A. Beltramini, M. Galinski, J. L. Chabernaud, R. Ruiz-almenar, M. Tsapis et al., Pain Assessment in Children Younger Than 8 Years in Out-of-Hospital Emergency Medicine: Reliability and Validity of EVENDOL Score, Pediatr Emerg Care, 2016.

G. Whitley, Continuing Professional Development: Pain management in children in the pre-hospital environment, Journal of Paramedic Practice, vol.10, pp.1-7, 2018.

J. N. Stinson, T. Kavanagh, and J. Yamada, Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents, Pain, vol.125, pp.143-57, 2006.

C. L. Hicks, C. L. Baeyer, P. A. Spafford, I. Van-korlaar, and B. Goodenough, The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement, Pain, vol.93, issue.2, pp.173-83, 2001.

L. R. Browne, M. I. Shah, J. R. Studnek, D. G. Ostermayer, S. Reynolds et al., Multicenter Evaluation of Prehospital Opioid Pain Management in Injured Children, Prehosp Emerg Care, issue.6, pp.759-767, 2016.

H. Hennes, M. K. Kim, and R. G. Pirrallo, Prehospital pain management: a comparison of providers' perceptions and practices, Prehosp Emerg Care, vol.9, issue.1, pp.32-41, 2005.

B. Krauss-:-krauss and S. M. Green, Procedural sedation and analgesia in children, Lancet, vol.367, issue.9512, pp.766-80, 2006.

J. R. Meredith, O. Keefe, K. P. Galwankar, and S. , Pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia, J Emerg Trauma Shock, vol.1, issue.2, pp.88-96, 2008.

E. E. Hurwitz, M. Simon, S. R. Vinta, C. F. Zehm, S. M. Shabot et al., Adding Examples to the ASA-Physical Status Classification Improves Correct Assignment to Patients, Anesthesiology, vol.126, issue.4, pp.614-622, 2017.

M. Vespasiano, Propofol sedation: Intensivist's Experience with 7304 cases in a children's hospital, Pediatrics, vol.120, pp.1411-1417, 2007.

A. Society and . Anesthesiologists, Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: Application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: An updated report, ANESTHESIOLOGY, vol.126, pp.376-93, 2017.

S. M. Green and B. Krauss, Ketamine is a safe, effective, and appropriate technique for emergency department paediatric procedural sedation, Emerg Med J, vol.21, issue.3, pp.271-272, 2004.

S. M. Green and B. Krauss, Pulmonary aspiration risk during emergency department procedural sedation-an examination of the role of fasting and sedation depth, Acad Emerg Med, vol.9, issue.1, pp.35-42, 2002.

M. G. Roback, L. Bajaj, J. E. Wathen, and J. Bothner, Preprocedural fasting and adverse events in procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: are they related?, Ann Emerg Med, vol.44, issue.5, pp.454-459, 2004.

R. W. Walker, Pulmonary aspiration in pediatric anesthetic practice in the UK: a prospective survey of specialist pediatric centers over a one-year period, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.23, issue.8, pp.702-711, 2013.

S. M. Green and B. S. Krauss, Mason KP Reevaluating Fasting for Procedural Sedation, JAMA Pediatr, vol.172, issue.7, pp.622-623, 2018.

M. G. Roback, D. W. Carlson, F. E. Babl, and R. M. Kennedy, Update on pharmacological management of procedural sedation for children, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, vol.29, issue.1, pp.21-35, 2016.

A. Midazolam, Ahonen J. Midazolam and other benzodiazepines, vol.182, pp.335-360, 2008.

, Sedation and analgesia for procedures in children, Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, vol.342, pp.938-983, 2000.

J. Hendrickx, Is synergy the rule? A review of anesthetic interactions producing hypnosis and immobility, Anesth Analg, vol.107, pp.494-506, 2008.

M. Massanari, J. Novitsky, and L. J. Reinstein, Paradoxical reactions in children associated with midazolam use during endoscopy, Clin Pediatr (Phila), vol.36, pp.681-684, 1997.

M. Golparvar, M. Saghaei, P. Sajedi, and S. S. Razavi, Paradoxical reaction following intravenous midazolam premedication in pediatric patients: a randomized placebo controlled trial of ketamine for rapid tranquilization, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.14, pp.924-930, 2004.

B. F. Jackson, L. A. Beck, and J. D. Losek, Successful flumazenil reversal of paradoxical reaction to midazolam in a child, J Emerg Med, vol.48, pp.67-72, 2015.

J. A. Roelofse, D. H. Stegmann, H. Joubert, and J. J. , Paradoxical reactions to rectal midazolam as premedication in children, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, vol.19, pp.2-6, 1990.

C. O. Mcmillan, I. A. Spahr-schopfer, and N. Sikech, Intramuscular ketamine, midazolam, and glycopyrrolate for pediatric sedation in the emergency department, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, vol.39, issue.1, pp.13-20, 1992.

C. Lam, R. D. Udin, S. F. Malamed, D. L. Good, and J. L. Forrest, Midazolam premedication in children: a pilot study comparing intramuscular and intranasal administration, Anesth Prog, vol.52, issue.2, pp.56-61, 2005.

M. R. Ghane, M. Vaezi, S. Y. , H. Asl, A. A. Javadzadeh et al., Intramuscular midazolam for pediatric sedation in the emergency department: a short communication on clinical safety and effectiveness. Trauma Mon, J Emerg Med, vol.17, issue.1, pp.397-404, 2012.

R. D. Lane and J. E. Schunk, Atomized intranasal midazolam use for minor procedures in the pediatric emergency department, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.24, issue.5, pp.300-303, 2008.

P. M. Ryan, A. J. Kienstra, P. Cosgrove, R. Vezzetti, and M. Wilkinson, Safety and effectiveness of intranasal midazolam and fentanyl used in combination in the pediatric emergency department, Am J Emerg Med, issue.18, pp.30413-30416, 2018.

A. Chiaretti, G. Barone, and D. Rigante, Intranasal lidocaine and midazolam for procedural sedation in children, Arch Dis Child, vol.96, pp.160-163, 2011.

J. Yaeger, S. Asokan, J. J. Baby, G. Priya, G. Devi et al., Comparison of Behavior and Dental Anxiety During Intranasal and Sublingual Midazolam Sedation-A Randomized Controlled Trial, J Clin Pediatr Dent, vol.159, issue.1, pp.81-88, 2011.

J. Malinovsky, C. Populaire, and A. Cozian, Premedication with midazolam in children. Effect of intranasal, rectal, and oral routes on plasma midazolam concentrations, Anaesth, vol.50, p.351, 1995.

M. Shannon, G. Albers, and K. Burkhart, Safety and efficacy of flumazenil in the reversal of benzodiazepine-induced conscious sedation, J Pediatr, vol.131, pp.582-86, 1997.

M. S. Heniff, G. P. Moore, A. Trout, W. H. Cordell, and D. R. Nelson, Comparison of routes of flumazenil administration to reverse midazolam-induced respiratory depression in a canine model, Acad Emerg Med, vol.4, issue.12, pp.1115-1123, 1997.

A. M. Bailey, R. A. Baum, K. Horn, T. Lewis, K. Morizio et al., Review of Intranasally Administered Medications for Use in the Emergency Department, J Emerg Med, vol.53, issue.1, pp.38-48, 2017.

M. Corrigan, S. S. Wilson, and J. Hampton, Safety and efficacy of intranasally administered medications in the emergency department and prehospital settings, Am J Health Syst Pharm, vol.72, issue.18, pp.1544-54, 2015.

;. Ansm-morphine, R. M. Kennedy, F. L. Porter, J. P. Miller, and D. M. Jaffe, Comparison of fentanyl/midazolam with ketamine/midazolam for pediatric orthopedic emergencies, Pediatrics, vol.102, pp.956-63, 1998.

A. Fentanyl, Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity. Chest, vol.143, issue.4, pp.1145-1146, 2013.

G. H. Lind, M. A. Marcus, and S. L. Mears, Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for analgesia and sedation in the emergency department, Ann Emerg Med, vol.20, p.1117, 1991.

M. S. Hansen, O. Mathiesen, S. Trautner, and J. B. Dahl, Intranasal fentanyl in the treatment of acute pain-a systematic review, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol.56, issue.4, pp.407-426, 2012.

R. Nave, H. Schmitt, and L. Popper, Faster absorption and higher systemic bioavailability of intranasal fentanyl spray compared to oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy subjects, Drug Deliv, vol.20, pp.216-239, 2013.

D. Crellin, R. X. Ling, and F. E. Babl, Does the standard intravenous solution of fentanyl (50 microg/mL) administered intranasally have analgesic efficacy, Emerg Med Australas, vol.22, issue.1, pp.62-69, 2010.

M. A. Ansm-naloxone-;-rech, B. Barbas, W. Chaney, E. Greenhalgh, and C. Turck, When to Pick the Nose: Out-of-Hospital and Emergency Department Intranasal Administration of Medications, Ann Emerg Med, vol.70, issue.2, pp.203-211, 2017.

E. Vanky, L. Hellmundt, U. Bondesson, S. Eksborg, and S. Lundeberg, Pharmacokinetics after a single dose of naloxone administered as a nasal spray in healthy volunteers, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol.61, issue.6, pp.636-640, 2017.

A. Propofol, Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects, Curr Pharm Des, vol.10, pp.3639-3649, 2004.

S. A. Godambe, V. Elliott, D. Matheny, and J. H. Pershad, Comparison of propofol/ fentanyl versus ketamine/midazolam for brief orthopedic procedural sedation in a pediatric emergency department, Pediatrics, vol.112, pp.116-123, 2003.

C. J. Havel, R. T. Strait, and H. Hennes, A clinical trial of propofol vs midazolam for procedural sedation in a pediatric emergency department, Acad Emerg Med, vol.6, pp.989-97, 1999.

T. Morrison, C. Carender, B. Kilbane, and R. W. Liu, Procedural Sedation With Ketamine Versus Propofol for Closed Reduction of Pediatric Both Bone Forearm Fractures, Orthopedics, vol.40, issue.5, pp.288-294, 2017.

H. Lameijer, Y. T. Sikkema, A. Pol, M. Bosch, F. Beije et al., Ter Avest E. Propofol versus midazolam for procedural sedation in the emergency department: A study on efficacy and safety, Am J Emerg Med, vol.35, issue.5, pp.692-696, 2017.

M. D. Mallory, A. L. Baxter, D. J. Yuanosky, and P. Cravero, Emergency physician-administered propofol sedation: a report on 25,433 sedations from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium, Ann Emerg Med, vol.57, pp.462-468, 2011.

K. E. Bassett, J. L. Anderson, C. G. Pribble, and E. Guenther, Propofol for procedural sedation in children in the emergency department, Ann Emerg Med, vol.42, issue.6, pp.773-82, 2003.

A. Kardos, C. Földesi, A. Nagy, A. Sáringer, A. Kiss et al., Trendelenburg positioning does not prevent a decrease in cardiac output after induction of anaesthesia with propofol in children, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol.50, issue.7, pp.869-74, 2006.

M. Vespasiano, M. Finkelstein, and S. Kurachek, Propofol sedation: intensivists' experience with 7304 cases in a children's hospital, Pediatrics, vol.120, pp.1411-1417, 2007.

L. L. Asserhøj, H. Mosbech, M. Krøigaard, and L. H. Garvey, No evidence for contraindications to the use of propofol in adults allergic to egg, soy or peanut, Br J Anaesth, vol.116, pp.77-82, 2016.

A. Murphy, D. Campbell, D. Baines, and S. Mehr, Allergic reactions to propofol in egg-allergic children, Anesth Analg, vol.113, pp.140-144, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/sa.0b013e318242c1cc

URL : https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sam_Mehr/publication/51020140_Allergic_reactions_to_propofol_in_egg-allergic_children/links/0deec531ab79274dca000000.pdf?origin%3Dpublication_detail

N. S. Morton, G. Johnston, M. White, and B. J. Marsch, Propofol in paediatric anaesthesia, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.2, pp.89-97, 1992.

A. Rochette, A. F. Hocquet, C. Dadure, D. Boufroukh, O. Raux et al., Avoiding propofol injection pain in children: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, Br J Anaesth, vol.101, issue.3, pp.390-394, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/aen169

URL : http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/101/3/390.full.pdf

L. Jalota, V. Kalira, and E. George, Prevention of pain on injection of propofol: systematic review and meta-analysis, Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.342, pp.100-106, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.d1110

URL : https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1110.full.pdf

S. A. Forman, Clinical and molecular pharmacology of etomidate, Anesthsiol-ogy, vol.114, pp.695-707, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181ff72b5

URL : http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/data/journals/jasa/931111/0000542-201103000-00039.pdf

L. D. Liddo, D. Angelo, A. Nguyen, and B. , Etomidate versus midazolam for procedural sedation in pediatric outpatients: A randomized controlled trial, Ann Emerg Med, vol.48, pp.433-440, 2006.

N. R. Di?el, H. L. Yilmaz, Y. Sertdemir, H. Ye?ila?aç, and A. Avci, Etomidate Versus Ketamine: Effective Use in Emergency Procedural Sedation for Pediatric Orthopedic Injuries, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.32, issue.12, pp.830-834, 2016.

J. J. Lee-jayaram, A. Green, and J. Siembieda, Ketamine/midazolam versus etomidate/fentanyl: procedural sedation for pediatric orthopedic reductions, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.26, pp.408-412, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/pec.0b013e3181e057cd

S. E. Mace, I. A. Barata, J. P. Cravero, W. C. Dalsey, S. A. Godwin et al., Wears RL; EMSC Grant Panel (Writing Committee) on Pharmacologic Agents Used in Pediatric Sedation and Analgesia in the Emergency Department

, American Academy of Pediatrics

, Clinical policy: evidence-based approach to pharmacologic agents used in pediatric sedation and analgesia in the emergency department, J Pediatr Surg, vol.39, issue.10, pp.1472-84, 2004.

R. Dickinson, A. J. Singer, and W. Carrion, Etomidate for pediatric sedation prior to fracture reduction, Acad Emerg Med, vol.8, pp.74-77, 2001.

J. H. Burton, A. J. Bock, T. D. Strout, and E. G. Marcolini, Etomidate and midazolam for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Emerg Med, vol.40, pp.496-504, 2002.

M. J. Mandt, M. G. Roback, and L. Bajaj, Etomidate for short pediatric proce-dures in the emergency department, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.28, pp.898-904, 2012.

A. W. Doenicke, M. F. Roizen, and J. Kugler, Midazolam pretreatment reduces etomidate-induced myoclonic movements, Anaesth Intensive Care, vol.90, pp.18-20, 1999.

L. Gran, H. Bleie, R. Jeppson, and H. Maartmann-moe, Etomidate in Intralipid. A solution for pain-free injection, Anaesthesist, vol.32, issue.10, pp.475-482, 1983.

Y. Nyman, V. Hofsten, K. Palm, C. Eksborg, S. Lönnqvist et al., Etomidate-Lipuro is associated with considerably less injection pain in children compared with propofol with added lidocaine, Br J Anaesth, vol.97, issue.4, pp.536-545, 2006.

J. F. Payen, M. Vinclair, C. Broux, P. Faure, O. Chabre et al., One single dose of etomidate negatively influences adrenocortical performance for at least 24h in children with meningococcal sepsis, 123-den Brinker M, vol.27, p.338, 2008.

K. L. Tekwani, H. F. Watts, and R. T. Sweis, A comparison of the effects of etomidate and midazolam on hospital length of stay in patients with sus-pected sepsis: a prospective, randomized study, Ann Emerg Med, vol.56, pp.481-489, 2010.

S. M. Ansm-kétamine-;-green, M. G. Roback, R. M. Kennedy, and B. Krauss, Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update, Ann Emerg Med, vol.57, issue.5, pp.449-61, 2011.

J. E. Wathen, M. G. Roback, T. Mackenzie, and J. P. Bothner, Does midazolam alter the clinical effects of intravenous ketamine sedation in children? A double-blind, randomized, controlled, emergency department trial, Ann Emerg Med, vol.36, pp.579-588, 2000.

T. S. Sherwin, S. M. Green, and A. Khan, Does adjunctive midazolam reduce recovery agitation after ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Ann Emerg Med, vol.35, pp.229-238, 2000.

A. Mcqueen, R. Wright, and M. Kido, Procedural sedation and analgesia outcomes in children after discharge from the emergency department: ketamine versus fentanyl/midazolam, Ann Emerg Med, vol.54, pp.191-197, 2009.

T. S. Sherwin, S. M. Green, A. Khan, D. S. Chapman, and B. Dannenberg, Does adjunctive midazolam reduce recovery agitation after ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Ann Emerg Med, vol.35, pp.239-283, 2000.

S. M. Green and B. Krauss, Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation in children, Ann EmergMed, vol.44, pp.460-71, 2004.

A. Bourgoin, J. Albanese, and N. Wereszczynski, Safety of sedation with ketamine in severe head injury patients: comparison with sufentanil, Crit Care Med, vol.31, pp.711-717, 2003.

J. Albanese, S. Arnaud, and M. Rey, Ketamine decreases intracranial pressure and electroencephalographic activity in traumatic brain injury patients during propofol sedation, J Neurosurg Pediatrics, vol.87, pp.40-46, 1997.

F. A. Teitelbaum, J. West, M. Gillman, and L. M. , The Ketamine effect on ICP in traumatic brain injury, Neurocrit Care, vol.21, pp.163-173, 2014.

X. Wang, X. Ding, and Y. Tong, Ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure compared with opioids: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Anesth, vol.28, pp.821-827, 2014.

L. Cohen, V. Athaide, and M. E. Wickham, The effect of ketamine on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure and health outcomes: a systematic review, Ann Emerg Med, vol.65, pp.43-51, 2015.

R. Loflin and A. Koyfman, When used for sedation, does ketamine increase intracranial pressure more than fentanyl or sufentanil?, Ann Emerg Med, vol.65, pp.55-56, 2015.

S. M. Green, G. Andolfatto, and B. S. Krauss, Ketamine and intracranial pressure: no contraindication except hydrocephalus, Ann Emerg Med, vol.65, pp.52-54, 2015.

K. Michalczyk, J. E. Sullivan, and J. W. Berkenbosch, Pretreatment with midazolam blunts the rise in intracranial pressure associated with ketamine sedation for lumbar puncture in children, Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.14, pp.149-155, 2013.

J. Hamza, C. Ecoffey, and J. B. Gross, Ventilatory response to CO2 following intravenous ketamine in children, Anesthesiology, vol.70, pp.422-425, 1989.

G. Kim, S. M. Green, T. K. Denmark, and B. Krauss, Ventilatory response during dissociative sedation in children-a pilot study, Acad Emerg Med, vol.10, pp.140-145, 2003.

V. Ungern-sternberg, B. S. Reglia, A. Frei, and F. J. , A deeper level of ketamine anesthesia does not affect functional residual capacity and ventilation dis-tribution in healthy preschool children, Pediatr Anesth, vol.17, pp.1150-1155, 2007.

M. L. Langhan, L. Chen, C. Marshall, and K. A. Santucci, Detection of hypoventilation by capnography and its association with hypoxia in children undergoing sedation with ketamine, Pediatr Emer Care, vol.27, pp.394-397, 2011.

S. M. Green, M. G. Roback, and B. Krauss, Emergency department ketamine meta-analysis study group. Predictors of airway and respiratory adverse events with ketamine sedation in the emergency department: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of 8,282 children, Ann Emerg Med, vol.54, pp.158-168, 2009.

P. Asadi, H. Ghafouri, and M. Yasinzadeh, Ketamine and atropine for pediatric sedation: a prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial, Pediatr Emer Care, vol.29, pp.136-139, 2013.

J. H. Chong, S. Chew, and A. Ang, Is prophylactic atropine necessary during ketamine sedation in children?, J Paediatr Child Health, vol.49, pp.309-312, 2013.

P. Heinz, G. C. Geelhoed, C. Wee, and E. M. Pascoe, Is atropine needed with ketamine sedation? A prospective, randomised, double blind study, Emerg Med J, vol.23, pp.206-209, 2006.

L. Brown, S. Christian-kopp, and T. Sherwin, Adjunctive atropine is unne-cessary during ketamine sedation in children, Acad Emerg Med, vol.15, pp.314-318, 2008.

Y. Kye, J. Rhee, and K. Kim, Clinical effects of adjunctive atropine during ketamine sedation in pediatric emergency patients, Amer J Emerg Med, vol.30, pp.1981-1985, 2012.

S. M. Green, M. G. Roback, and B. Krauss, Laryngospasm during emergency department ketamine sedation. A case-control study, Pediatr Emer Care, vol.26, pp.798-802, 2010.

R. M. Kennedy, F. L. Porter, and J. P. Miller, Comparison of fentanyl/midazolam with ketamine/midazolam for pediatric orthopedic emergencies, Pediatr, vol.102, pp.956-963, 1998.

S. M. Green, M. G. Roback, B. Krauss, L. Brown, R. G. Mcglone et al., Emergency Department Ketamine Meta-Analysis Study Group. Predictors of emesis and recovery agitation with emergency department ketamine sedation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis of 8,282 children, Ann Emerg Med, vol.54, issue.2, pp.171-80, 2009.

A. H. Bleiberg, C. A. Salvaggio, L. C. Roy, and Z. Kassutto, Low-dose ketamine: efficacy in pediatric sedation. Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.23, pp.158-62, 2007.

D. Herd and B. J. Anderson, Ketamine disposition in children presenting for procedural sedation and analgesia in a children's emergency department, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.17, issue.7, pp.622-631, 2007.

M. Tanaka, M. Sato, A. Saito, and T. Nishikawa, Reevaluation of rectal ketamine premedication in children: Comparison with rectal midazolam, Anesthesiology, vol.93, pp.1217-1241, 2000.

F. Qureshi, P. T. Mellis, and M. A. Mcfadden, Efficacy of oral ketamine for providing sedation and analgesia to children requiring laceration repair, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.11, pp.93-97, 1995.

M. G. Roback, J. E. Wathen, T. Mackenzie, and L. Bajaj, A randomized, controlled trial of i.v. versus i.m. ketamine for sedation of pediatric patients receiving emergency department orthopedic procedures, Ann Emerg Med, vol.48, pp.605-612, 2006.

D. S. Tsze, D. W. Steele, and J. T. Machan, Intranasal ketamine for procedural sedationin pediatric laceration repair, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.28, pp.767-770, 2012.

P. Ramaswamy, F. E. Babl, and C. Deasy, Pediatric procedural sedation with ketamine: time to discharge after intramuscular versus intravenous admin-istration, Acad Emerg Med, vol.16, pp.101-107, 2009.

G. Andolfatto, E. Willman, and D. Joo, Intranasal ketamine for anal-gesia in the emergency department: a prospective observational series, Acad Emerg Med, vol.20, pp.1050-1054, 2013.

N. Poonai, K. Canton, S. Ali, S. Hendrikx, A. Shah et al., Intranasal ketamine for procedural sedation and analgesia in children: A systematic review. PLoS One, Curr Med Emerg Hosp Rep, vol.4, pp.11-18, 2016.

R. S. Pedersen, A. Bayat, N. P. Steen, and M. L. Jacobsson, Nitrous oxide provides safe and effective analgesia for minor paediatric procedures-a systematic review

, Dan Med J, vol.60, issue.6, p.4627, 2013.

C. C. Otley and T. H. Nguyen, Conscious sedation of pediatric patients with combination oral benzodiazepines and inhaled nitrous oxide, Dermatol Surg, vol.26, issue.11, pp.1041-1044, 2000.

A. Frampton, G. J. Browne, L. T. Lam, M. G. Cooper, and L. G. Lane, Nurse administered relative analgesia using high concentration nitrous oxide to facilitate minor procedures in children in an emergency department, Emerg Med J, vol.20, issue.5, pp.410-413, 2003.

A. S. Gamis, J. F. Knapp, and J. A. Glenski, Nitrous oxide analgesia in a pediatric emergency department, Ann Emerg Med, vol.18, issue.2, pp.177-181, 1989.

I. Wattenmaker, J. R. Kasser, and A. Mcgravey, Self-administered nitrous oxide for fracture reduction in children in an emergency room setting, J Orthop Trauma, vol.4, issue.1, pp.35-38, 1990.

C. Burnweit, J. A. Diana-zerpa, M. H. Nahmad, C. A. Lankau, M. Weinberger et al., Nitrous oxide analgesia for minor pediatric surgical procedures: An effective alternative to conscious sedation?, J Pediatr Surg, vol.39, pp.495-504, 2004.

D. S. Tsze, M. D. Mallory, and J. P. Cravero, Practice Patterns and Adverse Events of Nitrous Oxide Sedation and Analgesia: A Report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium, J Pediatr, vol.169, pp.260-265, 2016.

M. Heinrich, C. Menzel, F. Hoffmann, M. Berger, and D. V. Schweinitz, Selfadministered procedural analgesia using nitrous oxide/oxygen (50:50) in the pediatric surgery emergency room: effectiveness and limitations, Eur J Pediatr Surg, vol.25, issue.3, pp.250-256, 2015.

O. 'sullivan, I. Benger, and J. , Nitrous oxide in emergency medicine, Emerg Med J, vol.20, issue.3, pp.214-217, 2003.

F. E. Babl, E. Oakley, A. Puspitadewi, and L. N. Sharwood, Limited analgesic efficacy of nitrous oxide for painful procedures in children, Emerg Med J, vol.25, pp.717-721, 2008.

M. Heinrich, C. Menzel, and F. Hoffmann, Self-administered procedural & analgesia using nitrous oxide/oxygen (50:50) in the pediatric surgery emer-gency room: effectiveness and limitations, Eur J Pediatr Surg, vol.25, pp.250-256, 2015.

W. L. Hennrikus, A. Y. Shin, and C. E. Klingelberger, Self-administered nitrous oxide and a hematoma block for analgesia in the outpatient reduction of fractures in children, J Bone Joint Surg Am, vol.77, pp.335-339, 1995.

A. Jimenez, D. Blazquez, and J. Cruz, Use of combined transmucosal fentanyl, nitrous oxide, and hematoma block for fracture reduction in a pediatric emergency department, Pediatr Emer Care, vol.28, pp.676-679, 2012.

R. W. Seith, T. Theophilos, and F. E. Babl, Intranasal fentanyl and highconcentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation, Acad Emerg Med, vol.19, issue.1, pp.31-36, 2012.

R. S. Litman, J. A. Kottra, R. J. Berkowitz, and D. S. Ward, Breathing patterns and levels of consciousness in children during administration of nitrous oxide after oral midazolam premedication, J Oral Maxillofac Surg, vol.55, issue.12, pp.1378-137, 1997.

F. E. Babl, J. Belousoff, C. Deasy, S. Hopper, and T. Theophilos, Paediatric procedural sedation based on nitrous oxide and ketamine: sedation registry data from Australia, Emerg Med J, vol.27, issue.8, pp.607-612, 2010.

R. S. Litman, J. A. Kottra, K. A. Verga, R. J. Berkowitz, and D. S. Ward, Chloral hydrate sedation: the additive sedative and respiratory depressant effects of nitrous oxide, Anesth Analg, vol.86, issue.4, pp.724-728, 1998.

O. Gall, D. Annequin, G. Benoit, E. Glabeke, F. Vrancea et al., Adverse events of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for procedural sedation in children, Lancet, vol.358, pp.1514-1519, 2001.

N. Kalach, *. , C. Barbier, R. E. Kohen, J. Begon-lours et al., Tolerance to nitrous oxideoxygen sedation for painful procedures in emergency pediatrics: 600 cases, Archives de Pédiatrie, vol.9, pp.1209-1215, 2002.

F. E. Babl, E. Oakley, C. Seaman, P. Barnett, and L. N. Sharwood, High-Concentrationnitrous oxide for procedural sedation in children: Adverse events and depth of sedation, Pediatrics, vol.121, issue.3, pp.528-532, 2008.

J. L. Zier and M. Liu, Safety of high-concentration nitrous oxide by nasal mask for pediatric procedural sedation: experience with 7802 cases, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.27, issue.12, pp.1107-1119, 2011.

H. Herff, P. Paal, and A. Von-goedecke, 187-Tobias JD. Applications of nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in the pediatric population, Pediatr Emer Care, vol.62, pp.245-265, 2007.

F. E. Babl, J. Grindlay, and M. J. Barrett, Laryngospasm with apparent aspiration during sedation with nitrous oxide, Ann Emerg Med, vol.66, pp.475-478, 2015.

S. Savage and D. Ma, The neurotoxicity of nitrous oxide: the facts and 'putative' mechanisms, Brain Sci, vol.4, pp.73-90, 2014.

R. D. Sanders, J. Weimann, and M. Maze, Biologic effects of nitrous oxide a mechanistic and toxicologic review, Anesthesiology, vol.109, pp.707-722, 2008.

J. L. Ducassé, G. Siksik, M. Durand-béchu, S. Couarraze, B. Vallé et al., Nitrous oxide for early analgesia in the emergency setting: a randomized, double-blind multicenter prehospital trial, Acad Emerg Med, vol.20, issue.2, pp.178-84, 2013.

W. T. Denman, P. M. Tuason, M. I. Ahmed, L. M. Brennen, M. S. Cepeda et al., The PediSedate device, a novel approach to pediatric sedation that provides distraction and inhaled nitrous oxide: clinical evaluation in a large case series, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.17, issue.2, pp.725-731, 2007.

D. B. Fenster, P. S. Dayan, J. Babineau, L. Aponte-patel, and D. S. Tsze, Randomized Trial of Intranasal Fentanyl Versus Intravenous Morphine for Abscess Incision and Drainage, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.34, issue.9, pp.607-612, 2018.

P. J. Mahar, J. A. Rana, C. S. Kennedy, and N. C. Christopher, A randomized clinical trial of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus intravenous morphine sulfate for initial control of pain in children with extremity injuries, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.23, issue.8, pp.544-552, 2007.

J. P. Acworth, D. Purdie, and R. C. Clark, Intravenous ketamine plus midazolam is superior to intranasal midazolam for emergency paediatric procedural sedation, Emerg Med J, vol.18, issue.1, pp.39-45, 2001.

E. Cagiran, C. Eyigor, A. Sipahi, H. Koca, T. Balcioglu et al., Comparison of oral Midazolam and Midazolam-Ketamine as sedative agents in paediatric dentistry, Eur J Paediatr Dent, vol.11, issue.1, pp.19-22, 2010.

T. A. Moreira, P. S. Costa, L. R. Costa, J. -. França, C. M. Antunes et al., Combined oral midazolam-ketamine better than midazolam alone for sedation of young children: à randomized controlled trial, Int J Paediatr Dent, vol.23, issue.3, pp.207-222, 2013.

S. Barkan, R. Breitbart, G. Brenner-zada, M. Feldon, A. Assa et al., A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of oral midazolam plus oral ketamine for sedation of children during laceration repair, Emerg Med J, vol.31, issue.8, pp.649-53, 2014.

P. S. Lucas-da-silva, O. Iglesias, S. B. Leão, F. V. Aguiar, V. E. Brunow-de-carvalho et al., Procedural sedation for insertion of central venous catheters in children: comparison of midazolam/fentanyl with midazolam/ketamine, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.17, issue.4, pp.358-63, 2007.

A. Mcqueen, R. O. Wright, M. M. Kido, E. Kaye, and B. Krauss, Procedural sedation and analgesia outcomes in children after discharge from the emergency department: ketamine versus fentanyl/midazolam, Ann Emerg Med, vol.54, issue.2, pp.191-97, 2009.

U. E. Akbulut, S. Saylan, B. Sengu, G. E. Akcali, E. Erturk et al., A comparison of sedation with midazolam-ketamine versus propofolfentanyl during endoscopy in children: a randomized trial, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.29, issue.1, pp.112-118, 2017.

S. L. Reynolds, K. K. Bryant, J. R. Studnek, M. Hogg, C. Dunn et al., Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Intranasal Ketamine Compared to Intranasal Fentanyl for Analgesia in Children with Suspected Extremity Fractures, Acad Emerg Med, vol.24, issue.12, pp.1430-1440, 2017.

J. Hoeffe, D. Trottier, E. Bailey, B. Shellshear, D. Lagacé et al., Intranasal fentanyl and inhaled nitrous oxide for fracture reduction: The FAN observational study, Am J Emerg Med, vol.35, issue.5, pp.710-715, 2017.

E. J. Klein, D. S. Diekema, C. A. Paris, L. Quan, M. Cohen et al., A randomized, clinical trial of oral midazolam plus placebo versus oral midazolam plus oral transmucosal fentanyl for sedation during laceration repair, J Clin Pediatr Dent, vol.109, issue.5, pp.105-115, 2002.

G. Andolfatto and E. Willman, A prospective case series of pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department using single-syringe ketamine-propofol combination (ketofol), Acad Emerg Med, vol.17, pp.194-201, 2010.

G. Q. Sharieff, D. R. Trocinski, and J. T. Kanegaye, Ketamine-propofol combination sedation for fracture reduction in the pediatric emergency department, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.23, pp.881-884, 2007.

M. T. Aouad, A. R. Moussa, and C. M. Dagher, Addition of ketamine to propofol for initiation of procedural anesthesia in children reduces propofol consumption and preserves hemodynamic stability, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol.52, pp.561-565, 2008.

A. Chiaretti, A. Ruggiero, and G. Barone, Propofol/alfentanil and propofol/ketamine procedural sedation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: safety, efficacy and their correlation with pain neuromediator expression, Eur J Cancer Care (Engl), vol.19, pp.212-220, 2010.

A. Shah, G. Mosdossy, and S. Mcleod, A blinded, randomized controlled trial to evaluate ketamine-propofol versus ketamine alone for procedural sedation in children, Ann Emerg Med, vol.57, 2011.

F. L. Coulter, J. A. Hannam, and B. J. Anderson, 213-Slavik VC, Zed PJ. Combination ketamine and propofol for procedural sedation and analgesia, Pharmacotherapy, vol.30, issue.9, pp.1588-98, 2007.

S. M. Green, G. Andolfatto, B. Krauss, J. P. Cravero, G. T. Blike et al., Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Incidence and nature of adverse events during pediatric sedation/anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room: report from the pediatric sedation research consortium, Ann Emerg Med, vol.57, issue.5, pp.1087-1096, 2006.

M. G. Roback, J. E. Wathen, L. Bajaj, and J. P. Bothner, Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs, Acad Emerg Med, vol.12, issue.6, pp.508-521, 2005.

B. L. Schmerler, D. M. Cohen, M. S. Leder, and B. K. Bonsu, Procedural sedation for fracture reduction in children with hyperactivity, Am J Emerg Med, vol.26, pp.661-665, 2008.

S. Malviya, S. Redline, P. V. Tishler, and M. Schluchter, Anesthesia for the child with an upper respiratory tract infection: Still a dilemma?, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.100, pp.1527-1532, 1999.

D. K. Ng, P. Y. Chow, C. H. Chan, K. L. Kwok, J. M. Cheung et al., 221-Brown KA, Laferrière A, Moss IR. Recurrent hypoxemia in young children with obstructive sleep apnea is associated with reduced opioid requirement for analgesia, Acta Paediatrica, vol.95, issue.4, pp.806-810, 2004.

S. R. Mallampati, S. P. Gatt, and L. D. Gugina, ):91. 224-Wright SW. Conscious sedation in the emergency department: the value of capnography and pulse oximetry, Can Anesth Soc J, vol.32, issue.1, pp.551-55, 1985.

C. J. Coté, D. F. Wax, M. A. Jennings, C. L. Gorski, and K. Kurczak-klippstein, Endtidal carbon dioxide monitoring in children with congenital heart disease during sedation for cardiac catheterization by nonanesthesiologists, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.17, issue.7, pp.661-666, 2007.

J. R. Lightdale, D. A. Goldmann, H. A. Feldman, A. R. Newburg, J. A. Dinardo et al., Microstream capnography improves patient monitoring during moderate sedation: a randomized, controlled trial, Pediatrics, vol.117, issue.6, pp.1170-1178, 2006.

M. L. Langhan, V. Shabanova, F. Y. Li, S. L. Bernstein, and E. D. Shapiro, A randomized controlled trial of capnography during sedation in a pediatric emergency setting, Am J Emerg Med, vol.33, issue.1, pp.25-30, 2015.

A. Beitz, A. Riphaus, A. Meining, T. Kronshage, C. Geist et al., Capnographic monitoring reduces the incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: A randomized, controlled study (ColoCap Study), Am J Gastroenterol, vol.107, pp.1205-1217, 2012.

J. L. Anderson, E. Junkins, C. Pribble, and E. Guenther, Capnography and depth of sedation during propofol sedation in children, Ann Emerg Med, vol.49, issue.1, pp.9-13, 2007.

J. D. Tobias, End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during sedation with a combination of midazolam and ketamine for children undergoing painful, invasive procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.15, pp.173-178, 1999.

M. J. Martinez, L. Siegelman, M. Somri, I. Matter, C. Hadjittofi et al., Detection of Respiratory Adverse Events in Pediatric Dental Patients Sedated With 0.75mg/Kg of Midazolam and Oxygen by Continuous Pretracheal Auscultation: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial, J Clin Pediatr Dent, vol.21, issue.7, pp.154-160, 1999.

M. L. Langhan and L. Chen, Current utilization of continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in pediatric emergency departments, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.24, issue.4, pp.211-214, 2008.

S. Ramgopal, J. Elmer, J. Escajeda, C. Martin-gill, M. L. Langhan et al., Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Physiologic monitoring practices during pediatric procedural sedation: a report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, vol.199, issue.11, pp.990-998, 2012.

M. Van-dijk, J. W. Peters, P. Van-deventer, and D. Tibboel, The COMFORT Behavior Scale : a tool for assessing pain and sedation in infants, Am J Nurs, vol.105, issue.1, pp.33-39, 2005.

C. Gamble, J. Gamble, R. Seal, R. B. Wright, and S. Ali, Bispectral analysis during procedural sedation in the pediatric emergency department, Pediatr Emerg Care, vol.28, issue.10, pp.1003-1011, 2012.

D. Agrawal, H. A. Feldman, B. Krauss, and M. L. Waltzman, Bispectral index monitoring quantifies depth of sedation during emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia in children, Ann Emerg Med, vol.43, issue.2, pp.247-55, 2004.

J. K. Bell, H. U. Laasch, L. Wibraham, R. E. England, J. A. Morris et al., Bispectral index monitoring for conscious sedation in intervention: better, safer, faster, Clin Radiol, vol.59, pp.1106-1119, 2004.

M. Gill, S. M. Green, and B. Krauss, A study of Bispectral Index monitor during procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department, Ann Emerg Med, vol.41, pp.234-275, 2003.

C. Dag, T. Bezgin, N. Özalp, G. Ayd?n, and G. , Utility of bispectral index monitoring during deep sedation in pediatric dental patients, J Clin Pediatr Dent, vol.39, issue.1, pp.68-73, 2014.

D. H. Newman, M. M. Azer, R. D. Pitetti, and S. Singh, When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1,367 pediatric procedural sedations, Ann Emerg Med, vol.42, pp.627-662, 2003.

M. E. Mcbride, W. B. Waldrop, J. J. Fehr, J. R. Boulet, and D. J. Murray, Simulation in pediatrics: the reliability and validity of a multiscenario assessment, Pediatrics, vol.128, issue.2, pp.335-343, 2011.

G. T. Blike, K. Christoffersen, J. P. Cravero, S. K. Andeweg, J. Jensen et al., A method for measuring system safety and latent errors associated with pediatric procedural sedation, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.101, issue.1, pp.988-994, 2005.

S. Priestley, F. E. Babl, D. Krieser, A. Law, J. Miller et al., Evaluation of the impact of a paediatric procedural sedation credentialing programme on quality of care, Emerg Med Australas, vol.18, issue.5-6, pp.498-504, 2006.

R. Pitetti, P. J. Davis, R. Redlinger, J. White, E. Wiener et al., Effect on hospital-wide sedation practices after implementation of the 2001 JCAHO procedural sedation and analgesia guidelines, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, vol.160, issue.2, pp.211-217, 2006.

P. T. Tseng, T. H. Leu, Y. W. Chen, and Y. P. Chen, Hematoma block or procedural sedation and analgesia, which is the most effective method of anesthesia in reduction of displaced distal radius fracture?, J Orthop Surg Res, vol.13, issue.1, p.62, 2018.

J. T. Newton, S. Shah, H. Patel, and P. Sturmey, Non pharmacologiques approches de comportement de gestion dans les enfants. Dent. 2003 mai, vol.30, pp.194-203

K. V. Iserson, 254-Rusy LM, Weisman SJ. Complementary therapies for acute pediatric pain management, Pediatr Clin North Am, vol.46, issue.4, pp.589-99, 2000.

P. Langley, 256-Stock A, Hill A, Babl FE. Practical communication guide for paediatric procedures, Emerg Med Australas, vol.11, issue.3, pp.641-647, 1999.

B. S. Krauss, B. A. Krauss, and S. M. Green, VIDEOS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Managing Procedural Anxiety in Children, N Engl J Med, vol.374, issue.16, p.19, 2016.