, L'évolution! de! la! fabrication! additive! n'est! pas! prête! de! s'arrêter! un! liquide! comme! l'eau.! (57).! Il! nous! revient! de! valider! ces! nouveaux! outils! et! de! suivre! l'apparition

;. Figure!36, !. De!-profil!tesa!visio300, !. Grossissement!x10)!....-;-!etat!de!surface!de!l'interieur!des!tubes!de!bague!realisee!par!technique!mim!(a!gauche)!et!en!technique!-mbj!(a!droite)!(microscopie!optique, and . .. Grossissement!x100)!, , vol.37

!. Du!choix!de!l'axe!des!tubes!(orthomoov, . Eguilles, and . France)!....-;-!conception!assistee!par!ordinateur!(cao)!d'une!bague!personnalisee!imprimee!orthomoov!avec!un!, , vol.39

R. Orthomoov, !. Eguilles, and . .. France)!,

!. !. Sfodf.!dictionnaire!d'orthognathodontie.!3e!éd, !. Sfodf;!-;-neto, . Jp!e, !. Quintão, !. Ca et al., !Bond!failure!rates!with!a! self[etching!primer:!a!randomized!controlled!trial, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofac!Orthop!Off! Publ!Am!Assoc!Orthod!Its!Const!Soc!Am!Board!Orthod.!juin!, vol.135, issue.6, p.782, 2009.

!. Jung and !. , Survival!analysis!of!brackets!and!tubes:!A!twelve[month!assessment.!Angle! Orthod, !nov!, vol.84, issue.6, p.1034, 2014.

!. Petracci, !. Farella, !. Galeone, !. Albano, !. Ferraroni et al., !Survival!analysis! with!clustered!observations!of!orthodontic!brackets, !Stat!Med.!10!déc!, vol.28, issue.28, p.3483, 2009.

!. Cacciafesta, !. Sfondrini, !. Mf, !. Scribante, and !. , !Plasma!arc!versus!halogen!light[curing!of! adhesive[precoated!orthodontic!brackets:!a!12[month!clinical!study!of!bond!failures, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofac!Orthop!Off!Publ!Am!Assoc!Orthod!Its!Const!Soc!Am!Board! Orthod.!août!, vol.126, issue.2, pp.194-203, 2004.

!. Hobson, !. Rs, !. Mccabe, !. Jf, ;. Rugg et al., !The!relationship!between!acid[etch!patterns! and!bond!survival!in!vivo, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofac!Orthop!Off!Publ!Am!Assoc!Orthod!Its! Const!Soc!Am!Board!Orthod.!mai!, vol.121, issue.5, pp.502-511, 2002.

!. T. Eliades, !. Orthodontic!materials!research!, and . Applications, !part!2.!Current!status!and! projected!future!developments!in!materials!and!biocompatibility, !Am!J!Orthod! Dentofac!Orthop!Off!Publ!Am!Assoc!Orthod!Its!Const!Soc!Am!Board!Orthod.!févr!, vol.131, issue.2, p.253, 2007.

!. R. Ricketts and . The!reappearing!american, , 1993.

!. Histoire!de!l'orthodontie and !. ,

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Marcel, . Tj, and . Three, screen!virtual!models.!Am!J!Orthod!Dentofac! Orthop!Off!Publ!Am!Assoc!Orthod!Its!Const!Soc!Am!Board!Orthod.!juin!, vol.119, issue.6, p.666, 2001.

!. T. Sharma and . Expressly, Fabricated!Molar!Tube!Bases:!Enhanced!Adhesion, J!Clin!Diagn! Res, 2014.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Wang, !. Wn, !. Li, . Ch, !. Chou et al., !Bond!strength!of!various! bracket!base!designs, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofacial!Orthop.!janv!, vol.125, issue.1, p.65, 2004.

!. Sharma, ;. Sayal, !. Sk, !. Rossouw, . Pe et al., !The!influence!of!orthodontic! bracket!base!design!on!shear!bond!strength, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofacial!Orthop.!juill!, vol.124, issue.1, p.74, 2003.

!. Boileau!m[j.!orthodontie!de!l'enfant!et!du!jeune!adulte.!s.l.-;-!educa!books;!, , 2016.

!. Dr, !. S. Khushee, !. Orthodontic!band!selection, !. Placement!|!university, and !. Toronto, Faculty!of!Dentistry!Information!and!Instructional!Technology!Services![Internet].! University!of!Toronto,!Faculty!of!Dentistry.![cité!18!févr, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Db78, LL29.5![!Bague!orthodontique!pour!molaires!by!DB!Orthodontics!Limited!|! MedicalExpo!

, ![cité!16!sept, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Victory, !. Series, and T. M. ,

, ![cité!16!sept, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

, Orthodontics![!Nos!produits![!Brackets![!Bagues![!Tubes!

, ![cité!16!sept!

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. É. !larousse and . Définitions,

, ![cité!5! sept, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Zinelis, !. Annousaki, !. Makou, and !. Eliades, !Metallurgical!characterization!of! orthodontic!brackets!produced!by!Metal!Injection!Molding!(MIM).!Angle!Orthod, !nov!, vol.75, issue.6, p.1024, 2005.

!. Alavi, !. Kachuie, and !. M. , Assessment!of!the!hardness!of!different!orthodontic!wires!and! brackets!produced!by!metal!injection!molding!and!conventional!methods, !Dent!Res!J.! août!, vol.14, issue.4, p.282, 2017.

!. Melli, !. Rondelli, !. Sandrini, !. E. Altomare, !. Bolelli et al., !Metal! injection!molding!as!enabling!technology!for!the!production!of!metal!prosthesis! components:!Electrochemical!and!in!vitro!characterization:!MIM!PRODUCTION!OF! METAL!PROSTHESIS!COMPONENTS, !J!Biomed!Mater!Res!B!Appl!Biomater.!oct!, vol.101, issue.7, p.1294, 2013.

!. Wang, !. Zhu, !. Li, !. Zhao, !. Zhou et al.,

!. Sheng, !. Wu, !. Yi!xue, !. Gong, !. Cheng!xue!za!zhi et al., !avr!, vol.24, issue.2, p.329, 2007.

!. É. !larousse and . Définitions,

, ![cité! 5!sept, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. La and !. Cfao!dentaire, !une!vision!globale![!Article!3Dcelo!

. !3d!celo, , 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Buonocore and . Mg, A!simple!method!of!increasing!the!adhesion!of!acrylic!filling!materials! to!enamel!surfaces, J!Dent!Res.!déc!, vol.34, issue.6, pp.849-53, 1955.

!. Millett, !. Dt, !. Hallgren, !. Fornell!c!a[c, and !. Robertson, !Bonded!molar!tubes:!A! retrospective!evaluation!of!clinical!performance, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofacial!Orthop.! juin!, vol.115, issue.6, p.667, 1999.

!. !almosa and !. Zafar, !Incidence!of!orthodontic!brackets!detachment!during!orthodontic! treatment:!A!systematic!review.!Pak!, J!Med!Sci.!juin, vol.34, issue.3, p.744, 2018.

!. Nazir, !. Walsh, !. Mandall, !. Na, !. Matthew et al., !Banding!versus!bonding!of!first! permanent!molars:!a!multi[centre!randomized!controlled!trial, J!Orthod.!juin!, vol.38, issue.2, pp.81-90, 2011.

!. Oeiras, !. Vj, !. Silva, . Vaae, !. Azevedo et al., !Survival!analysis!of! banding!and!bonding!molar!tubes!in!adult!patients!over!a!12[month!period:!a!split[ mouth!randomized!clinical!trial, !Braz!Oral!Res.!22!déc!, vol.30, issue.1, 2016.

!. Millett, !. Dt, !. Mandall, . Na, !. Mattick et al., Adhesives!for!bonded! molar!tubes!during!fixed!brace!treatment.!Cochrane!Oral!Health!Group

!. Cochrane!database!syst!rev,

, !23!févr!2017![cité!3!mars, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Banks, !. , !. Macfarlane, and !. Tv, !Bonded!versus!banded!first!molar!attachments:!a! randomized!controlled!clinical!trial, J!Orthod.!juin!, vol.34, issue.2, p.128, 2007.

!. Finnema, !. Kj, !. Özcan, !. Post, . Wj et al., !In[vitro!orthodontic!bond!strength! testing:!A!systematic!review!and!meta[analysis.!, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofacial!Orthop.!mai!, vol.137, issue.5, p.615, 2010.

!. Flores[mir and !. C. , Bonded!molar!tubes!associated!with!higher!failure!rate!than!molar! bands.!Evid!Based!Dent, !, vol.12, issue.3, p.84, 2011.

!. Ngom, !. Pi, !. Benoist, !. Hm, !. Soulier-;-peigue et al., Reciprocal!relationships!between! orthodontics!and!periodontics:!relevance!of!a!synergistic!action

!. Orthod and . Francaise, , vol.81, p.41, 2010.

!. Mártha, !. L?rinczi, !. Bic?, !. Gyergyay, !. Petcu et al., !Assessment!of! Periodontopathogens!in!Subgingival!Biofilm!of!Banded!and!Bonded!Molars!in!Early! Phase!of!Fixed!Orthodontic!Treatment, !Acta!Microbiol!Immunol!Hung.!mars!, vol.63, issue.1, p.103, 2016.

!. Corbacho!de!melo, !. Mm, !. Cardoso, . Mg, !. Faber et al., !Risk!factors!for!periodontal! changes!in!adult!patients!with!banded!second!molars!during!orthodontic!treatment, ! Angle!Orthod.!mars!, vol.82, issue.2, p.224, 2012.

!. !zachrisson, !. Zachrisson, and !. Bu, !Gingival!condition!associated!with!orthodontic! treatment, !Angle!Orthod.!janv!, vol.42, issue.1, p.26, 1972.

!. Al, !. Mortadi, !. Eggbeer, !. Lewis, !. et al., !CAD/CAM/AM!applications!in!the! manufacture!of!dental!appliances, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofac!Orthop!Off!Publ!Am!Assoc! Orthod!Its!Const!Soc!Am!Board!Orthod, vol.142, issue.5, p.727, 2012.

!. Ghafari and . Jg, Centennial!inventory:!the!changing!face!of!orthodontics, Am!J!Orthod! Dentofac!Orthop!Off!Publ!Am!Assoc!Orthod!Its!Const!Soc!Am!Board!Orthod.!nov!, vol.148, issue.5, pp.732-741, 2015.

!. Hamon!despeche!c.!, Prothèse!dentaire:!Réalisation!d'attelles!coulées!dans!les!cas! complexes!d'orthodontie!linguale, !juin!, issue.80, 1993.

!. !wiechmann, !. Rummel, !. Thalheim, !. Simon, and !. Wiechmann, !Customized!brackets! and!archwires!for!lingual!orthodontic!treatment, Am!J!Orthod!Dentofac!Orthop!Off! Publ!Am!Assoc!Orthod!Its!Const!Soc!Am!Board!Orthod.!nov!, vol.124, issue.5, pp.593-602, 2003.

!. S. Graf, Direct!printed!metal!devices![!The!next!level!of!computer[aided!design!and! computer[aided!manufacturing!applications!in!the!orthodontic!care.!APOS!Trends! Orthod, vol.7, p.253, 2017.

, !Fabrication!additive!-!connaissez[vous!la!norme!française!spécifique!à!cette! technologie!industrielle!innovante?!

!. Afnor!normalisation, , 2012.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

, !Recent!Trends!of!3[D!Printing!in!Dentistry[!A!review.!Ann!Prosthodont!Restor!Dent.! 20!nov!, vol.2, p.101, 2016.

!. Les and !. , impression:!un!marché!à!1,4Mi!de!dollars!en!2021!

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Wohlers and !. Report, !l'impression!3D!métal!en!plein!boom!, 2018.

. !3dnatives, , 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur, , 2018.

!. Chia, !. Hn, !. Wu, and !. Bm, !Recent!advances!in!3D!printing!of!biomaterials, J!Biol!Eng

!. !déc!-;-!disponible and . Sur, , vol.9, 2015.

, !Focus!sur!la!fusion!de!poudre!métallique!par!laser!et!ses!applications!|!Archives!|! Traitements&Matériaux.fr!

, ![cité!11!sept, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Hur, !. Kim, and !. Lee!s[h, !STL!File!Generation!with!Data!Reduction!by!the!Delaunay! Triangulation!Method!in!Reverse!Engineering, !Int!J!Adv!Manuf!Technol.!15!mai!, vol.19, issue.9, p.669, 2002.

!. E. Makers, impression!BJ,!impression!par!liage!de!poudre

!. Le!blog!euro and !. Makers, , 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. P. Calves, !. Binder, and . Jetting, !une!opportunité!!pour!la!production!de!petits! composants!!complexes!en!petite!et!moyenne!série, !CETIM.!juin!, issue.452, 2018.

. !l', impression!3D!de!bureau!se!met!au!métal![!Impression!3D!

, ![cité!10!sept!

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Fdm!ou and !. Sla, !quelle!technologie!d'impression!3D!choisir?!

. !3dnatives, , 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Breuning, !. Kh, !. Kau, and !. Ch, !Digital!planning!and!custom!orthodontic!treatment, 2017.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. Taneva, !. Kusnoto, !. Evans, !. Ca, . Scanning et al., ! In:!Bourzgui!F,!éditeur.!Issues!in!Contemporary!Orthodontics!, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

!. 4d!printing, !. Technology, !. Project!with, !. Mit!, !. Stratasys et al.,

, ![cité!5! sept, 2018.

!. Disponible and !. Sur,

, En présence des Maîtres de cette Faculté, de mes chers condisciples

, Je promets et je jure, d'être fidèle aux lois de l'honneur et de la probité dans l'exercice de la Médecine Dentaire

, Je ne permettrai pas que des considérations de religion, de nation, de race, de parti ou de classe sociale viennent s'interposer entre mon devoir et mon patient

, Même sous la menace, je n'admettrai pas de faire usage de mes connaissances médicales contre les lois de l'humanité

, J'informerai mes patients des décisions envisagées, de leurs raisons et de leurs conséquences

!. Hameury!-erwan and . De, attache! molaire! conventionnelle! à! l'introduction! du! concept! d'attache! molaire! personnalisée!imprimée!:!une!revue!descriptive!et!comparative

!. Rubrique!de!classement!:!-orthopédie and . Dento,

!. Résumé,

!. En!-orthopédie and . Dento, ! Bien! que! chacune! d'elles! présente! des! caractéristiques!spécifiques,!elles!sont!dans!tous!les!cas!standardisées.!Un!nouveau!type!d'attache!molaire!est! alors!proposé!:!les!attaches!molaires!personnalisées!imprimées,!issues!d'une!chaîne!numérique!de!type!CFAO.!! Le!but!de!cette!thèse!est!de!présenter!les!deux!types!d'attaches!conventionnelles!mais!également!ce!nouveau! type!d'attaches!molaires!personnalisées!imprimées!afin!d'en!déduire!les!bénéfices!que!ces!dernières!peuvent! apporter.! La!première!partie!décrit!les!deux!types!d'attaches!molaires!conventionnelles.!La!seconde!partie!explicite!les! caractéristiques!des!attaches!personnalisées!imprimées.!Finalement, Faciale,! il! existe! deux! types! d'attaches! molaires! conventionnelles! que! sont! les! tubes! orthodontiques! collés! et! les! bagues! orthodontiques! scellées

!. In and . Dento, ! Although! each! has! specific! characteristics,! they! are! standardized! in! all! cases.! Consequently,!a!new!type!of!molar!tube!has!been!also!proposed:!computer[aided!design!and!computer[aided! manufacturing!(CAD/CAM)!custom!molar!attachments,!obtained!from!a!CAD!CAM!digital!workflow.!! The!aim!of!this!thesis!is!to!present!the!two!conventional!types!of!molar!attachments,!but!also!to!describe!the! new!CAD/CAM!customized!molar!attachments,!in!order!to!establish!the!benefits!that!the!latter!may!bring.! The! first! part! describes! the! two! types! of! conventional! molar! attachments.! The! second! part! explains! the! characteristics!of!CAD/CAM!customized!molar!attachments.!Finally,!the!third!part!compares!the!conventional! tubes!to!the!CAD/CAM!customized!molar!attachments,!from!a!technical!and!clinical!point!of!view, ! two! types! of! conventional! molar! attachments! are! found,! bonded! tubes! and! orthodontic! banded! tubes