A. Compston and A. Coles, Multiple sclerosis, Lancet Lond Engl. 6 avr, vol.359, issue.9313, pp.1221-1252, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00996686

M. Trojano, G. Lucchese, G. Graziano, B. V. Taylor, S. Simpson et al., Geographical Variations in Sex Ratio Trends over Time in Multiple Sclerosis, vol.7, 2012.

N. Koch-henriksen and P. S. Sørensen, The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology, Lancet Neurol. mai, vol.9, issue.5, pp.520-552, 2010.

S. M. Rao, G. J. Leo, L. Ellington, T. Nauertz, L. Bernardin et al., Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. II. Impact on employment and social functioning, Neurology. mai, vol.41, issue.5, pp.692-698, 1991.

G. Adelman, S. G. Rane, and K. F. Villa, The cost burden of multiple sclerosis in the United States: a systematic review of the literature, J Med Econ, vol.16, issue.5, pp.639-686, 2013.

A. Fromont, M. Lehanneur, F. Rollot, A. Weill, L. Clerc et al., Rev Neurol (Paris). juill, vol.170, issue.6-7, pp.432-441, 2014.

J. F. Kurtzke, A reassessment of the distribution of multiple sclerosis. Part one, Acta Neurol Scand. févr, vol.51, issue.2, pp.110-146, 1975.

R. A. Marrie, Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis aetiology, Lancet Neurol. déc, vol.3, issue.12, pp.709-727, 2004.

A. Fromont, C. Binquet, E. A. Sauleau, I. Fournel, A. Bellisario et al., Geographic variations of multiple sclerosis in France, Brain. 1 juill, vol.133, issue.7, pp.1889-99, 2010.

S. Vukusic, V. Van-bockstael, S. Gosselin, and C. Confavreux, Regional variations in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in French farmers, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. juill, vol.78, issue.7, pp.707-716, 2007.

G. A. Schumacher, G. Beebe, R. F. Kibler, L. T. Kurland, J. F. Kurtzke et al., Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis : report by the panel on the evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis

, Ann N Y Acad Sci. 31 mars, vol.122, pp.552-68, 1965.

F. D. Lublin and S. C. Reingold, Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis, Neurology. avr, vol.46, issue.4, pp.907-918, 1996.

A. Scalfari, A. Neuhaus, M. Daumer, P. A. Muraro, and G. C. Ebers, Onset of secondary progressive phase and long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. janv, vol.85, issue.1, pp.67-75, 2014.

R. Assouad, C. Louapre, A. Tourbah, C. Papeix, D. Galanaud et al., Clinical and MRI characterization of MS patients with a pure and severe cognitive onset, Clin Neurol Neurosurg, vol.126, pp.55-63, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01251574

S. Hoffmann, M. Tittgemeyer, and D. Y. Von-cramon, Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis, Curr Opin Neurol. juin, vol.20, issue.3, p.275, 2007.

C. Confavreux, S. Vukusic, T. Moreau, and P. Adeleine, Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis, N Engl J Med, vol.343, issue.20, pp.1430-1438, 2000.

B. D. Trapp, J. Peterson, R. M. Ransohoff, R. Rudick, S. Mörk et al., Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis, N Engl J Med. 29 janv, vol.338, issue.5, pp.278-85, 1998.

C. F. Lucchinetti, W. Bruck, and H. Lassmann, Evidence for pathogenic heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis, Ann Neurol. août, vol.56, issue.2, p.308, 2004.

C. A. Dendrou, L. Fugger, and M. A. Friese, Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis, Nat Rev Immunol. 15 sept, vol.15, issue.9, pp.545-58, 2015.

N. Grigoriadis, V. Van-pesch, and P. Group, A basic overview of multiple sclerosis immunopathology, Eur J Neurol. oct, vol.22, issue.2, pp.3-13, 2015.

J. Goverman, Autoimmune T cell responses in the central nervous system, Nat Rev Immunol. juin, vol.9, issue.6, p.393, 2009.

E. L. Thacker, F. Mirzaei, and A. Ascherio, Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis, Ann Neurol. mars, vol.59, issue.3, pp.499-503, 2006.

A. Ascherio and K. L. Munger, Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection, Ann Neurol. avr, vol.61, issue.4, pp.288-99, 2007.

A. Ascherio and K. L. Munger, Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors, Ann Neurol. juin, vol.61, issue.6, pp.504-517, 2007.

C. H. Hawkes, Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: a metanalysis, Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. juin, vol.13, issue.5, pp.610-615, 2007.

I. Van-der-mei, A. Ponsonby, T. Dwyer, L. Blizzard, R. Simmons et al., Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: casecontrol study, BMJ. 9 août, vol.327, issue.7410, p.316, 2003.

S. Orton, W. L. Confavreux, C. Vukusic, S. Krohn, J. P. Ramagopalan et al., Association of UV radiation with multiple sclerosis prevalence and sex ratio in France, Neurology. 1 févr, vol.76, issue.5, pp.425-456, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00567871

C. Pierrot-deseilligny and J. Souberbielle, Is hypovitaminosis D one of the environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis?, Brain J Neurol. juill, vol.133, pp.1869-88, 2010.

D. T. Okuda, R. Srinivasan, J. R. Oksenberg, D. S. Goodin, S. E. Baranzini et al., Genotype-Phenotype correlations in multiple sclerosis: HLA genes Page, vol.85, p.95

, influence disease severity inferred by 1HMR spectroscopy and MRI measures, Brain. janv, vol.132, issue.1, pp.250-259, 2009.

S. Sawcer, G. Hellenthal, M. Pirinen, C. Spencer, N. A. Patsopoulos et al., Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis, Nature. 10 août, vol.476, issue.7359, pp.214-223, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00996686

H. Liu, J. Huang, M. Dou, Y. Liu, B. Xiao et al., Variants in the IL7RA gene confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Caucasians: evidence based on 9734 cases and 10436 controls, vol.7, 2017.

B. G. Weinshenker, B. Bass, G. P. Rice, J. Noseworthy, W. Carriere et al., The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 2. Predictive value of the early clinical course, Brain J Neurol. déc, vol.112, pp.1419-1447, 1989.

C. Confavreux, S. Vukusic, and P. Adeleine, Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process, Brain J Neurol. avr, vol.126, pp.770-82, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427394

P. A. Brex, O. Ciccarelli, J. I. O'riordan, M. Sailer, A. J. Thompson et al., A longitudinal study of abnormalities on MRI and disability from multiple sclerosis, N Engl J Med. 17 janv, vol.346, issue.3, pp.158-64, 2002.

A. Damasceno, V. Glehn, F. Brandão, C. O. Damasceno, B. P. Cendes et al., Prognostic indicators for long-term disability in multiple sclerosis patients, J Neurol Sci. 15 janv, vol.324, issue.1-2, pp.29-33, 2013.

A. Langer-gould, S. M. Brara, B. E. Beaber, and J. L. Zhang, The incidence of clinically isolated syndrome in a multi-ethnic cohort, J Neurol. juill, vol.261, issue.7, pp.1349-55, 2014.

J. F. Kurtzke, Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS), Neurology. nov, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1444-52, 1983.

E. Leray, J. Yaouanq, L. Page, E. Coustans, M. Laplaud et al., Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis, Brain. juill, vol.133, issue.7, pp.1900-1913, 2010.

C. Confavreux and S. Vukusic,

, Rev Prat. 30 juin, vol.56, issue.12, pp.1313-1333, 2006.

D. L. Rotstein, B. C. Healy, M. T. Malik, T. Chitnis, and H. L. Weiner, Evaluation of no evidence of disease activity in a 7-year longitudinal multiple sclerosis cohort, JAMA Neurol. févr, vol.72, issue.2, pp.152-160, 2015.

M. Debouverie, S. Pittion-vouyovitch, S. Louis, F. Guillemin, and . Group, Natural history of multiple sclerosis in a population-based cohort, Eur J Neurol. sept, vol.15, issue.9, pp.916-937, 2008.

A. J. Coles, A. Cox, L. Page, E. Jones, J. Trip et al., The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy, J Neurol. janv, vol.253, issue.1, pp.98-108, 2006.

, Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group, Neurology. avr, vol.43, issue.4, pp.655-61, 1993.

K. P. Johnson, B. R. Brooks, J. A. Cohen, C. C. Ford, J. Goldstein et al., Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebocontrolled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group, Neurology. juill, vol.45, issue.7, pp.1268-76, 1995.

L. Kappos, C. H. Polman, M. S. Freedman, G. Edan, H. P. Hartung et al., Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes, Neurology, vol.67, issue.7, pp.1242-1251, 2006.

G. Edan, L. Page, and E. , Induction Therapy for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Why? When? How?, CNS Drugs, vol.27, issue.6, pp.403-412, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877114

C. H. Polman, P. W. O'connor, E. Havrdova, M. Hutchinson, L. Kappos et al., A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis, N Engl J Med. 2 mars, vol.354, issue.9, pp.899-910, 2006.

E. Baldi, A. Guareschi, F. Vitetta, C. Senesi, E. Curti et al., Previous treatment influences fingolimod efficacy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results from an observational study, Curr Med Res Opin. sept, vol.30, issue.9, pp.1849-55, 2014.

L. Page, E. Leray, E. Taurin, G. Coustans, M. Chaperon et al., Mitoxantrone as induction treatment in aggressive relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: treatment response factors in a 5 year follow-up observational study of 100 consecutive patients, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. janv, vol.79, issue.1, pp.52-58, 2008.

L. Page, E. Veillard, D. Laplaud, D. A. Hamonic, S. Wardi et al., Oral versus intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone for treatment of relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis (COPOUSEP): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority trial, Lancet Lond Engl. 5 sept, vol.386, issue.9997, pp.974-81, 2015.

G. Filippini, F. Brusaferri, W. A. Sibley, A. Citterio, G. Ciucci et al., Corticosteroids or ACTH for acute exacerbations in multiple sclerosis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, issue.4, p.1331, 2000.

A. Gafson, G. Giovannoni, and C. H. Hawkes, The diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: From Charcot to McDonald, Mult Scler Relat Disord. janv, vol.1, issue.1, pp.9-14, 2012.

C. M. Poser, D. W. Paty, L. Scheinberg, W. I. Mcdonald, F. A. Davis et al., New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols, Ann Neurol. mars, vol.13, issue.3, pp.227-258, 1983.

W. I. Mcdonald, A. Compston, G. Edan, D. Goodkin, H. P. Hartung et al., Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, Ann Neurol. juill, vol.50, issue.1, pp.121-128, 2001.

M. Tintoré, A. Rovira, J. Río, C. Nos, E. Grivé et al., New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: application in first demyelinating episode, Neurology. 14 janv, vol.60, issue.1, pp.27-30, 2003.

F. Barkhof, M. Filippi, D. H. Miller, P. Scheltens, A. Campi et al., Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis, Brain J Neurol, vol.120, pp.2059-69, 1997.

M. Andersson, J. Alvarez-cermeño, G. Bernardi, I. Cogato, P. Fredman et al., Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. août, vol.57, issue.8, pp.897-902, 1994.

C. H. Polman, S. C. Reingold, G. Edan, M. Filippi, H. Hartung et al., Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the « McDonald Criteria, Ann Neurol. déc, vol.58, issue.6, pp.840-846, 2005.

J. K. Swanton, A. Rovira, M. Tintore, D. R. Altmann, F. Barkhof et al., MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes: a multicentre retrospective study, Lancet Neurol. août, vol.6, issue.8, pp.677-86, 2007.

J. Kira, Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population, Lancet Neurol. févr, vol.2, issue.2, pp.117-144, 2003.

C. H. Polman, S. C. Reingold, B. Banwell, M. Clanet, J. A. Cohen et al., Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria, Ann Neurol. févr, vol.69, issue.2, pp.292-302, 2011.

M. Sandberg-wollheim and T. Olsson, Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands are important in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, unreasonably downplayed by the McDonald criteria 2010: Yes, Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. mai, vol.19, issue.6, pp.714-720, 2013.

A. J. Thompson, B. L. Banwell, F. Barkhof, W. M. Carroll, T. Coetzee et al., Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria, Lancet Neurol. févr, vol.17, issue.2, pp.162-73, 2018.

O. Aktas, M. P. Wattjes, M. Stangel, and H. Hartung, Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: revision of the McDonald criteria, Nervenarzt. 6 juin, 2017.

B. G. Weinshenker, B. Bass, G. P. Rice, J. Noseworthy, W. Carriere et al., The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. I. Clinical course and disability, Brain J Neurol. févr, vol.112, pp.133-179, 1989.

H. Tremlett, D. Paty, and V. Devonshire, Disability progression in multiple sclerosis is slower than previously reported, Neurology. 24 janv, vol.66, issue.2, pp.172-179, 2006.

A. Compston and A. Coles, Multiple sclerosis, Lancet Lond Engl, vol.372, issue.9648, pp.1502-1519, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00996686

B. Cree, D. E. Reich, O. Khan, D. Jager, P. L. Nakashima et al., Modification of Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes by African Ancestry at HLA, Arch Neurol. févr, vol.66, issue.2, pp.226-259, 2009.

R. J. Buchanan, M. A. Zuniga, G. Carrillo-zuniga, B. J. Chakravorty, T. Tyry et al., Comparisons of Latinos, African Americans, and Caucasians with multiple sclerosis, Ethn Dis, vol.20, issue.4, pp.451-458, 2010.

. Cree-b-a.-c, O. Khan, D. Bourdette, D. S. Goodin, J. A. Cohen et al., Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs Caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis, Neurology. 14 déc, vol.63, issue.11, pp.2039-2084, 2004.

N. Chausson, S. Olindo, A. Signaté, D. Smadja, and P. Cabre, , 2005.

, McDonald MRI criteria for dissemination in space in Afro-Caribbean patients with clinically isolated syndromes, Eur J Neurol, vol.16, issue.11, pp.1191-1197, 2009.

M. T. Wallin, J. F. Kurtzke, W. J. Culpepper, P. Coffman, H. Maloni et al., Multiple sclerosis in gulf war era veterans. 2. Military deployment and risk of multiple sclerosis in the first gulf war, Neuroepidemiology, vol.42, issue.4, pp.226-260, 2014.

R. T. Naismith, K. Trinkaus, and A. H. Cross, Phenotype and prognosis in African-Americans with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective chart review, Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. déc, vol.12, issue.6, pp.775-81, 2006.

M. D. Kaufman, S. K. Johnson, D. Moyer, J. Bivens, and H. J. Norton, Multiple sclerosis: severity and progression rate in African Americans compared with whites, Am J Phys Med Rehabil. août, vol.82, issue.8, pp.582-90, 2003.

M. Al-kawaz, E. Monohan, E. Morris, J. S. Perumal, N. N. Vartanian et al., Differential Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Cortical and Deep Gray Matter Structures in African Americans and Caucasian Americans, J Neuroimaging Off J Am Soc Neuroimaging. mai, vol.27, issue.3, pp.333-341, 2017.

M. T. Wallin, W. J. Culpepper, H. Maloni, and J. F. Kurtzke, The Gulf War era multiple sclerosis cohort: 3. Early clinical features, Acta Neurol Scand. janv, vol.137, issue.1, pp.76-84, 2018.

R. Roxburgh, S. R. Seaman, T. Masterman, A. E. Hensiek, S. J. Sawcer et al., Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score: using disability and disease duration to rate disease severity, Neurology. 12 avr, vol.64, issue.7, pp.1144-51, 2005.

I. Kister, E. Chamot, J. H. Bacon, P. M. Niewczyk, D. Guzman et al., Rapid disease course in African Americans with multiple sclerosis, Neurology. 20 juill, vol.75, issue.3, pp.217-240, 2010.

A. L. Boster, C. F. Endress, S. A. Hreha, C. Caon, J. S. Perumal et al., Pediatriconset multiple sclerosis in African-American black and European-origin white patients, Pediatr Neurol. janv, vol.40, issue.1, pp.31-34, 2009.

D. J. Kimbrough, E. S. Sotirchos, J. A. Wilson, O. Al-louzi, A. Conger et al., Retinal Damage and Vision Loss in African-American Multiple Sclerosis Patients, Ann Neurol. févr, vol.77, issue.2, pp.228-264, 2015.

H. Merle, D. Smadja, M. S. Olindo, S. Signate, A. Donnio et al., Visual phenotype of multiple sclerosis in the Afro-Caribbean population and the influence of migration to metropolitan France, Eur J Ophthalmol. juin, vol.15, issue.3, pp.392-401, 2005.

P. H. Phillips, N. J. Newman, and M. J. Lynn, Optic neuritis in African Americans, Arch Neurol. févr, vol.55, issue.2, pp.186-92, 1998.

N. Seraji-bozorgzad, S. Reed, F. Bao, C. Santiago, A. Tselis et al., Characterizing retinal structure injury in African-Americans with multiple sclerosis, Mult Scler Relat Disord. mai, vol.7, pp.16-20, 2016.

P. Cabre, A. Signate, S. Olindo, H. Merle, D. Caparros-lefebvre et al., Role of return migration in the emergence of multiple sclerosis in the French West Indies, Brain J Neurol. déc, vol.128, pp.2899-910, 2005.

P. Cabre, Migration and multiple sclerosis: the French West Indies experience, J Neurol Sci, vol.15, issue.1-2, pp.117-138, 2007.

C. M. Poser and J. C. Vernant,

, Bull Soc Pathol Exot, vol.86, issue.5, pp.428-460, 1990.

J. C. Vernant, L. Maurs, A. Gessain, F. Barin, O. Gout et al., Endemic tropical spastic paraparesis associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I: a clinical and seroepidemiological study of 25 cases, Ann Neurol. févr, vol.21, issue.2, pp.123-153, 1987.

P. Cabre, O. Heinzlef, H. Merle, G. G. Buisson, O. Bera et al., MS and neuromyelitis optica in Martinique (French West Indies), Neurology. 27 févr, vol.56, issue.4, pp.507-521, 2001.

P. Cabre, Environmental changes and epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the French West Indies, J Neurol Sci, vol.15, issue.1-2, pp.58-61, 2009.

J. F. Kurtzke and K. Hyllested, Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands and the lack of protection by exposure in infancy, Neuroepidemiology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.90-99, 1992.

A. Villon, G. Foulon, R. Ancelle, N. Q. Nguyen, and G. Martin-bouyer,

, Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. oct, vol.76, issue.4, pp.406-422, 1983.

A. S. Mckee and E. J. Pearce, CD25+CD4+ cells contribute to Th2 polarization during helminth infection by suppressing Th1 response development, J Immunol Baltim Md, vol.173, issue.2, pp.1224-1255, 1950.

F. Dalmay, D. Bhalla, A. Nicoletti, J. A. Cabrera-gomez, P. Cabre et al., Multiple sclerosis and solar exposure before the age of 15 years: case-control study in Cuba, Martinique and Sicily, Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. août, vol.16, issue.8, pp.899-908, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00606425

K. M. Spach and C. E. Hayes, Vitamin D3 Confers Protection from Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Only in Female Mice, J Immunol. 15 sept, vol.175, issue.6, pp.4119-4145, 2005.

B. O. Osuntokun, The pattern of neurological illness in tropical Africa. Experience at Ibadan, Nigeria, J Neurol Sci. avr, vol.12, issue.4, pp.417-459, 1971.

J. E. Cosnett, Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Case report and speculation, South Afr Med J Suid-Afr Tydskr Vir Geneeskd. 8 août, vol.60, issue.6, pp.249-51, 1981.

G. Modi, A. Mochan, M. Modi, and D. Saffer, Demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system occurring in black South Africans, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. avr, vol.70, issue.4, pp.500-505, 2001.

A. I. Bhigjee, K. Moodley, and K. Ramkissoon, Multiple sclerosis in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa: an epidemiological and clinical study, vol.13, pp.1095-1104, 2007.

B. Weinstock-guttman, M. Ramanathan, K. Hashmi, N. Abdelrahman, D. Hojnacki et al., Increased tissue damage and lesion volumes in African Americans with multiple sclerosis, Neurology. 16 févr, vol.74, issue.7, pp.538-582, 2010.

E. Rivas-rodríguez and L. Amezcua, Ethnic Considerations and Multiple Sclerosis Disease Variability in the United States, Neurol Clin. févr, vol.36, issue.1, pp.151-62, 2018.

D. M. Wingerchuk, B. Banwell, J. L. Bennett, P. Cabre, W. Carroll et al., International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, Neurology. 14 juill, vol.85, issue.2, pp.177-89, 2015.

C. Confavreux, D. A. Compston, O. R. Hommes, W. I. Mcdonald, and A. J. Thompson, EDMUS, a European database for multiple sclerosis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. août, vol.55, issue.8, pp.671-677, 1992.

A. Langer-gould, S. M. Brara, B. E. Beaber, and J. L. Zhang, Incidence of multiple sclerosis in multiple racial and ethnic groups, Neurology. 7 mai, vol.80, pp.1734-1743, 2013.

J. Howard, M. Battaglini, J. S. Babb, D. Arienzo, B. Holst et al., MRI Correlates of Disability in African-Americans with Multiple Sclerosis, PLoS ONE. 10 août, vol.7, issue.8, 2012.

J. R. Rinker, K. Trinkaus, R. T. Naismith, and A. H. Cross, Higher IgG index found in African Americans versus Caucasians with multiple sclerosis, Neurology. 3 juill, vol.69, issue.1, pp.68-72, 2007.

N. Seraji-bozorgzad, O. Khan, B. Cree, F. Bao, C. Caon et al., Cerebral Gray Matter Atrophy Is Associated with the CSF IgG index in African American with Multiple Sclerosis, J Neuroimaging Off J Am Soc Neuroimaging. sept, vol.27, issue.5, pp.476-80, 2017.

M. Osoegawa, J. Kira, T. Fukazawa, K. Fujihara, S. Kikuchi et al., Temporal changes and geographical differences in multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese: nationwide survey results over 30 years, Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. févr, vol.15, issue.2, pp.159-73, 2009.

F. Fazekas, H. Offenbacher, S. Fuchs, R. Schmidt, K. Niederkorn et al., Criteria for an increased specificity of MRI interpretation in elderly subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis, Neurology. déc, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1822-1827, 1988.

I. Tsunoda, L. Kuang, I. Igenge, and R. S. Fujinami, Converting relapsing remitting to secondary progressive experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by ultraviolet B irradiation, J Neuroimmunol. mars, vol.160, issue.1-2, pp.122-156, 2005.

G. Dean and M. Elian, Age at immigration to England of Asian and Caribbean immigrants and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.63, issue.5, pp.565-573, 1997.

S. R. Hammond, D. R. English, and J. G. Mcleod, The age-range of risk of developing multiple sclerosis: evidence from a migrant population in Australia, Brain J Neurol. mai, vol.123, pp.968-74, 2000.

J. L. Sánchez, L. G. Palacio, C. S. Uribe, A. C. Londoño, A. Villa et al., Clinical features of multiple sclerosis in a genetically homogeneous tropical population, Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. août, vol.7, issue.4, pp.227-236, 2001.

M. Elian and G. Dean, Multiple sclerosis among the United Kingdom-born children of immigrants from the West Indies, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. mars, vol.50, issue.3, pp.327-359, 1987.

P. Berg-hansen, S. M. Moen, L. Sandvik, H. F. Harbo, I. J. Bakken et al., Prevalence of multiple sclerosis among immigrants in Norway, Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. mai, vol.21, issue.6, pp.695-702, 2015.

C. Nardin, C. Latarche, M. Soudant, C. Dahan, M. Michaud et al., Generational changes in multiple sclerosis phenotype in North African immigrants in France: A population-based observational study, PLoS ONE. 27 mars, vol.13, issue.3, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02361080

Y. Sidhom, E. Maillart, T. Du-montcel, S. Kacem, I. Lubetzki et al., Fast multiple sclerosis progression in North Africans: Both genetics and environment matter, Neurology. 28 mars, vol.88, issue.13, pp.1218-1243, 2017.

D. A. Hafler, A. Compston, S. Sawcer, E. S. Lander, M. J. Daly et al., Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study, N Engl J Med, vol.357, issue.9, pp.851-62, 2007.

V. M. Rivera, Multiple Sclerosis in Latin Americans: Genetic Aspects, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. août, vol.17, issue.8, p.57, 2017.

N. Isobe, P. Gourraud, H. F. Harbo, S. J. Caillier, A. Santaniello et al., Genetic risk variants in African Americans with multiple sclerosis, Neurology. 16 juill, vol.81, issue.3, pp.219-246, 2013.

N. Isobe, L. Madireddy, P. Khankhanian, T. Matsushita, S. J. Caillier et al., An ImmunoChip study of multiple sclerosis risk in African Americans, Brain. juin, vol.138, issue.6, pp.1518-1548, 2015.

E. Quelvennec, O. Bera, P. Cabre, M. Alizadeh, D. Smadja et al., Genetic and functional studies in multiple sclerosis patients from Martinique attest for a specific and direct role of the HLA-DR locus in the syndrome, Tissue Antigens. févr, vol.61, issue.2, pp.166-71, 2003.

S. A. Tishkoff, F. A. Reed, F. R. Friedlaender, C. Ehret, A. Ranciaro et al., The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans, Science. mai, vol.324, issue.5930, pp.1035-1079, 2009.

J. R. Oksenberg, L. F. Barcellos, B. Cree, S. E. Baranzini, T. L. Bugawan et al., Mapping Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility to the HLA-DR Locus in African Americans, Am J Hum Genet. janv, vol.74, issue.1, pp.160-167, 2004.

B. A. Johnson, J. Wang, E. M. Taylor, S. J. Caillier, J. Herbert et al., Multiple sclerosis susceptibility alleles in African Americans, Genes Immun. juin, vol.11, issue.4, pp.343-50, 2010.

M. W. Koch, L. M. Metz, and O. Kovalchuk, Epigenetic changes in patients with multiple sclerosis, Nat Rev Neurol. janv, vol.9, issue.1, pp.35-43, 2013.

S. Jeannin, R. Deschamps, N. Chausson, and P. Cabre, Response to Interferon-Beta Treatment in Afro-Caribbeans with Multiple Sclerosis, Mult Scler Int, 2011.

B. Cree, A. Al-sabbagh, R. Bennett, and D. Goodin, Response to interferon beta-1a treatment in African American multiple sclerosis patients, Arch Neurol, vol.62, issue.11, pp.1681-1684, 2005.

L. Zhovtis-ryerson, R. Green, G. Confident, K. Pandey, B. Richter et al., Efficacy and tolerability of dimethyl fumarate in White-, African-and Hispanic-Americans with multiple sclerosis, Ther Adv Neurol Disord, vol.9, issue.6, pp.454-61, 2016.

B. Cree, W. H. Stuart, C. S. Tornatore, D. R. Jeffery, A. L. Pace et al., Efficacy of natalizumab therapy in patients of African descent with relapsing multiple sclerosis: analysis of AFFIRM and SENTINEL data, Arch Neurol. avr, vol.68, issue.4, pp.464-472, 2011.

S. Jeannin, M. Medjoubi, and P. Cabre, Response to natalizumab treatment in Afro-Caribbean with multiple sclerosis

B. Cree, D. L. Arnold, M. Cascione, E. J. Fox, I. M. Williams et al., Phase IV study of retention on fingolimod versus injectable multiple sclerosis therapies: a randomized clinical trial, Ther Adv Neurol Disord, vol.11, p.1756286418774338, 2018.

. Serment-d'hippocrate,

, Au moment d'être admis à exercer la médecine, je promets et je jure d'être fidèle aux lois de l'honneur et de la probité

, Mon premier souci sera de rétablir, de préserver ou de promouvoir la santé dans tous ses éléments, physiques et mentaux, individuels et sociaux

, Je respecterai toutes les personnes, leur autonomie et leur volonté, sans aucune discrimination selon leur état ou leurs convictions. J'interviendrai pour les protéger si elles sont affaiblies

, Même sous la contrainte, je ne ferai pas usage de mes connaissances contre les lois de l'humanité

, Je ne tromperai jamais leur confiance et n'exploiterai pas le pouvoir hérité des circonstances pour forcer les consciences

, Je ne me laisserai pas influencer par la soif du gain ou la recherche de la gloire

, Admis dans l'intimité des personnes, je tairai les secrets qui me seront confiés

, Reçu à l'intérieur des maisons, je respecterai les secrets des foyers et ma conduite ne servira pas à corrompre les moeurs

, Je ne prolongerai pas abusivement les agonies. Je ne provoquerai jamais la mort délibérément

, Je préserverai l'indépendance nécessaire à l'accomplissement de ma mission

, Je les entretiendrai et les, perfectionnerai pour assurer au mieux les services qui me seront demandés

, J'apporterai mon aide à mes confrères ainsi qu'à leurs familles dans l'adversité

, Que les hommes et mes confrères m'accordent leur estime si je suis fidèle à mes promesses ; que je sois déshonoré et méprisé si j'y manque