, , vol.98, pp.644-653

R. Chian, Y. Wang, and Y. Li, Oocyte vitrification: advances, progress and future goals, J Assist Reprod Genet, vol.31, issue.4, pp.411-431, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s10815-014-0180-9

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3969469?pdf=render

D. Shmorgun and P. Claman, Joint sogc-cfas clinical practice guidelines committee. The diagnosis and management of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, J Obstet Gynaecol Can, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1156-62, 2011.

, Practice Committees of American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, Fertil Steril, vol.99, issue.1, pp.37-43, 2013.

T. B. Mesen, J. E. Mersereau, J. B. Kane, and A. Z. Steiner, Optimal timing for elective egg freezing, Fertil Steril, vol.103, issue.6, pp.1551-1556, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.002

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4457646?pdf=render

K. Devine, S. L. Mumford, and K. N. Goldman, Baby budgeting: oocyte cryopreservation in women delaying reproduction can reduce cost per live birth, Fertil Steril, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.02.029

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4457614?pdf=render

K. Baldwin, L. Culley, N. Hudson, H. Mitchell, and S. Lavery, Oocyte cryopreservation for social reasons: demographic profile and disposal intentions of UK users, Reprod Biomed Online, vol.31, issue.2, pp.239-284, 2015.

R. H. Goldman, C. Racowsky, L. V. Farland, S. Munné, L. Ribustello et al., Predicting the likelihood of live birth for elective oocyte cryopreservation: a counseling tool for physicians and patients, vol.32, pp.853-862, 2017.

D. Stoop, J. Nekkebroeck, and P. Devroey, A survey on the intentions and attitudes towards oocyte cryopreservation for non-medical reasons among women of reproductive age, Hum Reprod, vol.26, issue.3, pp.655-61, 2011.

R. Tal and D. B. Seifer, Ovarian reserve testing: a user's guide, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.217, issue.2, pp.129-169, 2017.

D. Stoop, E. Maes, N. P. Polyzos, G. Verheyen, H. Tournaye et al., Does oocyte banking for anticipated gamete exhaustion influence future relational and reproductive choices? A follow-up of bankers and non-bankers, Hum Reprod, 2015.

U. Van-den-broeck, M. Vandermeeren, D. Vanderschueren, P. Enzlin, K. Demyttenaere et al., A systematic review of sperm donors: demographic characteristics, attitudes, motives and experiences of the process of sperm donation, Hum Reprod Update, vol.19, issue.1, pp.37-51, 2013.

L. Bujan, L. Lannou, D. Kunstmann, and J. , Anonymat du don de gamètes. Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, vol.40, pp.8-15, 2012.

P. Merviel, R. Cabry, E. Lourdel, and M. Brzakowski, Faut-il vraiment lever l'anonymat des dons de gamètes en France ? Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, vol.39, pp.67-76, 2011.

V. Jadva, T. Freeman, W. Kramer, and S. Golombok, The experiences of adolescents and adults conceived by sperm donation: comparisons by age of disclosure and family type, Hum Reprod, vol.24, issue.8, pp.1909-1928, 2009.

J. Keehn, E. Howell, M. V. Sauer, and R. Klitzman, How Agencies Market Egg Donation on the Internet: A Qualitative Study, J Law Med Ethics, vol.43, issue.3, pp.610-618, 2015.

T. Freeman, V. Jadva, E. Tranfield, and S. Golombok, Online sperm donation: a survey of the demographic characteristics, motivations, preferences and experiences of sperm donors on a connection website, Hum Reprod, vol.31, issue.9, pp.2082-2091, 2016.

S. Brett, R. R. Sacranie, G. E. Thomas, and R. Rajkhowa, Can we improve recruitment of oocyte donors with loss of donor anonymity? A hospital-based survey, Human Fertility, vol.11, issue.2, pp.101-108, 2008.

K. M. Godman, K. Sanders, M. Rosenberg, and P. Burton, Potential sperm donors', recipients' and their partners' opinions towards the release of identifying information in Western Australia, Hum Reprod, vol.21, issue.11, pp.3022-3028, 2006.

P. Jouannet and A. Spira, Requests for assisted reproduction formulated by same-sex couples consulting physicians in France, Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 2014.

P. Jouannet, Ouverture de l'assistance médicale à la procréationavec sperme de donneur (AMPD) à des indications nonmédicales, Bull. Acad. Natle Méd, issue.5, pp.951-971, 0198.

R. Moore and M. Stambolis-ruhstorfer, LGBT Sexuality and Families at the Start of the Twenty-First Century, Annual Review of Sociology, vol.39, pp.491-507

, Access to fertility treatment by gays, lesbians, and unmarried persons: a committee opinion, Fertil Steril, vol.100, issue.6, pp.1524-1531, 2013.

M. Regnerus, Parental same-sex relationships, family instability, and subsequent life outcomes for adult children: Answering critics of the new family structures study with additional analyses, Social Science Research, vol.41, issue.6, pp.1367-77, 2012.

C. Osborne, Further comments on the papers by Marks and Regnerus, Soc Sci Res, vol.41, issue.4, pp.779-83, 2012.

A. Mulligan, Identity Rights and Sensitive Ethical Questions: The European Convention on Human Rights and the Regulation of Surrogacy Arrangements, Med Law Rev, 2018.

L. B. Gezinski, S. Karandikar, and A. Levitt, »We want to offer you peace of mind": Marketing of transnational commercial surrogacy services to intended parents, Health Mark Q

. Oct-dec, , vol.34, pp.302-314

S. Martens, The global reproductive health market: U.S. media framings and public discourses about transnational surrogacy, Soc Sci Med, vol.74, issue.11, pp.1745-53, 2012.

Y. Hibino, Non-commercial surrogacy among close relatives in Vietnam: policy and ethical implications, 2018.
DOI : 10.1080/14647273.2018.1461936

O. Timms, Ending commercial surrogacy in India: significance of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016, Indian J Med Ethics, vol.3, issue.2, 2018.

D. W. Rigss and C. Due, Gay fathers' reproductive journeys and parenting experiences: a review of research. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care, vol.40, pp.289-93, 2014.

N. Carone, R. Baiocco, and V. Lingiardi, Single fathers by choice using surrogacy: why men decide to have a child as a single parent, Hum Reprod, vol.32, issue.9, pp.1871-1879, 2017.

N. Gleicher, V. A. Kushnir, and D. H. Barad, Is it time for a paradigm shift in understanding embryo selection?, Reprod biol endocrinol, 2015.

J. Zhao, B. Xu, Q. Zhang, and Y. P. Li, Which one has a better obstetric and perinatal outcome in singleton pregnancy, IVF/ICSI or FET?: a systematic review and meta-analysis

, Reprod Biol Endocrinol, vol.14, issue.1, p.51, 2016.

D. Sutter, P. Van-der-elst, J. Coetsier, T. Dhont, and M. , Single embryo transfer and multiple pregnancy rate reduction in IVF/ICSI: a 5-year appraisal, Reprod Biomed Online, 2003.

L. Van-landuyt, G. Verheyen, H. Tournaye, M. Camus, P. Devroey et al., New Belgian embryo transfer policy leads to sharp decrease in multiple pregnancy rate

, Reprod Biomed Online, vol.13, issue.6, pp.765-71, 2006.

J. Mersereau, J. Stanhiser, and C. Coddington, Patient and cycle characteristics predicting high pregnancy rates with single embryo transfer: an analysis of the SART outcomes between, Fertil Steril, vol.108, pp.750-756110, 2004.

T. A. Gelbaya, I. Tsoumpou, and L. G. Nardo, The likelihood of live birth and multiple birth after single versus double embryo transfer at the cleavage stage: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Fertil Steril, vol.94, issue.3, pp.936-981, 2010.

B. Van-voorhis, M. D. Rachel, and B. Mejia, Single-embryo transfer point-it is the way forward, Fertil Steril, 2017.

G. L. Ryan, S. H. Zhang, A. Dokras, C. H. Syrop, V. Voorhis et al., The desire of infertile patients for multiple births, Fertil Steril, vol.81, issue.3, pp.500-504, 2004.

N. Gleicher and D. Barad, Twin pregnancy, contrary to consensus, is a desirable outcome in infertility, Fertility and Sterility, vol.91, issue.6, pp.2426-2457, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.160

K. Coetzee, B. Stewart, J. Peek, and J. D. Hutton, Acceptance of single-embryo transfer by patients. Fertility and Sterility, vol.87, pp.207-216, 2007.

S. Crawford, S. L. Boulet, and A. S. Mneimneh, Costs of achieving live birth from assisted reproductive technology: a comparison of sequential single and double embryo transfer approaches, Fertility and Sterility, vol.105, issue.2, pp.444-50, 2016.

, Je respecterai toutes les personnes, leur autonomie et leur volonté, sans aucune discrimination selon leur état ou leurs convictions

, J'interviendrai pour les protéger si elles sont affaiblies, vulnérables ou menacées dans leur intégrité ou leur dignité. Même sous la contrainte

, Je ne tromperai jamais leur confiance et n'exploiterai pas le pouvoir hérité des circonstances pour forcer les consciences

, Je donnerai mes soins à l'indigent et à quiconque me les demandera. Je ne me laisserai pas influencer par la soif du gain ou la recherche de la gloire

, Admis(e) dans l'intimité des personnes, je tairai les secrets qui me seront confiés

, Reçu(e) à l'intérieur des maisons, je respecterai les secrets des foyers et ma conduite ne servira pas à corrompre les moeurs

, Je ferai tout pour soulager les souffrances. Je ne prolongerai pas abusivement les agonies

, Je ne provoquerai jamais la mort délibérément

, Je préserverai l'indépendance nécessaire à l'accomplissement de ma mission

, Je les entretiendrai et les perfectionnerai pour assurer au mieux les services qui me seront demandés

, J'apporterai mon aide à mes confrères ainsi qu'à leurs familles dans l'adversité

, Que les hommes et mes confrères m'accordent leur estime si je suis fidèle à mes promesses