G. Wakabayashi, Y. Iwashita, T. Hibi, T. Takada, S. M. Strasberg et al., Tokyo Guidelines 2018: surgical management of acute cholecystitis: safe steps in laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (with videos), J Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat Sci. janv, vol.25, issue.1, pp.73-86, 2018.

P. Mouret, How I developed laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Ann Acad Med Singapore, vol.25, issue.5, pp.744-751, 1996.

L. Chiche and C. Letoublon, Traitement des complications de la cholécystectomie -Techniques chirurgicales - Appareil digestif, EMC, vol.49, p.960, 2010.

M. Eikermann, R. Siegel, I. Broeders, C. Dziri, A. Fingerhut et al., Prevention and treatment of bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc, vol.26, pp.3003-3042, 2012.

R. M. Walsh, J. M. Henderson, D. P. Vogt, and N. Brown, Long-term outcome of biliary reconstruction for bile duct injuries from laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Surgery, vol.142, pp.450-456, 2007.

D. R. Flum, A. Cheadle, C. Prela, E. P. Dellinger, and L. Chan, Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy and survival in medicare beneficiaries, JAMA, vol.22, issue.16, pp.2168-73, 2003.

P. Parrilla, R. Robles, E. Varo, C. Jiménez, S. Sánchez-cabús et al., Liver transplantation for bile duct injury after open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Br J Surg. janv, vol.101, issue.2, pp.63-71, 2014.

P. Addeo, A. Saouli, B. Ellero, M. Woehl-jaegle, E. Oussoultzoglou et al., Liver transplantation for iatrogenic bile duct injuries sustained during cholecystectomy, Hepatol Int. juill, vol.7, issue.3, pp.910-915, 2013.

J. Ahmad, K. Mcelvanna, L. Mckie, M. Taylor, and T. Diamond, Biliary complications during a decade of increased cholecystectomy rate, Ulster Med J. mai, vol.81, issue.2, pp.79-82, 2012.

P. V. Suhocki and W. C. Meyers, Injury to aberrant bile ducts during cholecystectomy: a common cause of diagnostic error and treatment delay, AJR Am J Roentgenol. avr, vol.172, issue.4, pp.955-964, 1999.

U. F. Giger, J. Michel, I. Opitz, T. Inderbitzin, D. Kocher et al., Risk factors for perioperative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: analysis of 22,953 consecutive cases from the Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery database, J Am Coll Surg, vol.203, issue.5, pp.723-731, 2006.

S. Sinha, D. Hofman, D. L. Stoker, P. J. Friend, J. D. Poloniecki et al., Epidemiological study of provision of cholecystectomy in England from 2000 to 2009: retrospective analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics, Surg Endosc. janv, vol.27, issue.1, pp.162-75, 2013.

T. M. Fullum, S. R. Downing, G. Ortega, D. C. Chang, T. A. Oyetunji et al., Is laparoscopy a risk factor for bile duct injury during cholecystectomy?, JSLS. sept, vol.17, issue.3, p.70, 2013.

L. Krähenbühl, G. Sclabas, M. Wente, M. Schäfer, R. Schlumpf et al., Incidence, risk factors, and prevention of biliary tract injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Switzerland. - PubMed - NCBI, World J Surg, vol.25, issue.10, p.30, 2001.

C. P. Georgiades, T. N. Mavromatis, G. C. Kourlaba, S. A. Kapiris, E. G. Bairamides et al., Is inflammation a significant predictor of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy?, Surg Endosc. sept, vol.22, issue.9, pp.1959-64, 2008.

M. Joseph, M. R. Phillips, T. M. Farrell, and C. C. Rupp, Single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a higher bile duct injury rate: a review and a word of caution, Ann Surg. juill, vol.256, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2012.

K. Araki, K. Shirabe, A. Watanabe, N. Kubo, S. Sasaki et al., Risk factors for an additional port in single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with cholecystitis, J Med Investig JMI, vol.64, pp.245-254, 2017.

N. N. Massarweh, A. Devlin, R. G. Symons, B. Elrod, J. A. Flum et al., Risk tolerance and bile duct injury: surgeon characteristics, risk-taking preference, and common bile duct injuries, J Am Coll Surg. juill, vol.209, issue.1, pp.17-24, 2009.

L. Stewart and L. W. Way, Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Factors that influence the results of treatment, Arch Surg Chic Ill, vol.130, issue.10, pp.1123-1131, 1960.

P. Hauters, S. Auvray, J. L. Cardin, M. Papillon, J. Delaby et al., Comparison between single-incision and conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective trial of the Club Coelio, Surg Endosc. mai, vol.27, issue.5, pp.1689-94, 2013.

V. L. Harrison, J. P. Dolan, T. H. Pham, B. S. Diggs, A. J. Greenstein et al., Bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in hospitals with and without surgical residency programs: is there a difference?, Surg Endosc. juin, vol.25, issue.6, p.74, 1969.

S. M. Strasberg, M. Hertl, and N. J. Soper, An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, J Am Coll Surg. janv, vol.180, issue.1, p.25, 1995.

L. W. Way, L. Stewart, W. Gantert, K. Liu, C. M. Lee et al., Causes and prevention of laparoscopic bile duct injuries: analysis of 252 cases from a human factors and cognitive psychology perspective, Ann Surg. avr, vol.237, issue.4, pp.460-469, 2003.

L. Sarli, R. Costi, and L. Roncoroni, Intraoperative cholangiography and bile duct injury, Surg Endosc. janv, vol.20, issue.1, pp.176-183, 2006.

A. Pesce, T. R. Portale, V. Minutolo, R. Scilletta, L. Destri et al., Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy without intraoperative cholangiography: a retrospective study on 1,100 selected patients, Dig Surg, vol.29, issue.4, pp.310-314, 2012.

D. R. Flum, E. P. Dellinger, A. Cheadle, L. Chan, and T. Koepsell, Intraoperative cholangiography and risk of common bile duct injury during cholecystectomy, JAMA. 2 avr, vol.289, issue.13, pp.1639-1683, 2003.

F. Borie and B. Millat, Intraoperative cholangiography by laparoscopy. Why and how to do it?

, J Chir (Paris). avr, vol.140, issue.2, p.3, 2003.

P. R. De-reuver, E. A. Rauws, M. J. Bruno, J. S. Lameris, O. R. Busch et al., Survival in bile duct injury patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a multidisciplinary approach of gastroenterologists, radiologists, and surgeons, Surgery. juill, vol.142, issue.1, p.9, 2007.

, WHO Guidelines for Safe Surgery 2009: Safe Surgery Saves Lives, 2009.

A. B. Haynes, T. G. Weiser, W. R. Berry, S. R. Lipsitz, A. Breizat et al., A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population, N Engl J Med. 29 janv, vol.360, issue.5, pp.491-500, 2009.

T. B. Hugh, New strategies to prevent laparoscopic bile duct injury--surgeons can learn from pilots. Surgery, vol.132, p.35, 2002.

J. Reason, Human error: models and management, BMJ. 18 mars, vol.320, issue.7237, pp.768-70, 2000.

A. Yaghoubian, G. Saltmarsh, D. K. Rosing, R. J. Lewis, B. E. Stabile et al., Decreased bile duct injury rate during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the era of the 80-hour resident workweek, Arch Surg Chic Ill, vol.143, issue.9, p.51, 1960.

J. Paineau, A. Hamy, and J. Gugenheim, Monographie de l'Association française de chirurgie : Plaies iatrogènes de la voie biliaire (hors chirurgie hépatique). Arnette, 2011.

S. D. Pearson, L. Goldman, E. J. Orav, E. Guadagnoli, T. B. Garcia et al., Triage decisions for emergency department patients with chest pain: do physicians' risk attitudes make the difference?, J Gen Intern Med. oct, vol.10, issue.10, pp.557-64, 1995.

F. Zinzindohoue, De la genèse des erreurs médicales, de l'imputabilité de la faute, J Chir, vol.145, issue.5, p.10, 2008.

S. Andrews, Does concentration of surgical expertise improve outcomes for laparoscopic cholecystectomy? 9 year audit cycle, Surg J R Coll Surg Edinb Irel. déc, vol.11, issue.6, p.12, 2013.

S. B. Archer, D. W. Brown, C. D. Smith, G. D. Branum, and J. G. Hunter, Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: results of a national survey, Ann Surg, vol.234, issue.4, pp.558-559, 2001.

H. Aziz, V. Pandit, B. Joseph, T. Jie, and E. Ong, Age and Obesity are Independent Predictors of Bile Duct Injuries in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, World J Surg. juill, vol.39, issue.7, pp.1804-1812, 2015.

G. Nuzzo, F. Giuliante, I. Giovannini, F. Ardito, D. 'acapito et al., Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: results of an Italian national survey on 56 591 cholecystectomies, Arch Surg Chic Ill, vol.140, issue.10, pp.986-92, 1960.

S. Trichak, Three-port vs standard four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Surg Endosc. sept, vol.17, issue.9, pp.1434-1440, 2003.

S. Sun, K. Yang, M. Gao, X. He, J. Tian et al., Three-port versus four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, World J Surg. sept, vol.33, issue.9, pp.1904-1912, 2009.

D. M. Overbey, S. A. Hilton, B. C. Chapman, N. T. Townsend, C. C. Barnett et al., Hand-to-hand coupling and strategies to minimize unintentional energy transfer during laparoscopic surgery, J Surg Res, vol.219, pp.103-110, 2017.

K. Okamoto, K. Suzuki, T. Takada, S. M. Strasberg, H. J. Asbun et al., Tokyo Guidelines 2018: flowchart for the management of acute cholecystitis, J Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat Sci. janv, vol.25, issue.1, pp.55-72, 2018.

B. Zhu, Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, K. Gong, Y. Lu et al., Comparison of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis within and beyond 72 h of symptom onset during emergency admissions, World J Surg, vol.36, issue.11, pp.2654-2662, 2012.

L. Stewart, T. N. Robinson, C. M. Lee, K. Liu, K. Whang et al., Right hepatic artery injury associated with laparoscopic bile duct injury: incidence, mechanism, and consequences, J Gastrointest Surg Off J Soc Surg Aliment Tract. août, vol.8, issue.5, pp.530-531, 2004.

M. A. Mercado, Early versus late repair of bile duct injuries. Surg Endosc, vol.20, pp.1644-1651, 2006.

B. Thomson, R. W. Parks, K. K. Madhavan, S. J. Wigmore, and O. J. Garden, Early specialist repair of biliary injury, Br J Surg. févr, vol.93, issue.2, p.20, 2006.

J. Hepp and C. Couinaud,

, Presse Med. 23 mai, vol.64, issue.41, pp.947-955, 1956.

M. A. Mercado and I. Domínguez, Classification and management of bile duct injuries, World J Gastrointest Surg. 27 avr, vol.3, issue.4, pp.43-51, 2011.

P. R. De-reuver, I. Grossmann, O. R. Busch, H. Obertop, T. M. Van-gulik et al., Referral pattern and timing of repair are risk factors for complications after reconstructive surgery for bile duct injury, Ann Surg. mai, vol.245, issue.5, pp.763-70, 2007.

C. S. Huang, H. H. Lein, F. C. Tai, and C. H. Wu, Long-term results of major bile duct injury associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Surg Endosc. sept, vol.17, issue.9, pp.1362-1369, 2003.

P. Sanjay, S. Tagolao, I. Dirkzwager, and A. Bartlett, A survey of the accuracy of interpretation of intraoperative cholangiograms. HPB, vol.14, pp.673-679, 2012.

L. Stewart and L. W. Way, Laparoscopic bile duct injuries: timing of surgical repair does not influence success rate. A multivariate analysis of factors influencing surgical outcomes, HPB. sept, vol.11, issue.6, pp.516-538, 2009.

P. R. Savassi-rocha, S. R. Almeida, M. D. Sanches, M. Andrade, .. C. Frerreira et al., Iatrogenic bile duct injuries, Surg Endosc. sept, vol.17, issue.9, p.61, 2003.

M. S. Metcalfe, T. Ong, M. H. Bruening, H. Iswariah, S. A. Wemyss-holden et al., Is laparoscopic intraoperative cholangiogram a matter of routine?, Am J Surg. avr, vol.187, issue.4, pp.475-81, 2004.

B. Thomson, M. J. Cullinan, S. W. Banting, and N. A. Collier, Universities of Melbourne Hepatobiliary Group. Recognition and management of biliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, ANZ J Surg. avr, vol.73, issue.4, pp.183-191, 2003.

N. N. Massarweh, A. Devlin, J. Elrod, R. G. Symons, and D. R. Flum, Surgeon knowledge, behavior, and opinions regarding intraoperative cholangiography, J Am Coll Surg. déc, vol.207, issue.6, p.30, 2008.

P. Sanjay, C. Kulli, F. M. Polignano, and I. S. Tait, Optimal surgical technique, use of intra-operative cholangiography (IOC), and management of acute gallbladder disease: the results of a nation-wide survey in the UK and Ireland, Ann R Coll Surg Engl. mai, vol.92, issue.4, pp.302-308, 2010.

A. Venara, S. Mucci, A. Roch, N. Jousset, E. Lermite et al., Visceral surgeon and intraoperative cholangiography: Survey about French Wild West surgeons, J Visc Surg, vol.148, issue.5, pp.385-391, 2011.

S. C. Schmidt, U. Settmacher, J. M. Langrehr, and P. Neuhaus, Management and outcome of patients with combined bile duct and hepatic arterial injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Surgery. juin, vol.135, issue.6, pp.613-621, 2004.

A. Alves, O. Farges, J. Nicolet, T. Watrin, A. Sauvanet et al., Incidence and consequence of an hepatic artery injury in patients with postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures, Ann Surg. juill, vol.238, issue.1, pp.93-99, 2003.

A. Ragozzino, R. De-ritis, A. Mosca, V. Iaccarino, and M. Imbriaco, Value of MR cholangiography in patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury after cholecystectomy, AJR Am J Roentgenol. déc, vol.183, issue.6, pp.1567-72, 2004.

F. Pilleul, Y. Billaud, G. Gautier, O. Monneuse, A. Crombé-ternamian et al., Mangafodipir-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography for the diagnosis of bile duct leaks, Gastrointest Endosc. juin, vol.59, issue.7, p.22, 2004.

M. Perera, M. A. Silva, B. Hegab, V. Muralidharan, S. R. Bramhall et al., Specialist early and immediate repair of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile duct injuries is associated with an improved long-term outcome, Ann Surg. mars, vol.253, issue.3, p.60, 2011.

J. Fatima, J. G. Barton, T. E. Grotz, Z. Geng, W. S. Harmsen et al., Is there a role for endoscopic therapy as a definitive treatment for post-laparoscopic bile duct injuries?, J Am Coll Surg, vol.211, issue.4, pp.495-502, 2010.

K. D. Lillemoe, S. A. Martin, J. L. Cameron, C. J. Yeo, M. A. Talamini et al., Major bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Follow-up after combined surgical and radiologic management, Ann Surg. mai, vol.225, issue.5, pp.468-471, 1997.

A. M. Schreuder, K. Booij, P. R. De-reuver, O. M. Van-delden, K. P. Van-lienden et al., Percutaneous-endoscopic rendezvous procedure for the management of bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy: short-and long-term outcomes, Endoscopy. 19 janv, 2018.

E. De-santibáñes, V. Ardiles, and J. Pekolj, Complex bile duct injuries: management, HPB, vol.10, issue.1, p.12, 2008.

B. Thomson, R. W. Parks, K. K. Madhavan, and O. J. Garden, Liver resection and transplantation in the management of iatrogenic biliary injury, World J Surg. déc, vol.31, issue.12, pp.2363-2372, 2007.

S. M. Strasberg, Avoidance of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, vol.9, issue.5, pp.543-550, 2002.

K. T. Buddingh and V. B. Nieuwenhuijs, The critical view of safety and routine intraoperative cholangiography complement each other as safety measures during cholecystectomy, J Gastrointest Surg Off J Soc Surg Aliment Tract. juin, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1069-70, 2011.

C. Avgerinos, D. Kelgiorgi, Z. Touloumis, L. Baltatzi, and C. Dervenis, One thousand laparoscopic cholecystectomies in a single surgical unit using the « critical view of safety » technique, J Gastrointest Surg Off J Soc Surg Aliment Tract. mars, vol.13, issue.3, pp.498-503, 2009.

, -303 du 4 mars 2002 relative aux droits des malades et à la qualité du système de santé, 2002.

, Code de déontologie médicale, vol.35, p.42, 2017.

C. Mongin, F. Dufour, F. Lattanzio, and G. Champault, Evaluation of stress in surgical trainees : prospective study of heart rate during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, J Chir (Paris). 11 juin, vol.145, issue.2, p.42, 2008.

V. Travers, A. Watrelot, and H. Cuche, Évaluation du niveau de stress et de ses principaux indicateurs chez les praticiens de bloc opératoire, Presse Médicale. déc, vol.41, issue.12, pp.577-85, 2012.

J. Carthey, M. R. De-leval, and J. T. Reason, The human factor in cardiac surgery: errors and near misses in a high technology medical domain, Ann Thorac Surg. juill, vol.72, issue.1, pp.300-305, 2001.