W. A. Macrae, Chronic post-surgical pain: 10 years on, Br J Anaesth, vol.101, pp.77-86, 2008.

Z. Landman, T. Oswald, J. Sanders, and M. Diab, Spinal Deformity Study G. Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa, vol.36, pp.825-834, 1976.

V. Chidambaran, L. Ding, and D. L. Moore, Predicting the pain continuum after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: A prospective cohort study, Eur J Pain, vol.21, pp.1252-65, 2017.

H. Batoz, F. Semjen, M. Bordes--demolis, A. Benard, and K. Nouette-gaulain, Chronic postsurgical pain in children: prevalence and risk factors. A prospective observational study, Br J Anaesth, vol.117, pp.489-96, 2016.
DOI : 10.1097/01.sa.0000513302.95493.92

J. A. Rabbitts, E. Fisher, B. N. Rosenbloom, and T. M. Palermo, Prevalence and Predictors of Chronic Postsurgical Pain in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J Pain, vol.18, pp.605-619, 2017.

C. R. Chapman and C. J. Vierck, The Transition of Acute Postoperative Pain to Chronic Pain: An Integrative Overview of Research on Mechanisms, J Pain, vol.18, pp.359-360, 2017.

S. M. Walker, Pain after surgery in children: clinical recommendations, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, vol.28, pp.570-576, 2015.
DOI : 10.1097/aco.0000000000000227

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4617604?pdf=render

W. R. Johnson, D. Fedor, and S. Singhal, Systematic review of surgical treatment techniques for adult and pediatric patients with pectus excavatum, J Cardiothorac Surg, vol.9, p.25, 2014.

C. L. Von-baeyer, Numerical rating scale for self-report of pain intensity in children and adolescents: recent progress and further questions, Eur J Pain, vol.13, pp.1005-1012, 2009.

O. Gall, J. V. Aubineau, J. Berniere, L. Desjeux, and I. Murat, Analgesic effect of low-dose intrathecal morphine after spinal fusion in children, Anesthesiology, vol.94, pp.447-52, 2001.

S. C. Manion and T. J. Brennan, Thoracic epidural analgesia and acute pain management, Anesthesiology, vol.115, pp.181-189, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/01.sa.0000414262.66707.e2

, British Journal of Anaesthesia

W. T. Muhly, L. G. Maxwell, and J. P. Cravero, Pain management following the Nuss procedure: a survey of practice and review, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, vol.58, pp.1134-1143, 2014.

F. Julien-marsollier, R. David, J. Hilly, C. Brasher, D. Michelet et al.,

, Predictors of chronic neuropathic pain after scoliosis surgery in children, Scand J Pain, vol.17, pp.339-383, 2017.

D. Fletcher and V. Martinez, Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in patients after surgery: a systematic review and a meta-analysis, Br J Anaesth, vol.112, pp.991-1004, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/aeu137

C. B. Sieberg, L. E. Simons, and M. R. Edelstein, Pain prevalence and trajectories following pediatric spinal fusion surgery, J Pain, vol.14, pp.1694-702, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.09.005

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3873090?pdf=render

M. G. Page, J. Stinson, F. Campbell, L. Isaac, and J. Katz, Identification of pain-related psychological risk factors for the development and maintenance of pediatric chronic postsurgical pain, J Pain Res, vol.6, pp.167-80, 2013.

M. Connelly, R. D. Fulmer, and J. Prohaska, Predictors of postoperative pain trajectories in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa, vol.39, pp.174-81, 1976.

E. O. Bayman, R. Lennertz, and T. J. Brennan, Pain-Related Limitations in Daily Activities Following Thoracic Surgery in a United States Population, Pain Physician, vol.20, pp.367-78, 2017.

E. O. Bayman, K. R. Parekh, J. Keech, A. Selte, and T. J. Brennan, A Prospective Study of Chronic Pain after Thoracic Surgery, Anesthesiology, vol.126, pp.938-51, 2017.

A. D. Kristensen, T. A. Pedersen, V. E. Hjortdal, T. S. Jensen, and L. Nikolajsen, Chronic pain in adults after thoracotomy in childhood or youth, Br J Anaesth, vol.104, pp.75-84, 2010.

T. Voepel-lewis, M. S. Caird, and A. R. Tait, A High Preoperative Pain and Symptom Profile Predicts Worse Pain Outcomes for Children After Spine Fusion Surgery
DOI : 10.1213/ane.0000000000001963

, Anesth Analg, vol.124, pp.1594-602, 2017.

V. Chidambaran, R. Subramanyam, and L. Ding, Cost-effectiveness of intravenous acetaminophen and ketorolac in adolescents undergoing idiopathic scoliosis surgery, Paediatr Anaesth, vol.28, pp.237-285, 2018.

, British Journal of Anaesthesia

M. G. Page, F. Campbell, L. Isaac, J. Stinson, and J. Katz, Parental risk factors for the development of pediatric acute and chronic postsurgical pain: a longitudinal study, J Pain Res, vol.6, pp.727-768, 2013.

J. A. Rabbitts, R. V. Aaron, and E. Fisher, Long-Term Pain and Recovery After Major Pediatric Surgery: A Qualitative Study With Teens, Parents, and Perioperative Care Providers, J Pain, vol.18, pp.778-86, 2017.

D. R. Grant, S. J. Schoenleber, and A. M. Mccarthy, Are We Prescribing Our Patients Too Much Pain Medication? Best Predictors of Narcotic Usage After Spinal Surgery for Scoliosis, J Bone Joint Surg Am, vol.98, pp.1555-62, 2016.

E. Kim, B. Lee, and G. Cucchiaro, Perioperative Surgical Home: Evaluation of a New Protocol Focused on a Multidisciplinary Approach to Manage Children Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion Operation, Anesth Analg, vol.125, pp.812-821, 2017.

M. Pielech, C. B. Sieberg, and L. E. Simons, Connecting parents of children with chronic pain through art therapy, Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol, vol.1, pp.214-240, 2013.

A. R. Tait, M. E. Geisser, L. Ray, R. J. Hutchinson, and T. Voepel-lewis, Disclosing Study Information to Children and Adolescents: Is What They Want, What Their Parents Think They Want?, Acad Pediatr, vol.18, pp.370-375, 2018.

D. E. Logan, C. Conroy, C. B. Sieberg, and L. E. Simons, Changes in willingness to selfmanage pain among children and adolescents and their parents enrolled in an intensive interdisciplinary pediatric pain treatment program, Pain, vol.153, pp.1863-70, 2012.

F. J. Symons, S. K. Shinde, and E. Gilles, Perspectives on pain and intellectual disability, J Intellect Disabil Res, vol.52, pp.275-86, 2008.

D. Bouhassira, N. Attal, H. Alchaar, F. Boureau, B. Brochet et al., Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4), Pain. mars, vol.114, issue.1-2, pp.29-36, 2005.

C. Brasher, B. Gafsous, S. Dugue, A. Thiollier, J. Kinderf et al., Postoperative Pain Management in Children and Infants: An Update, Pediatr Drugs. 1 avr, vol.16, issue.2, pp.129-169, 2014.

J. Hohmeister, S. Demirakça, K. Zohsel, H. Flor, and C. Hermann, Responses to pain in school-aged children with experience in a neonatal intensive care unit: Cognitive aspects and maternal influences, Eur J Pain. 1 janv, vol.13, issue.1, pp.94-101, 2009.

S. S. Reuben, Chronic pain after surgery: what can we do to prevent it, Curr Pain Headache Rep. févr, vol.11, issue.1, pp.5-13, 2007.

C. Dualé, L. Ouchchane, P. Schoeffler, S. Soule-sonneville, C. Decoene et al., Neuropathic Aspects of Persistent Postsurgical Pain: A French Multicenter Survey With a 6-Month Prospective Follow-Up, J Pain. 1 janv, vol.15, issue.1, pp.24-25, 2014.

K. Wildgaard, J. Ravn, and H. Kehlet, Chronic post-thoracotomy pain: a critical review of pathogenic mechanisms and strategies for prevention, Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thorac Surg. juill, vol.36, issue.1, pp.170-80, 2009.

A. Bonnet, P. Lavand'homme, M. France, R. Reding, D. Kock et al.,

, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. déc, vol.31, issue.12, pp.945-954, 2012.

K. Mcgreevy, M. M. Bottros, and S. N. Raja, Preventing Chronic Pain following Acute Pain: Risk Factors, Preventive Strategies, and their Efficacy, Eur J Pain Suppl, vol.5, issue.2, pp.365-72, 2011.

B. Zernikow, J. Wager, T. Hechler, C. Hasan, U. Rohr et al., Characteristics of highly impaired children with severe chronic pain: a 5-year retrospective study on 2249 pediatric pain patients, BMC Pediatr. 16 mai, vol.12, p.54, 2012.

H. Batoz, F. Semjen, M. Bordes-demolis, A. Bénard, and K. Nouette-gaulain, Chronic postsurgical pain in children: prevalence and risk factors. A prospective observational study, Br J Anaesth, vol.117, issue.4, pp.489-96, 2016.

F. Julien-marsollier, R. David, J. Hilly, C. Brasher, D. Michelet et al., Predictors of chronic neuropathic pain after scoliosis surgery in children, Scand J Pain, vol.17, pp.339-383, 2017.

M. G. Pagé, J. Stinson, F. Campbell, L. Isaac, and J. Katz, Identification of pain-related psychological risk factors for the development and maintenance of pediatric chronic postsurgical pain, J Pain Res. 5 mars, vol.6, pp.167-80, 2013.

M. J. Neil and W. A. Macrae, Post Surgical Pain-The Transition from Acute to Chronic Pain. Rev Pain, vol.3, pp.6-9, 2009.

M. Connelly, R. D. Fulmer, J. Prohaska, A. L. Dryer, L. Thomas et al., Predictors of postoperative pain trajectories in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Spine. 1 févr, vol.39, issue.3, pp.174-181, 2014.

T. Voepel-lewis, M. S. Caird, A. R. Tait, S. Malviya, F. A. Farley et al., A High Preoperative Pain and Symptom Profile Predicts Worse Pain Outcomes for Children After Spine Fusion Surgery, Anesth Analg, vol.124, issue.5, pp.1594-602, 2017.

J. A. Rabbitts, C. Zhou, C. B. Groenewald, L. Durkin, and T. M. Palermo, Trajectories of postsurgical pain in children: risk factors and impact of late pain recovery on long-term health outcomes after major surgery. Pain, vol.156, pp.2383-2392, 2015.

L. Nikolajsen and L. D. Brix, Chronic pain after surgery in children, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. oct, vol.27, issue.5, pp.507-519, 2014.

M. Perry, A. Starkweather, K. Baumbauer, and E. Young, Factors Leading to Persistent Postsurgical Pain in Adolescents Undergoing Spinal Fusion: An Integrative Literature Review, J Pediatr Nurs Nurs Care Child Fam. 1 janv, vol.38, pp.74-80, 2018.

I. R. Molton, C. Graham, B. L. Stoelb, and M. P. Jensen, Current psychological approaches to the management of chronic pain, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, vol.20, issue.5, pp.485-494, 2007.

R. L. Claar and L. S. Walker, Functional assessment of pediatric pain patients: psychometric properties of the functional disability inventory, Pain. mars, vol.121, issue.1-2, pp.77-84, 2006.

P. A. Forgeron, S. King, J. N. Stinson, P. J. Mcgrath, A. J. Macdonald et al., Social functioning and peer relationships in children and adolescents with chronic pain: A systematic review, Pain Res Manag. févr, vol.15, issue.1, pp.27-41, 2010.

T. M. Palermo, Impact of recurrent and chronic pain on child and family daily functioning: a critical review of the literature, J Dev Behav Pediatr JDBP. févr, vol.21, issue.1, pp.58-69, 2000.

L. E. Simons, A. Smith, K. Kaczynski, and M. Basch, Living in fear of your child's pain: the Parent Fear of Pain Questionnaire, Pain. avr, vol.156, issue.4, pp.694-702, 2015.

T. M. Palermo, E. F. Law, B. Essner, T. Jessen-fiddick, and C. Eccleston, Adaptation of Problem-Solving Skills Training (PSST) for Parent Caregivers of Youth with Chronic Pain, Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol. sept, vol.2, issue.3, pp.212-235, 2014.

D. E. Logan, J. W. Guite, D. D. Sherry, and J. B. Rose, Adolescent-parent relationships in the context of adolescent chronic pain conditions, Clin J Pain. août, vol.22, issue.6, pp.576-83, 2006.

R. F. Howard, Current status of pain management in children, JAMA, vol.12, issue.18, pp.2464-2473, 2003.

T. P. Bastrom, M. C. Marks, B. Yaszay, and P. O. Newton, Harms Study Group. Prevalence of postoperative pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the association with preoperative pain, Spine, vol.38, issue.21, pp.1848-52, 2013.

V. Chidambaran, L. Ding, D. L. Moore, K. Spruance, E. M. Cudilo et al., Predicting the pain continuum after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: A prospective cohort study, Eur J Pain Lond Engl. août, vol.21, issue.7, pp.1252-65, 2017.

. Lavand'homme-p, The progression from acute to chronic pain, Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, vol.24, issue.5, pp.545-50, 2011.

J. Hohmeister, A. Kroll, I. Wollgarten-hadamek, K. Zohsel, S. Demirakça et al., Cerebral processing of pain in school-aged children with neonatal nociceptive input: an exploratory fMRI study, Pain. août, vol.150, issue.2, pp.257-67, 2010.

A. D. Kristensen, T. Pedersen, .. L. Hjortdal, V. E. Jensen, T. S. Nikolajsen et al., Chronic pain in adults after thoracotomy in childhood or youth, Br J Anaesth. janv, vol.104, issue.1, pp.75-84, 2010.

G. Wong, V. Yuen, B. Chow, and M. G. Irwin, Persistent pain in patients following scoliosis surgery. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc, vol.16, pp.1551-1557, 2007.

C. B. Sieberg, L. E. Simons, M. R. Edelstein, M. R. Deangelis, M. Pielech et al., Pain prevalence and trajectories following pediatric spinal fusion surgery, J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. déc, vol.14, issue.12, pp.1694-702, 2013.

Z. Landman, T. Oswald, J. Sanders, and M. Diab, Spinal Deformity Study Group. Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Spine. 1 mai, vol.36, issue.10, pp.825-834, 2011.

M. F. Maguire, A. Ravenscroft, D. Beggs, and J. P. Duffy, A questionnaire study investigating the prevalence of the neuropathic component of chronic pain after thoracic surgery, Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thorac Surg. mai, vol.29, issue.5, pp.800-805, 2006.

L. E. Chaparro, S. A. Smith, R. A. Moore, P. J. Wiffen, and I. Gilron, Pharmacotherapy for the prevention of chronic pain after surgery in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 24 juill, issue.7, p.8307, 2013.

S. Haroutiunian, L. Nikolajsen, N. B. Finnerup, and T. S. Jensen, The neuropathic component in persistent postsurgical pain: a systematic literature review, Pain. janv, vol.154, issue.1, pp.95-102, 2013.

M. Lindeman and K. Behm, Cognitive strategies and self-esteem as predictors of brace-wear noncompliance in patients with idiopathic scoliosis and kyphosis, J Pediatr Orthop. août, vol.19, issue.4, pp.493-502, 1999.

C. M. Sinclair, P. Meredith, J. Strong, and R. Feeney, Personal and Contextual Factors Affecting the Functional Ability of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review, J Dev Behav Pediatr JDBP. mai, vol.37, issue.4, pp.327-369, 2016.

C. Wood and A. Bioy, De la neurophysiologie à la clinique de l'hypnose dans la douleur de l'enfant. Douleurs Eval -Diagn -Trait, vol.6, pp.284-96, 2005.

D. Fletcher and V. Martinez, Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in patients after surgery: a systematic review and a meta-analysis, Br J Anaesth. juin, vol.112, issue.6, pp.991-1004, 2014.

V. Joly, P. Richebe, B. Guignard, D. Fletcher, P. Maurette et al., Remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia and its prevention with smalldose ketamine, Anesthesiology. juill, vol.103, issue.1, pp.147-55, 2005.

L. M. Breau and C. Burkitt, Assessing pain in children with intellectual disabilities, Pain Res Manag, vol.14, issue.2, pp.116-136, 2009.

F. J. Symons, S. K. Shinde, and E. Gilles, Perspectives on pain and intellectual disability, J Intellect Disabil Res. 1 avr, vol.52, issue.4, pp.275-86, 2008.

L. M. Breau, C. S. Camfield, P. J. Mcgrath, and G. A. Finley, Pain's impact on adaptive functioning, J Intellect Disabil Res JIDR. févr, vol.51, issue.2, pp.125-159, 2007.

D. Bouhassira, M. Lantéri-minet, N. Attal, B. Laurent, and C. Touboul, Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population, Pain. juin, vol.136, issue.3, pp.380-387, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00326893

D. E. Logan, C. Conroy, C. B. Sieberg, and L. E. Simons, Changes in willingness to selfmanage pain among children and adolescents and their parents enrolled in an intensive interdisciplinary pediatric pain treatment program, Pain. sept, vol.153, issue.9, pp.1863-70, 2012.

. Viii--serment-d'hippocrate,

, Au moment d'être admise à exercer la médecine, je promets et je jure d'être fidèle aux lois de l'honneur et de la probité

, Mon premier souci sera de rétablir, de préserver ou de promouvoir la santé dans tous ses éléments, physiques et mentaux

, Je respecterai toutes les personnes, leur autonomie et leur volonté, sans aucune discrimination selon leur état ou leurs convictions

, J'interviendrai pour les protéger si elles sont affaiblies, vulnérables ou menacées dans leur intégrité ou leur dignité

, Même sous la contrainte, je ne ferai pas usage de mes connaissances contre les lois de l'humanité

, Je ne tromperai jamais leur confiance et n'exploiterai pas le pouvoir hérité des circonstances pour forcer les consciences

, Je donnerai mes soins à l'indigent et à quiconque me les demandera

, Je ne me laisserai pas influencer par la soif du gain ou la recherche de la gloire

, Admise dans l'intimité des personnes, je tairai les secrets qui me seront confiés

, Reçue à l'intérieur des maisons, je respecterai les secrets des foyers et ma conduite ne servira pas à corrompre les moeurs

, Je ferai tout pour soulager les souffrances. Je ne prolongerai pas abusivement les agonies. Je ne provoquerai jamais la mort délibérément

, Je préserverai l'indépendance nécessaire à l'accomplissement de ma mission

, Je les entretiendrai et les perfectionnerai pour assurer au mieux les services qui me seront demandés

, J'apporterai mon aide à mes confrères ainsi qu'à leurs familles dans l'adversité

, Que les hommes et mes confrères m'accordent leur estime si je suis fidèle à mes promesses ; que je sois déshonorée et méprisée si j'y manque