R. Mori, M. Lakhanpaul, and K. Verrier-jones, Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in children: summary of NICE guidance, BMJ. 25 août, vol.335, issue.7616, pp.395-402, 2007.

S. Weiss and P. F. Pyelonephritis, ITS RELATION TO VASCULAR LESIONS AND TO ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, vol.18, p.221, 1939.

J. M. Smellie, C. J. Hodson, D. Edwards, and I. Normand, Clinical and Radiological Features of Urinary Infection in Childhood, Br Med J, vol.2, issue.5419, pp.1222-1228, 1964.

J. D. Hardy, P. M. Furnell, and W. Brumfitt, Comparison of Sterile Bag, Clean Catch and Suprapubic Aspiration in the Diagnosis of Urinary Infection in Early Childhood, Br J Urol, vol.48, issue.4, pp.279-83, 1976.

B. Fernández, J. , S. Echániz, J. , M. Raso et al., Urinary tract infection in infants: use of urine specimens obtained by suprapubic bladder aspiration in order to determine the reliability of culture specimen of urine

, An Esp Pediatr. août, vol.45, issue.2, pp.149-52, 1996.

D. Mcgillivray, E. Mok, E. Mulrooney, and M. S. Kramer, A head-to-head comparison: « cleanvoid » bag versus catheter urinalysis in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in young children, J Pediatr, vol.147, issue.4, pp.451-457, 2005.

G. Montini, A. Toffolo, P. Zucchetta, R. Dall'amico, D. Gobber et al., Antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis in children: multicentre randomised controlled non-inferiority trial, BMJ. 23 août, vol.335, issue.7616, p.386, 2007.

S. M. Downs, Technical report: urinary tract infections in febrile infants and young children. The Urinary Tract Subcommittee of the, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Quality Improvement. Pediatrics. avr, vol.103, issue.4, p.54, 1999.

N. Shaikh, J. L. Borrell, J. Evron, and M. M. Leeflang, Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

D. Sur,

A. Hoberman, H. P. Chao, D. M. Keller, R. Hickey, H. W. Davis et al., Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants, J Pediatr. juill, vol.123, issue.1, pp.17-23, 1993.

D. Schnadower, N. Kuppermann, C. G. Macias, S. B. Freedman, M. N. Baskin et al., Febrile infants with urinary tract infections at very low risk for adverse events and bacteremia, Pediatrics. déc, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1074-83, 2010.

R. D. Pitetti and S. Choi, Utility of blood cultures in febrile children with UTI, Am J Emerg Med. juill, vol.20, issue.4, pp.271-275, 2002.

N. Shaikh, T. K. Mattoo, R. Keren, A. Ivanova, G. Cui et al., Early Antibiotic Treatment for Pediatric Febrile Urinary Tract Infection and Renal Scarring, JAMA Pediatr. 1 sept, vol.170, issue.9, p.54, 2016.

A. Toffolo, A. Ammenti, and G. Montini, Long-term clinical consequences of urinary tract infections during childhood: a review, Acta Paediatr, vol.101, issue.10, pp.1018-1049, 2012.

. Infection-s-on and . Ut, Reaffirmation of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children 2-24 Months of Age, Pediatrics, 2016.

. Subcommittee, . Urinary, and . Infection, Reaffirmation of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children 2-24 Months of Age, Pediatrics. déc, vol.138, issue.6, 2016.

S. Finnell, A. E. Carroll, and S. M. Downs, Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Technical report-Diagnosis and management of an initial UTI in febrile infants and young children, Pediatrics. sept, vol.128, issue.3, pp.749-770, 2011.

J. H. Baumer and R. Jones, Urinary tract infection in children, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. déc, vol.92, issue.6, pp.189-92, 2007.

R. Stein, H. S. Dogan, P. Hoebeke, R. Ko?vara, R. Nijman et al., Urinary Tract Infections in Children: EAU/ESPU Guidelines, Eur Urol. mars, vol.67, issue.3, pp.546-58, 2015.

F. Caron, Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired urinary tract infections in adults: what has changed

, Presse Medicale Paris Fr, vol.39, issue.1, pp.42-50, 1983.

, Recommandations du Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique (GPIP) de la Société Française de Pédiatrie (SFP) et de la Société de pathologie infectieuse de langue française, Prise en charge des infections urinaires de l'enfant, 2015.

S. Tosif, A. Baker, E. Oakley, S. Donath, and F. E. Babl, Contamination rates of different urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in young children: an observational cohort study, J Paediatr Child Health. août, vol.48, issue.8, pp.659-64, 2012.

C. Etoubleau, M. Reveret, D. Brouet, I. Badier, P. Brosset et al., Moving from bag to catheter for urine collection in non-toilet-trained children suspected of having urinary tract infection: a paired comparison of urine cultures, J Pediatr. juin, vol.154, issue.6, pp.803-809, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00453359

A. Y. Lau, S. Wong, K. Yip, K. Fong, S. Li et al., A comparative study on bacterial cultures of urine samples obtained by clean-void technique versus urethral catheterization. Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992, mars, vol.96, issue.3, pp.432-438, 2007.

N. Altuntas, A. C. Tayfur, M. Kocak, H. C. Razi, and S. Akkurt, Midstream clean-catch urine collection in newborns: a randomized controlled study, Eur J Pediatr. mai, vol.174, issue.5, pp.577-82, 2015.

M. L. Herreros, A. Tagarro, A. García-pose, A. Sánchez, A. Cañete et al., Accuracy of a new clean-catch technique for diagnosis of urinary tract infection in infants younger than 90 days of age, Paediatr Child Health, vol.20, issue.6, pp.30-32, 2015.

M. T. Alam, J. Coulter, J. Pacheco, J. B. Correia, M. Ribeiro et al., Comparison of urine contamination rates using three different methods of collection: cleancatch, cotton wool pad and urine bag, Ann Trop Paediatr. mars, vol.25, issue.1, pp.29-34, 2005.

S. Teo, J. A. Cheek, and S. Craig, Improving clean-catch contamination rates: A prospective interventional cohort study, Emerg Med Australas EMA. déc, vol.28, issue.6, pp.698-703, 2016.

F. Al-orifi, D. Mcgillivray, S. Tange, and M. S. Kramer, Urine culture from bag specimens in young children: are the risks too high?, J Pediatr. août, vol.137, issue.2, pp.221-227, 2000.

C. Karacan, N. Erkek, S. Senel, A. Gunduz, S. Catli et al., Evaluation of urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children, Med Princ Pract Int J Kuwait Univ Health Sci Cent, vol.19, issue.3, p.91, 2010.

H. Fernández, M. L. , G. Merino, N. , T. García et al., A new technique for fast and safe collection of urine in newborns, Arch Dis Child. janv, vol.98, issue.1, pp.27-36, 2013.

M. Labrosse, A. Levy, J. Autmizguine, and J. Gravel, Evaluation of a New Strategy for CleanCatch Urine in Infants, Pediatrics, vol.138, issue.3, 2016.

A. Tran, C. Fortier, L. Giovannini-chami, D. Demonchy, H. Caci et al., Evaluation of the Bladder Stimulation Technique to Collect Midstream Urine in Infants in a Pediatric Emergency Department, PLoS ONE, vol.11, issue.3

E. Fournier-charrière, B. Tourniaire, R. Carbajal, P. Cimerman, F. Lassauge et al., EVENDOL, a new behavioral pain scale for children ages 0 to 7 years in the emergency department: design and validation, Pain. août, vol.153, issue.8, pp.1573-82, 2012.

D. ;. Demonchy, C. ;. Ciais, and E. Fontas, Berard E.(3), Bréaud J. (4), Rohrlich PS.(5), Dubos F.(6), Guiguonis V

C. Fortier, Desmontils J, issue.8

, Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, Service des urgences et maladies infectieuses pédiatriques

. Limoges, . Service-d'urgences, and . Pédiatriques, Centre Hospitalier Général d'Antibes, Service d'Urgences Pédiatriques, Service d'Urgences Pédiatriques

N. Shaikh, J. L. Borrell, J. Evron, and M. M. Leeflang, Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

D. Sur,

A. Hoberman, H. P. Chao, D. M. Keller, R. Hickey, H. W. Davis et al., Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants, J Pediatr. juill, vol.123, issue.1, pp.17-23, 1993.

A. Toffolo, A. Ammenti, and G. Montini, Long-term clinical consequences of urinary tract infections during childhood: a review, Acta Paediatr, vol.101, issue.10, pp.1018-1049, 2012.

D. Schnadower, N. Kuppermann, C. G. Macias, S. B. Freedman, M. N. Baskin et al., Febrile infants with urinary tract infections at very low risk for adverse events and bacteremia, Pediatrics. déc, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1074-83, 2010.

S. M. Downs, Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-term Management, ON URINARY TRACT INFECTION. Reaffirmation of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children 2-24 Months of Age, vol.103, 1999.

S. Tosif, A. Baker, E. Oakley, S. Donath, and F. E. Babl, Contamination rates of different urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in young children: an observational cohort study, J Paediatr Child Health. août, vol.48, issue.8, pp.659-64, 2012.

C. Etoubleau, M. Reveret, D. Brouet, I. Badier, P. Brosset et al., Moving from bag to catheter for urine collection in non-toilettrained children suspected of having urinary tract infection: a paired comparison of urine cultures, J Pediatr. juin, vol.154, issue.6, pp.803-809, 2009.

A. Y. Lau, S. Wong, K. Yip, K. Fong, S. Li et al., A comparative study on bacterial cultures of urine samples obtained by cleanvoid technique versus urethral catheterization

, Acta Paediatr Oslo Nor 1992, mars, vol.96, issue.3, pp.432-438, 2007.

N. Altuntas, A. C. Tayfur, M. Kocak, H. C. Razi, and S. Akkurt, Midstream clean-catch urine collection in newborns: a randomized controlled study, Eur J Pediatr. mai, vol.174, issue.5, pp.577-82, 2015.

M. T. Alam, J. Coulter, J. Pacheco, J. B. Correia, M. Ribeiro et al., Comparison of urine contamination rates using three different methods of collection: clean-catch, cotton wool pad and urine bag, Ann Trop Paediatr. mars, vol.25, issue.1, pp.29-34, 2005.

S. Teo, J. A. Cheek, and S. Craig, Improving clean-catch contamination rates: A prospective interventional cohort study, Emerg Med Australas EMA. déc, vol.28, issue.6, pp.698-703, 2016.

C. Karacan, N. Erkek, S. Senel, A. Gunduz, S. Catli et al., Evaluation of urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children, Med Princ Pract Int J Kuwait Univ Health Sci Cent

A. Tran, C. Fortier, L. Giovannini-chami, D. Demonchy, H. Caci et al., Evaluation of the Bladder Stimulation Technique to Collect Midstream Urine in Infants in a Pediatric Emergency Department, PLoS ONE, vol.11, issue.3

M. L. Herreros, A. Tagarro, A. García-pose, A. Sánchez, A. Cañete et al., Accuracy of a new clean-catch technique for diagnosis of urinary tract infection in infants younger than 90 days of age, Paediatr Child Health, vol.20, issue.6, pp.30-32, 2015.

. Infection-s-on, . Ut, S. C. Management, and . Qia, Urinary Tract Infection: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of the Initial UTI in Febrile Infants and Children 2 to 24 Months, Pediatrics. 28 août, 2011.

. De, Le diagnostic et la prise en charge des infections urinaires chez les nourrissons et les enfants | Documents de principes et points de pratique | Le diagnostic et la prise en charge des infections urinaires chez les nourrissons et les enfants | Société canadienne de pédiatrie

D. Sur,

, Diagnostic et traitement de l'infection urinaire de l'enfant | www.swiss-paediatrics.org, 2017.

E. Fournier-charrière, B. Tourniaire, R. Carbajal, P. Cimerman, F. Lassauge et al., the emergency department: design and validation, vol.153, pp.1573-82, 2012.

J. H. Baumer and R. Jones, Urinary tract infection in children, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. déc, vol.92, issue.6, pp.189-92, 2007.

M. Labrosse, A. Levy, J. Autmizguine, and J. Gravel, Evaluation of a New Strategy for Clean-Catch Urine in Infants, Pediatrics, vol.138, issue.3, 2016.