, Short diagonal strut

, Salient outwork of a fortress

, Prow-shaped bridge-pier, or cut-water

, Carved claw, leaf, or griffe on the corners of a square plinth under a medieval pier

J. Curl, W. Stevens, and S. , The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture, 2015.

V. I. , , vol.253, p.255

, Antique Revival, vol.60, p.251, 0208.

, appareil, p.206, 0205.

, baie, vol.204, p.205

. Bas-moyen-Âge, , vol.163, p.186

J. Bony, , vol.238, p.202, 0206.

. Canterbury, , vol.258, p.259

E. Gothic, , vol.126, p.218

, Gothic Revival, vol.46, p.208

. Haut-moyen-Âge, , vol.16, p.237

H. Gothic, , vol.125

. Hors-oeuvre, , vol.53, p.222

, Hugues de Saint-Victor, vol.16, p.243

. Île-de-france, , vol.9, p.256

. Laon, , vol.9, p.251

. Latin-cross-plan, , vol.133, 0200.

, maçon, vol.112, p.204

M. Âge, , vol.202, p.223

, Moyen Âge central, vol.161, p.202

. Néo-gothique, , vol.46, p.208

. Noyon, , vol.9, p.204

T. Pierre-de, , vol.169, p.206

P. Plagnieux, , vol.44, p.206

, Aréopagite, vol.46, p.239, 0198.

. Rayonnant, , vol.126

. Redécouverte-de-l'antiquité, , vol.61, p.208

. Romanesque, , vol.18, p.104, 0208.

. Saint-denis, , vol.9, p.258

, scolastique, vol.16, p.209

. Senlis, , vol.9, p.242

. Sens, , vol.9, p.253

G. Sens and . De, 240 sexpartite vault, vol.51, p.250

. Suger, , vol.14, p.256

, Miniature depicting the Romanesque apse of

, An intensive search would be required, and the article recently published on Saint-Arnoul at

, Such a model would seem to make sense when placed in the context of a rich, multilayered historical conjuncture and at a moment of extreme technical and stylistic fluidity, in the full burst of a new start, before things began to coalesce and stabilize. NOTES 1. On this theme, refer to Henri Focillon, the meantime what could be said about that Saint-Denis master of the 1140s? An Ilede-France or northern Burgundian, vol.1, pp.120-147, 1937.

S. For-instance-pierre and . Héliot, Du Carolingien au gothique. L'évolution de la plastique murale dans l'architecture religieuse du nord-ouest de l'Europe (IX e -XIII e siècle), vol.15, p.69, 1967.

, The first example was St. Augustine's at Canterbury, begun in 1072 or 1073

, Evesham Abbey, still mysterious in many ways, p.1079

, Prior Ernulf (soon after 1096) and completed thirty years later by Prior Conrad. In other buildings, such as Worcester Cathedral, Bury St. Edmunds, or Gloucester Abbey (now Cathedral), the crypt does not raise significantly the level of the choir, the last years of the eleventh century, the new choir of Canterbury Cathedral, begun by, vol.31, pp.256-62, 1969.

O. Flavigny, R. See, J. Louis, and . Marilier, , 1957.

, Centre-Est, vol.10, pp.253-62, 1959.

G. Jouven, Fouilles des cryptes de l'abbatiale Saint-Pierre de Flavigny, Les monuments historiques de la France, vol.1, pp.9-28, 1960.

É. Lambert, L'Ancienne abbaye bourguignonne de Flavigny et le chevet de son église, Les monuments historiques de la France, vol.1, pp.1-8, 1960.

J. Reynaud and . Flavigny-sur-ozerain, , 1960.

C. Sapin, L'Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Flavigny à l'époque carolingienne, Du VIII e au XI e siècle: Édifices monastiques et culte en

L. Et-en-bourgogne, Centre de recherches sur l'antiquité tardive et le haut moyen-âge, vol.2, pp.173-77, 1977.

S. On, Stefano at Verona, see Paolo Verzone, L'Architettura religiosa dell'alto medio evo nell'ltalia settentrionale, vol.167, pp.137-182, 1942.

, For an analysis of the design and construction of the crypt, see in this volume, William W

. Clark, Suger's Church at Saint Denis: The State of Research," pp. 105-30 and plan (Clark fig, vol.10

O. Fécamp and J. Vallery-radot, , 1928.

S. Avranches and . Paul-coutan, La Cathédrale d'Avranches, Académie des sciences, belles lettres et arts de Rouen, Précis analytique des travaux, pp.196-210, 1902.

, At Fécamp, part of the chevet built under Guillaume de Ros has survived

, Suger Adm. (P), pp.166-67

, The historical importance of the choir of Saint-Denis had been perceived as early as 1809 by

G. D. Whittington, but his remarks passed unnoticed. Franz Mertens seems to have made the same discovery on his own in 1841 and his ideas began to spread in French and German circles by the mid-1840s. See Paul Frankl, The Gothic: Literary Sources and Interpretations Through Eight Centuries, vol.525, p.781, 1960.

. See-eugène-lefèvre-pontalis, Étude sur le choeur de l'église, Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, vol.49, pp.345-56, 1886.

E. Lefèvre-pontalis, Le Prieuré royal de Saint-Martin-des-Champs, ses rapports avec l'Angleterre et les débuts de l'architecture gothique, The connections with England should not be overstated: the Loire countries, vol.82, pp.5-15, 1919.

, Laumer of Blois was built very slowly and dates mostly from ca. 1160-90, but the plan must go back to the late 1130s. The design was no doubt influenced by Fontgombault, begun before 1130, and by some Burgundian buildings such as Paray-le-Monial. See Frédéric Lesueur, Bulletin monumental, vol.82, pp.36-65, 1923.

, can be dated in the 1070s. It is found in London, British Library, MS. Add. 11662 on fol. 4r. See Jean Porcher, vol.13, p.12

G. Beaujouan, L 'interdépendance entre la science scolastique et les techniques utilitaires (XII e , XIII e et XIV e siècles), 1957.

S. Gabriel-théry and O. P. , Études dionysiennes, vol.2, pp.1932-1969

, Maurice de

. Gandilhac, Oeuvres completes du Pseudo-Denys l'Aréopagite, 1943.

S. Panofsky and ;. Otto-von-simson, The Gothic Cathedral: The Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order, pp.120-142, 1956.

, The idea of cohaerentia with the old work is expressed three times by Suger; see Adm, pp.90-91

C. Suger, , p.213

, Between the late fourth and the early seventh centuries these examples can be listed

, Saloniki (Hagios Demetrios), and Nikopolis (Basilica B); in Africa, Orléansville (of Constantinian date), Carthage (four basilicas: Damous el Karita, St. Cyprian, the Basilica Majorum at Mçidfa, and Derrmesch), Feriana (two basilicas)

S. R. Krautheimer, Santo Stefano Rotondo a Roma e la chiesa del Santo Sepolcro a Gerusalemme, Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana, vol.12, pp.324-372, 1935.

S. P. Verzone, From Theodoric to Charlemagne: A History of the Dark Ages in the

. West, S. Sofia in Benevento was currently presented as an imitation of Hagia Sophia. Suger states in his writings his intention of making, Art of the World, vol.27, pp.193-97, 1968.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00133967

, L'Église Saint-Pierre-de-Montmartre, Bulletin monumental, vol.77, pp.5-30, 1913.

M. Dumolin, Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France, vol.58, pp.244-325, 1931.

A. Boinet, Les Églises parisiennes, vol.2, pp.76-89, 1958.

L. Saint-pierre, Les Eglises suburbaines de Paris du IV e au X e siècle, vol.11, pp.217-238, 1960.

. Good-lombard, the church of Ognisanti at Novara, is illustrated in Maria Laura Gavazzoli Tomea, p.49, 1980.

S. Mck, . Crosby-;-sumner-mck, and . Crosby, Studies in Wertern Art, Arts of the Twentieth International Congress in the History of Art, Gesta, vol.1, p.5, 1961.

, or tribunes (as opposed to buttressing walls or spurs) seem to have been used quite frequently in the late 1150s and early 1160s, as at Saint-Germer, possibly also in the church of Saint-Évremond at Creil before its destruction and, in all probability, in the nave of Cambrai Cathedral and in the choir of Notre-Dame in Paris. Before the restorations

, some added after completion (chevet of Saint-Germain-des-Prés), some in the course of construction, the 1180s, a number of flying buttresses of early types

C. and R. Mark, The First Flying Buttresses: A New Reconstruction of the Nave of, vol.66, pp.47-65, 1984.

S. Bornstein, The Capitals of the Porch of Sant'Eufemia in Piacenza: Interacting Schools of Romanesque in Northern Italy, Gesta, vol.13, issue.1, pp.15-26, 1974.

, On the crypt of Saint-Avit at Orléans (now within the Lycée Jeanne d'Arc), see Jules Banchereau, Congrès archéologique de France, vol.93, 1930.

, Strongly projecting responds of square section (as distinct from the more current shallow rectangular pilasters) were used in late antique and early medieval buildings, for instance in the "crypts" of Saint-Paul's church at Jouarre (west wall, late eighth century). To the list of octagonal piers should be added Saint-Liesne at Melun, of the late tenth century, and the chevet of Peterborough Cathedral

É. Vergnolle, If the diagonal plantation of some of its responds can be trusted, that crypt could not be dated earlier than ca. 1130, which would make it a direct antecedent for the crypt of, Bulletin monumental, vol.141, pp.233-72, 1983.