D. G. Ashbaugh, D. B. Bigelow, T. L. Petty, and B. E. Levine, Acute respiratory distress in adults, Lancet Lond Engl, vol.2, issue.7511, pp.319-342, 1967.

G. R. Bernard, A. Artigas, K. L. Brigham, J. Carlet, K. Falke et al., The AmericanEuropean Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.149, issue.3, pp.818-842, 1994.

. Ards-definition-task-force, V. M. Ranieri, G. D. Rubenfeld, B. T. Thompson, N. D. Ferguson et al., Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition, JAMA, vol.307, issue.23, pp.2526-2559, 2012.

D. De-luca, M. Piastra, G. Chidini, P. Tissieres, E. Calderini et al., The use of the Berlin definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome during infancy and early childhood: multicenter evaluation and expert consensus, Intensive Care Med, vol.39, issue.12, pp.2083-91, 2013.

, Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: consensus recommendations from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference, vol.16, pp.428-467, 2015.

G. Bellani, J. G. Laffey, T. Pham, F. E. Brochard, L. Esteban et al., Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries, JAMA, vol.315, issue.8, p.788, 2016.

G. D. Rubenfeld, J. Weaver, and E. J. Stern, Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Lung Injury, N Engl J Med, vol.9, 2005.

S. Erickson, A. Schibler, A. Numa, G. Nuthall, M. Yung et al., Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand-A prospective, multicenter, observational study*: Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2007.

L. Bindl, K. Dresbach, and M. J. Lentze, Incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome in German children and adolescents: A population-based study: Crit Care Med, 2005.

W. Yu, Z. Lu, Y. Wang, L. Shi, F. Kuang et al., The epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric intensive care units in China, Intensive Care Med, vol.35, issue.1, pp.136-179, 2009.

O. Timmons, Infection in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Semin Pediatr Infect Dis, vol.17, issue.2, pp.65-71, 2006.

C. S. Gan, J. Wong, R. Samransamruajkit, S. L. Chuah, Y. K. Chor et al.,

, Differences Between Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Multicenter Analysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2001.

M. W. Quasney, Y. M. López-fernández, M. Santschi, and R. S. Watson, The Outcomes of Children With Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Proceedings From the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference, 2015.

J. J. Zimmerman, S. R. Akhtar, E. Caldwell, and G. D. Rubenfeld, Incidence and Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Lung Injury, PEDIATRICS, vol.124, issue.1, pp.87-95, 2009.

H. R. Flori, D. V. Glidden, G. W. Rutherford, and M. A. Matthay, Pediatric Acute Lung Injury: Prospective Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated with Mortality, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.171, issue.9, pp.995-1001, 2005.

R. G. Khemani, L. Smith, Y. M. Lopez-fernandez, J. Kwok, R. Morzov et al.,

, Paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome incidence and epidemiology (PARDIE): an international, observational study, Lancet Respir Med, 2018.

F. F. Panico, E. J. Troster, C. S. Oliveira, A. Faria, M. Lucena et al., Risk Factors for Mortality and Outcomes in Pediatric Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome*: Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.16, pp.194-200, 2015.

C. Brun-buisson, C. Minelli, G. Bertolini, L. Brazzi, J. Pimentel et al.,

, Epidemiology and outcome of acute lung injury in European intensive care units. Intensive Care Med, vol.30, pp.51-61, 2004.

D. Chiumello, S. Coppola, S. Froio, and M. Gotti, What's Next After ARDS: Long-Term Outcomes. Respir Care, vol.61, pp.689-99, 2016.

, The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group. Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Consensus Recommendations From the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference*. Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.16, pp.428-467, 2015.

M. A. Matthay, L. B. Ware, and G. A. Zimmerman, The acute respiratory distress syndrome, J Clin Invest, vol.122, issue.8, pp.2731-2771, 2012.

L. B. Ware and M. A. Matthay, The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, N Engl J Med

P. Dahlem, W. Van-aalderen, and A. P. Bos, Pediatric acute lung injury, Paediatr Respir Rev, vol.8, issue.4, pp.348-62, 2007.

M. Jabaudon, R. Blondonnet, B. Pereira, R. Cartin-ceba, C. Lichtenstern et al., Plasma sRAGE is independently associated with increased mortality in ARDS: a metaanalysis of individual patient data, Intensive Care Med, vol.44, issue.9, pp.1388-99, 2018.

S. Metwaly, A. Cote, S. J. Donnelly, M. M. Banoei, A. I. Mourad et al., Evolution of ARDS biomarkers: Will metabolomics be the answer?, Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Mol Physiol, vol.315, issue.4, pp.526-560, 2018.

A. S. Slutsky and V. M. Ranieri, Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury, N Engl J Med, vol.369, issue.22, pp.2126-2162, 2013.

N. E. Cabrera-benítez, M. Parotto, M. Post, B. Han, P. M. Spieth et al.,

, Mechanical stress induces lung fibrosis by epithelial-mesenchymal transition*: Crit Care Med, vol.40, pp.510-517, 2012.

V. M. Ranieri, P. M. Suter, C. Tortorella, R. D. Tullio, J. M. Dayer et al., Effect of Mechanical Ventilation on Inflammatory Mediators in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, vol.8, 1999.

L. Gattinoni and A. Pesenti, The concept of "baby lung, Intensive Care Med, 2005.

D. Dreyfuss and G. Saumon, Ventilator-induced Lung Injury: Lessons from Experimental Studies, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.157, issue.1, pp.294-323, 1998.

S. K. Pingleton, Complications of acute respiratory failure, Am Rev Respir Dis, 1988.

N. De-prost, R. Saumon, G. Dreyfuss, and D. , Ventilator-induced lung injury: historical perspectives and clinical implications. Ann Intensive Care, vol.1, p.28, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00663627

K. Tsuno, K. Miura, M. Takeya, T. Kolobow, and T. Morioka, Histopathologic pulmonary changes from mechanical ventilation at high peak airway pressures, Am Rev Respir Dis, 1991.

R. L. Zemans and M. A. Matthay, What drives neutrophils to the alveoli in ARDS? Thorax

L. Tremblay, F. Valenza, S. P. Ribeiro, J. Li, and A. S. Slutsky, Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m-RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model, J Clin Invest, vol.99, issue.5, pp.944-52, 1997.

L. J. Greenfield, P. A. Ebert, and D. W. Benson, Effect of positive pressure ventilation on surface tension properties of lung extracts, Anesthesiology, vol.25, pp.312-318, 1964.

D. Dreyfuss and G. Saumon, Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.157, issue.1, pp.294-323, 1998.

W. M. Zapol, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Severe Acute Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Prospective Study, JAMA, vol.242, issue.20, p.2193, 1979.

, Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, N Engl J Med, vol.8, 2000.

L. Gattinoni and A. Pesenti, The concept of "baby lung, Intensive Care Med, 2005.

D. Schreiter, A. Reske, B. Stichert, M. Seiwerts, S. H. Bohm et al., Alveolar recruitment in combination with sufficient positive end-expiratory pressure increases oxygenation and lung aeration in patients with severe chest trauma, Crit Care Med, 2004.

C. Guerin, The preventive role of higher PEEP in treating severely hypoxemic ARDS

, Minerva Anestesiol, vol.77, issue.8, pp.835-880, 2011.

M. Amato, M. O. Meade, A. S. Slutsky, L. Brochard, E. Costa et al.,

, Driving Pressure and Survival in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, N Engl J Med, vol.372, issue.8, pp.747-55, 2015.

R. G. Khemani, D. Conti, T. A. Alonzo, R. D. Bart, and C. Newth, Effect of tidal volume in children with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, Intensive Care Med, 2009.

D. Jamal, G. Choukroun, and J. Chiche, Ventilation par oscillations à haute fréquence au cours du syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguëHigh-frequency oscillatory ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Réanimation, vol.13, pp.54-61, 2004.

R. Lall, P. Hamilton, D. Young, C. Hulme, P. Hall et al., A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation against conventional artificial ventilation for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The OSCAR (OSCillation in ARDS) study. Health Technol Assess, vol.19, pp.1-178, 2015.

N. D. Ferguson, D. J. Cook, G. H. Guyatt, S. Mehta, L. Hand et al., High-Frequency Oscillation in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, N Engl J Med, vol.368, issue.9, pp.795-805, 2013.

C. Guerin, S. Gaillard, S. Lemasson, L. Ayzac, R. Girard et al., Effects of Systematic Prone Positioning in Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial, JAMA, vol.292, p.2379, 2004.

X. Repessé and A. Vieillard-baron, Right heart function during acute respiratory distress syndrome, Ann Transl Med, vol.5, issue.14, pp.295-295, 2017.

C. Guérin, P. Beuret, J. M. Constantin, G. Bellani, and P. Garcia-olivares, for the investigators of the APRONET Study Group, the REVA Network, the Réseau recherche de la Socie?te? Française d'Anesthe?sie-Réanimation (SFAR-recherche) and the ESICM Trials Group

, A prospective international observational prevalence study on prone positioning of ARDS patients: the APRONET (ARDS Prone Position Network) study. Intensive Care Med, 2018.

C. Guerin, Prone ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome, Eur Respir Rev, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443261

, Jun, vol.1, issue.132, pp.249-57

J. Casado-flores, A. De-azagra, M. Ruiz-lópez, M. Ruiz, and A. Serrano, Pediatric ARDS: effect of supine-prone postural changes on oxygenation, Intensive Care Med, vol.28, issue.12, pp.1792-1798, 2002.

, The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group. Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Consensus Recommendations From the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference*. Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.16, pp.428-467, 2015.

L. Papazian, G. Perrin, J. Seghboyan, and C. Guérin, Neuromuscular Blockers in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, N Engl J Med, p.10, 2010.

K. Okamoto, M. Hamaguchi, I. Kukita, K. Kikuta, and T. Sato, Efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide in children with ARDS, Chest, vol.114, issue.3, pp.827-860, 1998.

F. Gebistorf, O. Karam, J. Wetterslev, and A. Afshari, Inhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults. Cochrane Anaesthesia, Critical and Emergency Care Group, editor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016.

G. U. Meduri, D. Annane, G. P. Chrousos, P. E. Marik, and S. E. Sinclair, Activation and regulation of systemic inflammation in ARDS: rationale for prolonged glucocorticoid therapy

A. Schwingshackl and G. U. Meduri, Rationale for Prolonged Glucocorticoid Use in Pediatric ARDS: What the Adults Can Teach Us. Front Pediatr, 2016.

B. B. Drago, D. Kimura, C. R. Rovnaghi, A. Schwingshackl, M. Rayburn et al.,

. Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Randomized Trial of Methylprednisolone Infusion in

, Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.16, pp.74-81, 2015.

N. Yehya, S. Servaes, N. J. Thomas, V. M. Nadkarni, and V. Srinivasan, Corticosteroid exposure in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, Intensive Care Med, vol.41, issue.9, pp.1658-66, 2015.

G. U. Meduri, L. Bridges, M. Shih, P. E. Marik, R. Siemieniuk et al., Prolonged glucocorticoid treatment is associated with improved ARDS outcomes: analysis of individual patients' data from four randomized trials and trial-level meta-analysis of the updated literature, Intensive Care Med, vol.42, issue.5, pp.829-869, 2016.

J. C. Möller, T. Schaible, J. Schiffmann, L. Bindl, L. Schrod et al., Treatment with bovine surfactant in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in children: a randomized multicenter study, Intensive Care Med, vol.29, issue.3, pp.437-483, 2003.

D. F. Willson, N. J. Thomas, and B. P. Markovitz, Effect of Exogenous Surfactant (Calfactant) in

, Pediatric Acute Lung Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Surv Anesthesiol, 2006.

D. F. Willson, N. J. Thomas, R. Tamburro, E. Truemper, J. Truwit et al.,

, Pediatric Calfactant in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Trial*: Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.14, pp.657-65, 2013.

M. Duffett, K. Choong, V. Ng, A. Randolph, and D. J. Cook, Surfactant therapy for acute respiratory failure in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Crit Care, vol.11, issue.3, p.66, 2007.

S. Playfor, I. Jenkins, C. Boyles, I. Choonara, G. Davies et al., Consensus guidelines on sedation and analgesia in critically ill children, Intensive Care Med, 2006.

M. Grant, J. B. Schneider, L. A. Asaro, B. L. Dodson, B. A. Hall et al.,

, Dexmedetomidine Use in Critically Ill Children With Acute Respiratory Failure*: Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.17, pp.1131-1172, 2016.

N. J. Vet, N. Kleiber, E. Ista, M. De-hoog, and S. N. De-wildt, Sedation in Critically Ill Children with Respiratory Failure. Front Pediatr, 2016.

S. A. Ingelse, R. M. Wösten-van-asperen, J. Lemson, J. G. Daams, R. A. Bem et al.,

, Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Fluid Management in the PICU. Front Pediatr, 2016.

J. D. Hill, T. G. O'brien, J. J. Murray, L. Dontigny, M. L. Bramson et al., Prolonged extracorporeal oxygenation for acute post-traumatic respiratory failure (shock-lung syndrome), N Engl J Med, vol.286, issue.12, pp.629-663, 1972.

M. R. Hemmila, S. A. Rowe, T. N. Boules, J. Miskulin, J. W. Mcgillicuddy et al., Extracorporeal life support for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults, Ann Surg

G. J. Peek, M. Mugford, R. Tiruvoipati, A. Wilson, A. E. Thalanany et al., Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial, Lancet Lond Engl, vol.374, issue.9698, pp.1351-63, 2009.

R. H. Bartlett and . Esperanza, The First Neonatal ECMO Patient, ASAIO J Am Soc Artif Intern Organs, vol.63, issue.6, pp.832-875, 1992.

C. L. Jenks, L. Raman, and H. J. Dalton, Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Crit Care Clin, vol.33, pp.825-866, 2017.

A. Combes, D. Hajage, G. Capellier, A. Demoule, S. Lavoué et al.,

, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

, Engl J Med, vol.378, issue.21, pp.1965-75, 2018.

N. M. Mehta, D. Turner, B. Walsh, D. Zurakowski, P. Betit et al., Factors associated with survival in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-a single-center experience, J Pediatr Surg, vol.45, issue.10, pp.1995-2003, 2010.

M. Schmidt, V. Pellegrino, A. Combes, C. Scheinkestel, D. Cooper et al.,

, Mechanical ventilation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Crit Care, vol.18, issue.1, p.203, 2014.

S. Erickson, A. Schibler, A. Numa, G. Nuthall, M. Yung et al., Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand-A prospective, multicenter, observational study. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2007.

X. Hu, S. Qian, F. Xu, B. Huang, D. Zhou et al., Incidence, management and mortality of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome from a prospective study of Chinese paediatric intensive care network: Paediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, Acta Paediatr, vol.99, issue.5, pp.715-736, 2010.

P. Dahlem, W. Van-aalderen, M. E. Hamaker, M. Dijkgraaf, and A. P. Bos, Incidence and short-term outcome of acute lung injury in mechanically ventilated children, Eur Respir J, vol.22, issue.6, pp.980-985, 2003.

M. Kneyber, D. De-luca, E. Calderini, P. Jarreau, and E. Javouhey, Recommendations for mechanical ventilation of critically ill children from the Paediatric Mechanical Ventilation Consensus Conference (PEMVECC), Section Respiratory Failure of the European Society for Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01777725

S. Lalgudi-ganesan, M. Jayashree, C. Singhi, S. Bansal, and A. , Airway Pressure Release Ventilation in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Randomized Controlled Trial, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.198, issue.9, pp.1199-207, 2018.

, ARDS patients with extremely low compliance undergoing ECMO: a novel approach based on diaphragm electrical activity

J. Assy, P. Mauriat, N. Tafer, and S. Soulier, El Rassi I. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist for children on veno-venous ECMO, J Artif Organs, 2019.

M. Wilsterman, P. De-jager, R. Blokpoel, I. Frerichs, S. K. Dijkstra et al.,

, Short-term effects of neuromuscular blockade on global and regional lung mechanics, oxygenation and ventilation in pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Ann Intensive Care, 2016.

E. C. Goligher, L. Munshi, N. Adhikari, M. O. Meade, C. L. Hodgson et al.,

, High-Frequency Oscillation for Adult Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 2017.

M. Curley, P. L. Hibberd, L. D. Fineman, D. Wypij, M. Shih et al., Effect of Prone Positioning on Clinical Outcomes in Children With Acute Lung Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial, JAMA, vol.13, issue.2, p.229, 2005.

H. J. Dalton and D. J. Macrae, Extracorporeal Support in Children With Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Proceedings From the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference, vol.16, pp.111-118, 2015.

C. Richard, L. Argaud, A. Blet, T. Boulain, L. Contentin et al., Extracorporeal life support for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: report of a Consensus Conference, Ann Intensive Care, vol.4, issue.1, p.15, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01859351

L. D. Sorbo, A. Goffi, E. Goligher, E. Fan, and A. S. Slutsky, Setting mechanical ventilation in ARDS patients during VV-ECMO: where are we?, MINERVA Anestesiol, vol.81, issue.12, p.8, 2015.