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, Figure 2: ECS treatment enhances proliferation of hippocampal progenitors (A) Timeline illustrating ECS and BrdU administration. MAP6 KO mice received 10 ECS sessions and were injected 3 times with BrdU from D3 to D4 after the final ECS session

, Representative images of cells stained by BrdU antibodies in the dentate gyrus of sham-and ECS-treated MAP6 KO mice

, ECS treatment increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the sub-granular zone of the hippocampus at D4. Number of BrdU-positive cells per hippocampus (mean ± s.e.m.; n=4 and n=5 for sham-and ECS-treated mice, respectively

, Representative images of immunochemistry experiments to reveal DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of sham-and ECS-treated MAP6-KO mice

, ECS treatment increased the number of DCX-positive cells in the granular cell layer of the hippocampus at D4. Number of DCX-positive cells per hippocampus (mean ± s.e.m.; n=8 for shamand ECS-treated mice, Mann-Whitney test, vol.0001, p.0

, ECS treatment increases BDNF mRNA levels in the hippocampus of MAP6-KO mice at D4

, BDNF mRNA levels were quantify by real-time RT-qPCR (mean ± s.e.m., n=7 for sham-and ECStreated mice, Mann-Whitney test, vol.0087, p.0

, ECS treatment increased BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus of MAP6-KO mice at D4. BDNF was quantified by ELISA (mean ± s.e.m.; n=12 and n=10 for sham-and ECS-treated mice, respectively, Mann-Whitney test, vol.0001, p.0

, ECS treatment improves survival and integration of newborn hippocampal neurons (A) Timeline for administration of ECS and BrdU or retrovirus. 4 weeks before the final ECS session, retrovirus or BrdU were injected, Figure, vol.3

, ECS treatment increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the subventricular zone of the hippocampus. Number of BrdU-positive cells per hippocampus (mean ± s.e.m.; n=8 for sham-and ECS-treated mice

*. Mann-whitney-test,

, Timeline for administration of CORT and EdU

, ECS treatment increased the number of EdU-positive cells in the subventricular zone of the hippocampus. Number of EdU-positive cells per hippocampus (mean ± s.e.m.; n=10 for sham-and ECS-treated mice

*. Mann-whitney-test,

, Representative images of newborn neurons infected by the retrovirus, in the dentate gyrus of sham-and ECS-treated MAP6-KO mice

, Quantification of dendritic arborization complexity by Sholl analysis mean intersection (mean ± s.e.m.; n=11 and n=8 neurons from 2 and 3 sham-and ECS-treated mice, respectively

, ECS treatment increases total spine density (E) and mushroom-like spine density (F) in newborn neurons (mean ± s.e.m.; n=10 and n=19 dendritic segments from 2 and 3 sham-and ECStreated mice, respectively; Mann-Whitney test

, Representative images of spines in the cortex of Sham-and ECS-treated MAP6-KO mice, scale bar: 10 µm

, ECS treatment increases spine density in cortical neurons (mean ± s.e.m.; n=17 and n=26 dendritic segments from three sham-and ECS-treated mice, respectively; Mann-Whitney test

, Timeline for ECS and EdU administrations

, e.m.; at D10, n=13 for sham-and ECS-treated mice; at D17, n=7 for sham-and ECS-treated mice; at D33, n=7 and n=8 for sham-and ECS-treated mice, respectively, ECS treatment decreased latency to eat at several time points (mean ± s

, e.m.; at D11: n=7 and n=6 for sham-and ECS-treated mice, respectively; at D18: n=7 for sham-and ECS-treated mice; at D40, n=5 and n=6 for sham-and ECS-treated mice, respectively; Mann-Whitney test, ECS treatment increased the number of EdU-positive cells in the hippocampus at several time points (mean ± s

, Latency to eat significantly correlates with % of EdU-positive cells in the hippocampus (number of EdU-positive cells for each animal (n=19 for Sham-and n=19 for ECS-treated mice) divided by the mean number of EdU-positive cells in sham