A. Freediving,

D. Sur,

G. Costalat, A. Pichon, and F. Joulia, Modeling the diving bradycardia: Toward an "oxygenconserving breaking point, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.115, issue.7, pp.1475-84, 2015.

B. Degano, Physiologie respiratoire. EMC -Pneumologie, vol.10, pp.1-15, 2013.

W. Jb, La physiologie respiratoire, 2003.

J. H. Corriol, La plongée en apnée. Physiologie médecine et prévention (4ème édition), 2006.

S. K. Hong, Y. C. Lin, D. A. Lally, B. J. Yim, N. Kominami et al., Alveolar gas exchanges and cardiovascular functions during breath holding with air, J Appl Physiol. avr, vol.30, issue.4, pp.540-547, 1971.

A. R. Bain, I. Drvis, and Z. Dujic, Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists, Exp Physiol, vol.103, issue.5, pp.635-651, 2018.

Z. Dujic, L. Uglesic, T. Breskovic, Z. Valic, K. Heusser et al., Involuntary breathing movements improve cerebral oxygenation during apnea struggle phase in elite divers, J Appl Physiol. déc, vol.107, issue.6, pp.1840-1846, 2009.

F. Joulia, F. Lemaître, and P. Fontanari, Circulatory effects of apnea in elite breath-hold divers, Acta Physiol, vol.197, pp.75-82, 2009.

C. Caspers, S. Cleveland, and J. D. Schipke, Diving reflex: Can the time course of heart rate reduction be quantified?, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.21, issue.1, pp.18-31, 2011.

E. Schagatay and J. Andersson, Diving response and apneic time in humans, Undersea Hyperb Med, vol.25, issue.1, pp.13-22, 1998.

A. M. Kiviniemi, T. Breskovic, and L. Uglesic, Heart rate variability during static and dynamic breathhold dives in elite divers, Auton Neurosci. 16 août, vol.169, issue.2, pp.95-101, 2012.

Y. C. Lin, K. K. Shida, and S. K. Hong, Effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, and rebreathing on circulatory response to apnea, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. janv, vol.54, issue.1, pp.172-179, 1983.

G. E. Foster and A. W. Sheel, The human diving response, its function, and its control, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.15, issue.1, pp.3-12, 2005.

J. Andersson and E. Schagatay, Effects of lung volume and involuntary breathing movements on the human diving response, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, vol.77, issue.1-2, pp.19-24, 1998.

A. Ostrowski and M. Strza?a, Arkadiusz Stanula et al. The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers, Journal of Human Kinetics, vol.32, pp.197-210, 2012.

K. Heusser, G. Dzamonja, and J. Tank, Cardiovascular regulation during apnea in elite divers, Hypertension, vol.53, issue.4, pp.719-743, 2009.

Z. Dujic, L. Uglesic, T. Breskovic, Z. Valic, K. Heusser et al., Involuntary breathing movements improve cerebral oxygenation during apnea struggle phase in elite divers, J Appl Physiol. déc, vol.107, issue.6, pp.1840-1846, 2009.

P. Delapille, E. Verin, and C. Tourny-chollet, Adaptations respiratoires chez le plongeur en apnée. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, Avril, vol.19, issue.2, pp.217-228, 2002.

H. Engan, M. X. Richardson, and A. Lodin-sundström, Effects of two weeks of daily apnea training on diving response, spleen contraction, and erythropoiesis in novel subjects, Scand J Med Sci Sports. juin, vol.23, issue.3, pp.340-348, 2013.

E. Schagatay, M. Van-kampen, and S. Emanuelsson, Effects of physical and apnea training on apneic time and the diving response in humans, Eur J Appl Physiol. juin, vol.82, issue.3, pp.161-170, 2000.

G. Ferretti and M. Costa, Diversity in and adaptation to breath-hold diving in humans, Comp Biochem Physiol, Part A Mol Integr Physiol. sept, vol.136, issue.1, pp.205-218, 2003.

E. Schagatay, Human breath-hold diving ability and its underlying physiology, Human Evolution, vol.29, issue.1-3, pp.125-140, 2014.

F. Joulia, J. G. Steinberg, and F. Wolff, Reduced oxidative stress and blood lactic acidosis in trained breath-hold human divers, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.133, issue.1-2, pp.121-151, 2002.

F. Joulia, J. G. Steinberg, and M. Faucher, Breath-hold training of humans reduces oxidative stress and blood acidosis after static and dynamic apnea, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.137, pp.19-27, 2003.

F. Lemaître, L. Seifert, and D. Polin, Apnea training effects on swimming coordination, J Strength Cond Res, vol.23, pp.1909-1914, 2009.

A. Ouattara and A. Genevé, Oxymag. Monitorage cardiovasculaire, vers des techniques sophistiquées moins invasives. 2017 mai, vol.30, pp.17-22

R. Richard, E. Lonsdorfer-wolf, A. Charloux, S. Doutreleau, M. Buchheit et al., Non-invasive cardiac output evaluation during a maximal progressive exercise test, using a new impedance cardiograph device, Eur J Appl Physiol. août, vol.85, issue.3-4, pp.202-209, 2001.

W. G. Kubicek, J. N. Karnegis, R. P. Patterson, D. A. Witsoe, and R. H. Mattson, Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiac output system, Aerosp Med. déc, vol.37, issue.12, pp.1208-1220, 1966.

S. Technology,

D. Sur,

R. Richard, E. Lonsdorfer-wolf, and A. Charloux, Non-invasive cardiac output evaluation during a maximal progressive exercise test, using a new impedance cardiograph device, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.85, issue.3-4, pp.202-209, 2001.

A. Charloux, E. Lonsdorfer-wolf, and R. R. , A new impedance cardiograph device for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac output at rest and during exercise: comparison with the "direct" Fick method, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.82, issue.4, pp.313-333, 2000.

D. S. Goldstein, R. O. Cannon, and R. Zimlichman, Clinical evaluation of impedance cardiography, Clin Physiol, vol.6, issue.3, pp.235-51, 1986.

. Bibliographie-de-l'article,

G. Costalat, A. Pichon, and F. Joulia, Modeling the diving bradycardia: Toward an "oxygenconserving breaking point, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.115, issue.7, pp.1475-84, 2015.

A. R. Bain, I. Drvis, and Z. Dujic, Physiology of static breath holding in elite apneists, Exp Physiol, vol.103, issue.5, pp.635-651, 2018.

C. Caspers, S. Cleveland, and J. D. Schipke, Diving reflex: Can the time course of heart rate reduction be quantified?, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.21, issue.1, pp.18-31, 2011.

A. Ostrowski and M. Strza?a, Arkadiusz Stanula et al. The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers, Journal of Human Kinetics, vol.32, pp.197-210, 2012.

G. E. Foster and A. W. Sheel, The human diving response, its function, and its control, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.15, issue.1, pp.3-12, 2005.

K. Heusser, G. Dzamonja, and J. Tank, Cardiovascular regulation during apnea in elite divers, Hypertension, vol.53, issue.4, pp.719-743, 2009.

F. Joulia, F. Lemaître, and P. Fontanari, Circulatory effects of apnea in elite breath-hold divers, Acta Physiol, vol.197, pp.75-82, 2009.

F. Joulia, J. G. Steinberg, and F. Wolff, Reduced oxidative stress and blood lactic acidosis in trained breath-hold human divers, Respir Physiol Neurobiol, vol.133, issue.1-2, pp.121-151, 2002.

R. Richard, E. Lonsdorfer-wolf, and A. Charloux, Non-invasive cardiac output evaluation during a maximal progressive exercise test, using a new impedance cardiograph device, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.85, issue.3-4, pp.202-209, 2001.

A. Charloux, E. Lonsdorfer-wolf, and R. R. , A new impedance cardiograph device for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac output at rest and during exercise: comparison with the "direct" Fick method, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.82, issue.4, pp.313-333, 2000.

D. S. Goldstein, R. O. Cannon, and R. Zimlichman, Clinical evaluation of impedance cardiography, Clin Physiol, vol.6, issue.3, pp.235-51, 1986.

Q. Vincent, Évaluation de la réponse cardio-ventilatoire à l'hypoxie chez des apnéistes confirmés, vol.74, 2017.

. Biostatgv--statistiques-en-ligne,

F. Lemaître, F. Bernier, and I. Petit, Heart rate responses during a breath-holding competition in well-trained divers, Int J Sports Med. août, vol.26, issue.6, pp.409-422, 2005.

G. Costalat, J. Coquart, and I. Castres, Hemodynamic adjustments during breathholding in trained divers, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.113, issue.10, pp.2523-2532, 2013.

E. Schagatay and J. Andersson, Diving response and apneic time in humans, Undersea Hyperb Med, vol.25, issue.1, pp.13-22, 1998.

S. K. Hong, T. O. Moore, and G. Seto, Lung volumes and apneic bradycardia in divers, J Appl Physiol. août, vol.29, issue.2, pp.172-178, 1970.

A. M. Kiviniemi, T. Breskovic, and L. Uglesic, Heart rate variability during static and dynamic breathhold dives in elite divers, Auton Neurosci. 16 août, vol.169, issue.2, pp.95-101, 2012.

H. Engan, M. X. Richardson, and A. Lodin-sundström, Effects of two weeks of daily apnea training on diving response, spleen contraction, and erythropoiesis in novel subjects, Scand J Med Sci Sports. juin, vol.23, issue.3, pp.340-348, 2013.

E. Schagatay, M. Van-kampen, and S. Emanuelsson, Effects of physical and apnea training on apneic time and the diving response in humans, Eur J Appl Physiol. juin, vol.82, issue.3, pp.161-170, 2000.

J. H. Corriol, La plongée en apnée. Physiologie médecine et prévention (4 ème édition, 2006.

G. Ferretti and M. Costa, Diversity in and adaptation to breath-hold diving in humans, Comp Biochem Physiol, Part A Mol Integr Physiol. sept, vol.136, issue.1, pp.205-218, 2003.

E. Schagatay, Human breath-hold diving ability and its underlying physiology, Human Evolution, vol.29, issue.1-3, pp.125-140, 2014.

A. Ross and A. Steptoe, Attenuation of the diving reflex in man by mental stimulation, J Physiol (Lond). mai, vol.302, pp.387-93, 1980.

J. J. Furedy, An experimental psychophysiological approach to human bradycardiac reflexes, Pavlov J Biol Sci. juin, vol.20, issue.2, p.96, 1985.

L. Eichhorn, J. Doerner, and J. A. Luetkens, Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 18 juin, vol.20, issue.1, p.40, 2018.

J. Andersson, G. Biasoletto-tjellström, and E. Schagatay, Pulmonary gas exchange is reduced by the cardiovascular diving response in resting humans, Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 29 févr, vol.160, issue.3, pp.320-324, 2008.

J. Andersson and E. Schagatay, Effects of lung volume and involuntary breathing movements on the human diving response, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, vol.77, issue.1-2, pp.19-24, 1998.

Y. C. Lin, K. K. Shida, and S. K. Hong, Effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, and rebreathing on circulatory response to apnea, J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. janv, vol.54, issue.1, pp.172-179, 1983.

G. Costalat, J. Coquart, and I. Castres, The oxygen-conserving potential of the diving response: A kinetic-based analysis, J Sports Sci. avr, vol.35, issue.7, pp.678-87, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325466

T. F. Whayne, N. T. Smith, and E. I. Eger, Reflex cardiovascular responses to simulated diving, Angiology. sept, vol.23, issue.8, pp.500-508, 1972.
DOI : 10.1177/000331977202300805

F. Biomedicale, ANNEXE 5 : Formulaire de consentement pour les volontaires de l'étude

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