E. W. Ely, T. D. Girard, A. K. Shintani, J. C. Jackson, S. M. Gordon et al., Apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism as a genetic predisposition to delirium in critically ill patients, Crit Care Med. janv, vol.35, issue.1, pp.112-119, 2007.

N. Bergeron, M. J. Dubois, M. Dumont, S. Dial, and Y. Skrobik, Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool, Intensive Care Med. mai, vol.27, issue.5, pp.859-64, 2001.

, CNFS. Atteintes neurocognitives (DSM V)

E. W. Ely, B. Truman, A. Shintani, J. Thomason, A. P. Wheeler et al., Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), JAMA. 11 juin, vol.289, issue.22, pp.2983-91, 2003.

G. Chanques, S. Jaber, E. Barbotte, R. Verdier, K. Henriette et al.,

, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. juill, vol.25, issue.7, pp.696-701, 2006.

. Almeida-tml-de, L. Azevedo, . De, P. Nosé, F. Freitas et al., Risk factors for agitation in critically ill patients, Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. déc, vol.28, issue.4, pp.413-422, 2016.

A. Fields, J. Huang, D. Schroeder, J. Sprung, and T. Weingarten, Agitation in adults in the postanaesthesia care unit after general anaesthesia, Br J Anaesth, vol.121, issue.5, pp.1052-1060, 2018.

J. Barr, G. L. Fraser, K. Puntillo, E. W. Ely, C. Gélinas et al., Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit, Crit Care Med. janv, vol.41, issue.1, pp.263-306, 2013.

J. W. Devlin, Y. Skrobik, C. Gélinas, D. M. Needham, A. Slooter et al., Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU, Crit Care Med. sept, vol.46, issue.9, pp.1532-1580, 2018.

G. Chanques, J. Payen, G. Mercier, S. De-lattre, E. Viel et al., Assessing pain in nonintubated critically ill patients unable to self report: an adaptation of the Behavioral Pain Scale, Intensive Care Med. déc, vol.35, issue.12, pp.2060-2067, 2009.

M. Thuong,

, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. août, vol.27, issue.7-8, pp.581-95, 2008.

K. Puntillo, C. Pasero, D. Li, R. A. Mularski, M. J. Grap et al., Evaluation of pain in ICU patients, Chest. avr, vol.135, issue.4, pp.1069-74, 2009.

J. Payen, J. Bosson, G. Chanques, J. Mantz, J. Labarere et al., Pain assessment is associated with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a post Hoc analysis of the DOLOREA study, Anesthesiology. déc, vol.111, issue.6, pp.1308-1324, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00453688

S. Ouimet, B. P. Kavanagh, S. B. Gottfried, and Y. Skrobik, Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium, Intensive Care Med. janv, vol.33, issue.1, pp.66-73, 2007.

I. J. Zaal, J. W. Devlin, M. Hazelbag, K. Klouwenberg, P. Van-der-kooi et al.,

, Benzodiazepine-associated delirium in critically ill adults, Intensive Care Med. déc, vol.41, issue.12, pp.2130-2137, 2015.

P. Pandharipande, A. Shintani, J. Peterson, B. T. Pun, G. R. Wilkinson et al., Lorazepam Is an Independent Risk Factor for Transitioning to Delirium in Intensive Care Unit Patients, Anesthes. 1 janv, vol.104, issue.1, pp.21-27, 2006.

M. C. Reade and S. Finfer, Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit, N Engl J Med. 30 janv, vol.370, issue.5, pp.444-54, 2014.

H. E. Immers, M. J. Schuurmans, and J. J. Van-de-bijl, Recognition of delirium in ICU patients: a diagnostic study of the NEECHAM confusion scale in ICU patients, BMC Nurs. 13 déc, vol.4, p.7, 2005.

M. Aldemir, S. Özen, I. H. Kara, A. Sir, and B. Baç, Predisposing factors for delirium in the surgical intensive care unit, Crit Care, vol.5, issue.5, pp.265-70, 2001.

E. W. Ely, S. K. Inouye, G. R. Bernard, S. Gordon, J. Francis et al., Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU), JAMA. 5 déc, vol.286, issue.21, pp.2703-2713, 2001.

G. Chanques, O. Garnier, J. Carr, M. Conseil, A. De-jong et al., The CAM-ICU has now a French « official » version. The translation process of the 2014 updated Complete Training Manual of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit in French (CAM-ICU.fr). Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med, vol.36, pp.297-300, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01767686

C. D. Tomasi, C. Grandi, J. Salluh, M. Soares, V. R. Giombelli et al., Comparison of CAM-ICU and ICDSC for the detection of delirium in critically ill patients focusing on relevant clinical outcomes, Journal of Critical Care. 1 avr, vol.27, issue.2, pp.212-219, 2012.

K. Plaschke, R. Von-haken, M. Scholz, R. Engelhardt, A. Brobeil et al., Comparison of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) with the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) for delirium in critical care patients gives high agreement rate(s), Intensive Care Med. mars, vol.34, issue.3, pp.431-437, 2008.

Y. Skrobik, Le delirium aux soins intensifs. Réanimation, vol.17, pp.618-642, 2008.

G. Chanques, E. W. Ely, O. Garnier, F. Perrigault, A. Eloi et al., The 2014 updated version of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit compared to the 5th version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and other current methods used by intensivists, Ann Intensive Care. 1 mars, vol.8, issue.1, p.33, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02061587

K. D. Krewulak, H. T. Stelfox, J. P. Leigh, E. W. Ely, and K. M. Fiest, Incidence and Prevalence of Delirium Subtypes in an Adult ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Crit Care Med. déc, vol.46, issue.12, pp.2029-2064, 2018.

J. F. Peterson, B. T. Pun, R. S. Dittus, J. Thomason, J. C. Jackson et al., Detection and management of hyperactive and hypoactive delirium in older patients during hospitalization: a retrospective cohort study evaluating daily practice, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, vol.54, issue.3, pp.1521-1530, 2006.

B. C. Van-munster, P. H. Bisschop, A. H. Zwinderman, J. C. Korevaar, E. Endert et al.,

M. Kox, K. L. Quinn, T. Van-achterberg, J. G. Van-der-hoeven, and L. Schoonhoven, Biomarkers associated with delirium in critically ill patients and their relation with long-term subjective cognitive dysfunction; indications for different pathways governing delirium in inflamed and noninflamed patients, Cortisol, interleukins and S100B in delirium in the elderly. Brain Cogn, vol.74, p.297, 2010.

S. E. De-rooij, B. C. Van-munster, J. C. Korevaar, and M. Levi, Cytokines and acute phase response in delirium, J Psychosom Res. mai, vol.62, issue.5, pp.521-526, 2007.

C. G. Hughes, P. P. Pandharipande, J. L. Thompson, R. Chandrasekhar, L. B. Ware et al.,

, Endothelial Activation and Blood-Brain Barrier Injury as Risk Factors for Delirium in Critically Ill Patients, Crit Care Med. sept, vol.44, issue.9, pp.809-826, 2016.

C. G. Hughes, M. B. Patel, N. E. Brummel, J. L. Thompson, J. B. Mcneil et al., Relationships between markers of neurologic and endothelial injury during critical illness and longterm cognitive impairment and disability, Intensive Care Med. 1 mars, vol.44, issue.3, pp.345-55, 2018.

A. M. Dessap, F. Roche-campo, J. Launay, A. Charles-nelson, S. Katsahian et al., Delirium and Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin During Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation: An Ancillary Study of a Weaning Trial, Chest. nov, vol.148, issue.5, pp.1231-1272, 2015.

M. C. Lewis and S. R. Barnett, Postoperative delirium: the tryptophan dyregulation model, Medical Hypotheses. 1 janv, vol.63, issue.3, pp.402-408, 2004.

M. A. Pisani, S. Kong, S. V. Kasl, T. E. Murphy, K. Araujo et al., Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1 déc, vol.180, issue.11, pp.1092-1099, 2009.

M. J. Dubois, N. Bergeron, M. Dumont, S. Dial, and Y. Skrobik, Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors, Intensive Care Med. août, vol.27, issue.8, pp.1297-304, 2001.

P. G. O'connor and R. S. Schottenfeld, Patients with alcohol problems, N Engl J Med. 26 févr, vol.338, issue.9, pp.592-602, 1998.

E. W. Ely, A. Shintani, B. Truman, T. Speroff, S. M. Gordon et al., Development and validation of PRE-DELIRIC (PREdiction of DELIRium in ICu patients) delirium prediction model for intensive care patients: observational multicentre study, 40. van den Boogaard M, vol.291, pp.112-120, 2004.

E. B. Milbrandt, S. Deppen, P. L. Harrison, A. K. Shintani, T. Speroff et al., Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients, Crit Care Med. avr, vol.32, issue.4, pp.955-62, 2004.

V. J. Page, E. W. Ely, S. Gates, X. B. Zhao, T. Alce et al., Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 45. van den Boogaard M, vol.1, pp.680-90, 2013.

E. Schrijver, K. De-graaf, O. J. De-vries, A. B. Maier, and P. Nanayakkara, Efficacy and safety of haloperidol for in-hospital delirium prevention and treatment: A systematic review of current evidence, Eur J Intern Med. janv, vol.27, pp.14-23, 2016.

G. Djaiani, N. Silverton, L. Fedorko, J. Carroll, R. Styra et al., Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol Sedation Reduces Delirium after Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Anesthesiology. févr, vol.124, issue.2, pp.362-370, 2016.

X. Liu, G. Xie, K. Zhang, S. Song, F. Song et al., Dexmedetomidine vs propofol sedation reduces delirium in patients after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Crit Care. avr, vol.38, pp.190-196, 2017.

S. Nelson, A. J. Muzyk, M. H. Bucklin, S. Brudney, and J. P. Gagliardi, Defining the Role of Dexmedetomidine in the Prevention of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit, Biomed Res Int, p.635737, 2015.

J. Constantin, A. Momon, J. Mantz, J. Payen, D. Jonghe et al., Efficacy and safety of sedation with dexmedetomidine in critical care patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. févr, vol.35, issue.1, pp.7-15, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01885256

Y. Skrobik, M. S. Duprey, N. S. Hill, and J. W. Devlin, Low-Dose Nocturnal Dexmedetomidine Prevents ICU Delirium. A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1 mai, vol.197, issue.9, pp.1147-56, 2018.

M. R. Agar, P. G. Lawlor, S. Quinn, B. Draper, G. A. Caplan et al., Efficacy of Oral Risperidone, Haloperidol, or Placebo for Symptoms of Delirium Among Patients in Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA Intern Med. 1 janv, vol.177, issue.1, pp.34-42, 2017.

D. Hui, S. Frisbee-hume, A. Wilson, S. S. Dibaj, T. Nguyen et al., Effect of Lorazepam With Haloperidol vs Haloperidol Alone on Agitated Delirium in Patients With Advanced Cancer Receiving Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA, vol.19, issue.11, pp.1047-56, 2017.

D. Hui, R. Dev, and E. Bruera, Neuroleptics in the management of delirium in patients with advanced cancer, Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. déc, vol.10, issue.4, pp.316-339, 2016.

M. A. Fox, J. L. Elefritz, B. M. Huang, and C. Hunley, Comparison of Lurasidone Versus Quetiapine for the Treatment of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients, J Intensive Care Med. 1 janv, p.885066617754187, 2018.

T. D. Girard, M. C. Exline, S. S. Carson, C. L. Hough, P. Rock et al., Haloperidol and Ziprasidone for Treatment of Delirium in Critical Illness, N Engl J Med, 2018.

M. C. Reade, K. O'sullivan, S. Bates, D. Goldsmith, W. Ainslie et al., Dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients: a randomised open-label trial, Crit Care, vol.13, issue.3, p.75, 2009.

M. C. Reade, G. M. Eastwood, R. Bellomo, M. Bailey, A. Bersten et al., Effect of Dexmedetomidine Added to Standard Care on Ventilator-Free Time in Patients With Agitated Delirium: A Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA. 12 avr, vol.315, issue.14, pp.1460-1468, 2016.

G. Carrasco, N. Baeza, L. Cabré, E. Portillo, G. Gimeno et al., Dexmedetomidine for the Treatment of Hyperactive Delirium Refractory to Haloperidol in Nonintubated ICU Patients: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial, Crit Care Med. juill, vol.44, issue.7, pp.1295-306, 2016.

A. Hollinger, K. Ledergerber, S. Von-felten, R. Sutter, S. Rüegg et al., Comparison of propofol and dexmedetomidine infused overnight to treat hyperactive and mixed ICU delirium: a protocol for the Basel ProDex clinical trial, BMJ Open. 13 juill, vol.7, issue.7, p.15783, 2017.

Y. Li, Z. Yu, J. , Y. J. Cai, Y. Liu et al., A Pilot Study of the Use of Dexmedetomidine for the Control of Delirium by Reducing the Serum Concentrations of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neuron-Specific Enolase, and S100B in Polytrauma Patients, J Intensive Care Med. 1 janv, p.885066617710643, 2017.

R. O. Parker, A. B. King, and C. G. Hughes, Dexmedetomidine for the treatment of hyperactive delirium refractory to haloperidol in non-intubated patients, J Thorac Dis. juill, vol.8, issue.7, pp.596-604, 2016.

, Delirium in hospitalized patients: Risks and benefits of antipsychotics, Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, vol.84, pp.616-622, 2017.

D. Sur,

E. S. Oh, T. G. Fong, T. T. Hshieh, and S. K. Inouye, Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment, JAMA, vol.26, issue.12, pp.1161-74, 2017.

E. Lonergan, A. M. Britton, and J. Luxenberg, Antipsychotics for delirium. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007.

M. O. Collet, J. Caballero, R. Sonneville, F. A. Bozza, P. Nydahl et al., Prevalence and risk factors related to haloperidol use for delirium in adult intensive care patients: the multinational AID-ICU inception cohort study, Intensive Care Med. 1 juill, vol.44, issue.7, pp.1081-1090, 2018.

N. Latronico, Haloperidol and delirium in the ICU: the finger pointing to the moon, Intensive Care Med. 1 août, vol.44, issue.8, pp.1346-1354, 2018.

Y. Mo and F. K. Yam, Rational Use of Second-Generation Antipsychotics for the Treatment of ICU Delirium: A Neuropharmacological Approach, Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 1 févr, vol.30, issue.1, pp.121-130, 2017.

V. Camus, R. Gonthier, G. Dubos, P. Schwed, and I. Simeone, Etiologic and outcome profiles in hypoactive and hyperactive subtypes of delirium, J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, vol.13, issue.1, pp.38-42, 2000.

K. Bielka, I. Kuchyn, V. Babych, K. Martycshenko, and O. Inozemtsev, Dexmedetomidine infusion as an analgesic adjuvant during laparoscopic ?holecystectomy: a randomized controlled study, BMC Anesthesiol, vol.20, issue.1, p.44, 2018.

G. Fritsch, T. Danninger, K. Allerberger, A. Tsodikov, T. K. Felder et al.,

, Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial, Reg Anesth Pain Med. févr, vol.39, issue.1, pp.37-47, 2014.

A. Schnabel, C. H. Meyer-frießem, S. U. Reichl, P. K. Zahn, and E. M. Pogatzki-zahn, Is intraoperative dexmedetomidine a new option for postoperative pain treatment? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Pain. juill, vol.154, issue.7, pp.1140-1149, 2013.

J. J. Grahl, J. L. Stollings, S. Rakhit, A. K. Person, L. Wang et al., Antimicrobial exposure and the risk of delirium in critically ill patients, Crit Care, vol.12, issue.1, p.337, 2018.